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{{Short description|Peoples, cultures, and products of the Indian subcontinent and their diaspora}}
{{Other uses}}

'''Desi'''{{efn|The [[tadbhava]]-form of the word is "desi", and the corresponding [[tatsama]]-form is "deshi".}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|eɪ|s|i}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|s|i}}<ref>{{Cite OED|Desi|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> {{respell|DAY|see}} or {{respell|DESS|ee}}; [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: देसी {{small|([[Devanagari]])}}, {{Nastaliq|دیسی}} {{small|([[Perso-Arabic]])}}, {{IPA|hns|deːsiː|lang}}),{{efn|The etymology of the word ''Desi'' is from the [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu language]].<ref name="Sharma2010"/> In various other South Asian languages, the word is rendered as follows: [[Bengali language|Bangla]]: দেশী; [[Sinhalese Language|Sinhala]]: දේශී; [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: தேசி; [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: దేశి; [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: દેશી;
[[Malayalam]]: ദേശി; [[Kannada]]: ದೇಸಿ; [[Odiya language|Odiya]]: ଦେଶୀ; [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]: ދޭސީ; [[Dzongkha]]: ཁ་བྱང་ཀི་དེ།; [[Burmese language|Burmese]]: ဒေစီ}} also '''Deshi''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: দেশী), is a loose term used to describe the [[ethnic groups in South Asia|peoples]], [[culture of South Asia|cultures]], and products of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and their [[South Asian diaspora|diaspora]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glenn |first=Charles L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVoDwAAQBAJ&dq=desi+loose+term&pg=PA222 |title=Muslim Educators in American Communities |date=2018-08-01 |publisher=IAP |isbn=978-1-64113-363-0 |pages=222 |language=en}}</ref> derived from [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|देश}} ({{translit|sa|deśá}}), meaning 'land' or 'country'.<ref name="Shirley2010">{{cite book |first1=Shirley R. |last1=Steinberg |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnSBRxsjn_4C&pg=PA87 |title=Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=12 March 2012 |first2=Michael |last2=Kehler |first3=Lindsay |last3=Cornish |pages=86–88 |isbn=978-0-313-35080-1}}</ref> Desi traces its origin to the people from the South Asian republics of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]],{{efn|The modern-day independent countries of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan were included within the boundaries of [[colonial India]] prior to the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947.}}<ref name="Zimmer2013">{{cite web |last1=Zimmer |first1=Ben |title=Here She Comes, 'Desi' Miss America |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304713704579095112813176666 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en |date=27 September 2013|quote=But as South Asians have built up diasporic communities around the world, 'desi' has traveled with them, used not as a put-down but as an expression of ethnic pride. Make that pan-ethnic: Anyone with heritage from the subcontinent—India, Pakistan, or Bangladesh—can identify as a 'desi' and partake in 'desi' culture.}}</ref> and may also sometimes be extended to include peoples, cultures and products of [[Bhutan]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irani |first1=Farzin |title=Cultural Diversity in Neuropsychological Assessment|date=27 February 2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-000-51578-7 |language=en |quote=People from this region in South Asia (i.e., Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan) are broadly referred to as "Desi," meaning from this land. This is a colloquial term used by other South Asians to refer to people of their region when outside of their native land.}}</ref><ref name="CSU2023">{{cite web |title=Who is APIDA? |url=https://www.csusm.edu/apidafsa/who_is_apida/index.html#:~:text=The%20previous%20%E2%80%9CAsian%20and%20Pacific,%2C%20Pakistan%2C%20and%20Sri%20Lanka. |publisher=[[California State University San Marcos]] |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320195947/https://www.csusm.edu/apidafsa/who_is_apida/index.html |language=English |archivedate=20 March 2023 |quote=In our references, Desi countries of origin include Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conroy |first1=Colette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUDpDwAAQBAJ&dq=desi+pakistan+india+bhutan+maldives&pg=PT81 |title=On Access in Applied Theatre and Drama Education |last2=Ong |first2=Adelina |last3=Rodricks |first3=Dirk J. |date=2020-06-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-70848-6 |pages=81 |language=en |quote=Desi refers to the peoples indigenous to the precolonial Indian subcontinent, which is now {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} several nation states that include India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Maldives.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mallapragada |first= Madhavi|date=15 October 2013 |title=Virtual Homelands: Indian Immigrants and Online Cultures in the United States |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D7FXAwAAQBAJ&dq=sri+lanka+desi+country&pg=PA118|publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=117–118|isbn= 9780252096563}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/desi |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120721045611/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/desi |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 21, 2012 |title=desi |work=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2016 |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[ethnonym]] belongs in the [[endonym]]ic category (i.e., it is a self-appellation). ''[[wiktionary:Desi|Desi]]'' ({{lang|hi|देसी}}/{{lang|ur|دیسی}} ''desī'') is a [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (Hindi-Urdu) word, meaning 'national', ultimately from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|deśīya}}'', derived from ''{{IAST|deśa}}'' ({{lang|sa|देश}}) 'region, province, country'.<ref name="Sharma2010">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Nitasha Tamar |title=Hip Hop Desis: South Asian Americans, Blackness, and a Global Race Consciousness |date=17 August 2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-9289-7 |language=en |quote=The lives of South Asians in America, or ''desis''—a term meaning "of the land" from the Hindi/Urdu word ''desh'', or country—are both historically constituted and circumscribed by global processes and the limitations of what is possible today.}}</ref> The first known usage of the Sanskrit word is found in the ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' (~200&nbsp;BCE), where it defines the regional varieties of folk performing arts, as opposed to the classical, pan-Indian ''margi''. Thus, ''{{IAST|svadeśa}}'' ({{langx|sa|स्वदेश|links=no}}) refers to one's own country or homeland, while ''{{IAST|paradeśa}}'' ({{langx|sa|परदेश|links=}}) refers to another's country or a foreign land.

