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The Baiga are an ethnic group found in central India primarily in the state of Madhya Pradesh, and in smaller numbers in the surrounding states of Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. The largest number of Baiga is found in Baiga-chuk in Mandla district and Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. They have sub-castes: Bijhwar, Narotia, Bharotiya, Nahar, Rai maina and Kath maina. The name Baiga means "sorcerer-medicine man".
Demographics
The Baiga tribe is officially recognized among Scheduled Tribes in eight states: Madhya Pradesh (414,526), Chhattisgarh (89,744), Uttar Pradesh (30,006), West Bengal (13,423), Jharkhand (3,583), Bihar (544), Odisha (338), and Maharashtra (333). In Uttar Pradesh, the Baiga population totals 47,393. Among them, the Baigas of Sonbhadra district are recognized as a Scheduled Tribe, numbering 30,006,[1] while in other districts of Uttar Pradesh, they are categorized as Scheduled Caste, with a population of 17,387.[2]
Livelihood
The Baiga do not plow the land, because they say it would be a sin to scratch the breast of their Mother, and they could never ask their Mother to produce food from the same patch of earth time and time again: she would have become weakened. The Baiga tribes practice shifting cultivation, called "bewar" or "dahiya."[3]
Live-in relationships are common among the Baiga. If marriage does take place, the man compensates the woman's family for the loss of a working member. This reverse dowry either involves footing the bill of the marriage celebration or offering the woman's family mahua liquor. If the bride is divorced, the new husband must compensate the old one for the dowry amount. If the divorced couple have children, the wife has the first right to take custody, followed by the husband. If neither wants to raise the child, the community will allot a guardian to the child until age 15.
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The Baigas in Chhattisgarh are classified as a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) by the government of India due to their declining population and low level of literacy. The government of India has noted 75 PVTG which reside in 18 states and in one UT, which are classified on the basis of five criteria. In Chhattisgarh, Baigas, Abhujmaria, Kamar, Pahadi Korwa, and Birhor are included in this group. The women of these tribes were previously not provided reproductive rights, but in 2018, a Public Interest Litigation at the Chhattisgarh High Court allowed them to have access to contraceptives. The Baigas were found to be highly focused on family planning.[4]
Culture
Language
It is believed that the ancestors of the Baigas spoke an Austroasiatic language, however no trace of it is left now.Template:Citation needed Some Baigas (specifically those from the Mandla district) have mentioned "Baigani" as their mother tongue in the past: Baigani is now recognised as a variety of Chhattisgarhi influenced by Gondi.[5] Most Baigas speak Hindi, and some of them also know a few local languages such as Gondi and Marathi depending on the region where they live.[6]
Cuisine
Baiga cuisine primarily consists of coarse grains, such as kodo millet and kutki, and involves very little flour. Another staple food of the baiga is pej, a drink that can be made from ground macca or from the water left from boiling rice. They supplement this diet with food from the forest, including many fruits and vegetables. They hunt, primarily fish and small mammals.
Religion and mythology
The Baiga believe their mythical ancestors were Nanga Baiga, the male ancestor, and Nanga Baigin, the female ancestor.[7] They were born from the goddess Dharti Mata, and Nanga Baiga had "great" magic power.[7]
They helped Bhagavan create the world and serve as its guardians.[7]
Forced evictions
Since the 1960s, the Baiga have been the victims of forced evictions at the hands of the Indian authorities.[8] These are often carried out in the name of conservation, in an attempt to protect the tiger populations,[9] but have disastrous consequences for the displaced communities.[10]
Notable people
- Jodhaiya Bai Baiga, tribal artist[11]
Notes
References
- ↑ State wise Scheduled Tribes — Uttar Pradesh. Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
- ↑ A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
- ↑ Baiga tribals become India's first community to get habitat rights. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
- ↑ Tribal Women in Chhattisgarh Win Right to Access Contraception, Bhuyan, Anoo. The wire. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
- ↑ Linguistic survey of India, Volume 6 by George Abraham Grierson. Page 241.
- ↑ The Tribune...Sunday Reading. www.tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The Mythology Book{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. DK(2018). ISBN 978-1-4654-7337-0
- ↑ http://www.galli.in/2011/08/out-of-junglethe-baigas-sayantan-bera.html, 'the village Bhanpur Khera was relocated from inside the Khana National Park (a critical tiger habitat) way back in 1968.'
- ↑ Tiger Reserves, India, International, Survival. www.survivalinternational.org. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ↑ Relocation plan to nowhere land. The Hindu(1 August 2012). Retrieved 21 April 2018.
- ↑ Baiga tribal labourer debuts as international painter in Milan, Paris. The New Indian Express(5 October 2019). Retrieved 2023-07-28.
Journals
- An Empirical Study of the Socio-economic Status of Baiga Tribe of Central India. Economic and Political Weekly({Template:Date).
- The Baigas of Madhya Pradesh: a demographic study. Journal of Biosocial Science({Template:Year).
- The Baiga: Survival strategies and local economy in the Central Provinces. Studies in History({Template:Year).
Bibliography
- The Baiga{{#if:Elwin|, Elwin}. Great Britain(1938)
- Template:Cite thesis
Further reading
- Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Gyan Publishing House(2010). ISBN 978-81-7835-121-6
- Baiga (a little known tribe of Odisha){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI)(2021). ISBN 9789380705767
External links
- THE THREATENED TRIBAL:THE BAIGAS Template:Webarchive
- http://www.tribalphoto.com/pages/tribes/india,madhya_pradesh_baiga.html
- Photo essay on the Baiga tribe, Galli Magazine
- Ideas of Life and Love from the Tribes of Chhattisgarh
Template:Scheduled tribes of India Template:Tribes of Jharkhand Template:Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh Template:Tribes of Uttar Pradesh