==Usage==
The word ''Desi'' is widely used by South Asians, as well those of the [[South Asian diaspora]], to describe themselves; those of South Asian origin, especially Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, use the term "as a means of asserting or reclaiming a sense of pride" in being South Asian, "particularly in the face of racism, discrimination, and stigmatization" of minorities in various parts of the world.<ref name="Kim2014">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Helen |title=Making Diaspora in a Global City: South Asian Youth Cultures in London |date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75756-5 |pages=34–36 |language=en}}</ref> With regard to usage of the word ''Desi'', Helen Kim writes:<ref name="Kim2014"/>

{{blockquote|Desiness imagines a more conhesive, pan-South Asian American community that goes beyond nation, class, and religion. Instead, a 'desi' South Asian American community comes together over its shared experiences of being positioned as non-White 'others', often cutting across differences in caste, class, religion, and gender. In the UK, the term 'desi' is commonly used to describe British [South] Asian forms of cultural production such as music, literature, and television programming. For example, shows such as ''Desi DNA'', featured on the BBC and BBC Asian Network, cover all areas of current British [South] Asian popular culture such as film, music, and the visual arts, including fashion and style. Club nights that feature [South] Asian music such as bhangra and [South Asian] hip hop, as previously mentioned, are often billed as 'desi' nights. The Internet radio station DesiHits.com, rivaling the BBC Asian Network in cultural significance as well as in the number of young [South] Asian listeners, plays all the current [South] Asian hits, which allows one to browse online by artist and by genre, listing them under categories such as 'desi beats', '[[Bollywood]]', and 'hip hop'.}}

Among teenagers who have ancestral roots in the Indian subcontinent, the term ''Desi'' is "embraced to elucidate a new inclusive identity of South Asians in the US, who participate as 'public consumers and producers of a distinctive, widely circulating cultural and linguistic forms'."<ref name="Khanduri2014">{{cite book |last1=Khanduri |first1=Ritu Gairola |title=Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World |date=2 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-04332-9 |page=202 |language=en}}</ref> To this end, channels such as [[MTV Desi]] have recognized "the transnational nature of Desi youth culture, writers, producers, and VJs" and have shared "a range of topics relating to life in South Asia and the South Asian diaspora worldwide".<ref name="Wilkins2013">{{cite book |last1=Wilkins |first1=Karin |last2=Straubhaar |first2=Joe |last3=Kumar |first3=Shanti |title=Global Communication: New Agendas in Communication |date=11 September 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-01096-6 |language=en |quote=In July 2005, MTV Networks announced the launch of MTV-Desi, a niche channel for South Asian-American youth. Launched with great fanfare, MTV-Desi sought to respond to ongoing changes in South Asian-American culture and to create a space within mainstream media that would speak to the particular experiences of Desi youth. In addition to Bollywood song sequences and Indi-pop music videos, the channel would feature US- and UK-based artists such as DJ Rekha, MIA, and Jay Sean, alongside popular American stars in order to create a "multi-ethnic, multi-genre playlist" that would resonate with Desi youth (Dev 2006). While music would remain the primary focus of programming, MTV-Desi would also develop new segments covering a range of topics relating to life in South Asia and the South Asian diaspora worldwide, including original shows such as ''LiveFrom'', which would track Desi youth culture in cities across North America and the UK, and hit shows such as ''Roadies'' from MTV-India. Recognizing the transnational nature of Desi youth culture, writers, producers, and VJs worked hard to define MTV-Desi as a unique site of cultural production that neither mainstream American television nor the India-centric programming on Dish and DirecTV could match. Declaring that MTV-Desi would soon become the "pop culture destination for desis," Nusrat Durrani, general manager and senior vice president of MTV World, explained: "But more than the music, it is also about articulating the stories from this community--young South Asian-Americans who have grown up in the country, but have not seen themselves on TV" (cited in Mozumder 2005).}}</ref>

"Desi" is sometimes perceived as offensive among some South Asian expatriates,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Sircar |first=Anisha |date=2020-12-08 |title=Is the term 'Desi' offensive? Some South Asian Americans think so |url=https://scroll.in/global/975071/is-the-term-desi-offensive-some-south-asian-americans-think-so |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> as they claim that it erases the diversity of [[South Asian ethnic groups|cultural identities within the South Asian community]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is It Time to Kill Off the Word 'Desi'? – The Aerogram |url=https://theaerogram.com/is-it-time-to-kill-off-the-word-desi/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=theaerogram.com}}</ref> and that it primarily identifies the dominant [[North India]]n community while excluding other South Asian groups.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Brown, Desi, South Asian: Diaspora reflects on the terms that represent, erase them |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/brown-desi-south-asian-diaspora-reflects-terms-represent-erase-rcna1886 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Some resist the label, citing historical Indian imperialism and cultural hegemony.<ref name=":02" /> They believe that terms like "Desi" impose a homogenous identity and fail to acknowledge the pluralistic nature of South Asian communities.<ref name=":1" /> Alternatives like "South Asian" or "Brown" have been proposed, but they also have their limitations and can be perceived as misleading or exclusive.<ref name=":1" /> While some individuals find the term "South Asian" inclusive and encompassing, others feel it does not fully capture their specific backgrounds.<ref name=":02" /> The complexity and diversity of the diaspora necessitate recognizing multiple identities and resisting the tendency to homogenize or erase particular communities.<ref name=":1" />

Among non-diasporic South Asians, the term ''Desi'' is sometimes used to indicate that a person is rural, unexposed to foreign/modern culture, and more deeply steeped in native South Asian culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shin |first1=Ryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9iYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT58 |title=Counternarratives from Asian American Art Educators: Identities, Pedagogies, and Practice beyond the Western Paradigm |last2=Lim |first2=Maria |last3=Lee |first3=Oksun |last4=Han |first4=Sandrine |date=2022-12-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-81369-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sircar |first=Anisha |date=2020-12-08 |title=Is the term 'Desi' offensive? Some South Asian Americans think so |url=https://scroll.in/global/975071/is-the-term-desi-offensive-some-south-asian-americans-think-so |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
The word "Desi" comes from the Sanskrit word "Desh" meaning "country". The word "Desi" is used to refer to something "from the country" and with time its usage shifted towards referring to people, cultures, and products of a specific region; for example, desi food, desi calendars, and desi dress.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mughal|first=M. A. Z.|date=20 October 2014|title=Calendars Tell History: Social Rhythm and Social Change in Rural Pakistan|journal=History and the Four Nations India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Has the Same Food, Culture. Anthropology|language=en|volume=25|issue=5|pages=592–613|doi=10.1080/02757206.2014.930034|s2cid=55668409|issn=0275-7206|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/13842/1/13842.pdf}}</ref>

Desi contrasts with the Bengali and [[Hindustani language]] word ''vilāyati'' (Anglicised as "[[Blighty]]") meaning 'foreign',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/blighty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213212958/https://www.lexico.com/definition/blighty |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |title=blighty |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> which more specifically came to mean 'European', and 'British; English' during the time of the [[British Raj]] in [[colonial India]].<ref>[http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-bli1.htm Entry for ''Blighty'']. World Wide Words.</ref> The word is a loan of [[Indian Persian]] {{transliteration|fa|vilāyatī}} ({{lang|fa|ولایاتی}}), from {{transliteration|fa|vilāyat}} ({{lang|fa|ولایت}}) meaning 'Iran' and later 'Europe' or 'Britain',<ref>"ولاية" in F. Steingass, ''A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary'', 1892, p. 1480.</ref> ultimately from Arabic {{transliteration|ar|[[Wilayah|wilāyah]]}} {{lang|ar|ولاية{{lrm}}}} meaning 'state, province'.

After the passage of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], the United States dramatically increased immigration from the subcontinent. As increasing numbers of students from the subcontinent arrived in the US and UK, their countries of origin were colloquially referred to as ''{{IAST|deś}}''. For example, all things Indian including Indian expatriates were referred to as "desi".

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of South Asia|South Asian diaspora#Culture}}[[File:Buckeye Mela IX - Spartan Bhangra.jpg|thumb|300px|South Asian university students celebrate Desi culture through dance at the [[Ohio State University]].]]
[[File:Surahi in samrup rachna calligraphy.jpg|thumb|300px|"Surahi" written in [[Samrup Rachna]] calligraphy used to write [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], which is widely spoken throughout the northern part of the Indian subcontinent as a ''lingua franca''.<ref name="Kazim2016">{{cite web |last1=Kazim |first1=Shehrbano |title=Drawn from the same wellspring |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1103363/drawn-from-the-same-wellspring |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en |date=14 May 2016}}</ref>]]

[[Frank Anthony]], an Anglo-Indian Christian leader who helped write the [[Constitution of India]] stated that unlike Europe, “[colonial] India had achieved a basic ethnic and cultural unity.” (The boundaries of colonial India include the modern-day republics of independent India, as well as what is now Pakistan and Bangladesh.)<ref name="Bangash2022">{{cite journal |last1=Bangash |first1=Yaqoob Khan |title=Anglo-Indians and the Punjab Partition: Identity, Politics, and the Creation of Pakistan |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=2023 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=124–155 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2022.2086202 |language=en |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the United States, as in other countries, some diaspora desis are creating a "fusion" culture, in which foods, fashions, music, and the like from many areas of South Asia are "fused" both with each other and with elements from Western culture.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} For example, Urban Desi is a genre of music formed by the fusion of traditional [[South Asian music]] and Western [[urban music]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95739927 |title=Urban Desi: A Genre on the Rise |first=Nishat |last=Kurwa |date=15 October 2008 |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> The growing demand of popular programming for South Asians caused [[MTV]] to launch the desi-targeted television channel [[MTV Desi]].

In the United Kingdom, desi communities have continued the fusion culture which first emerged during the 89 year rule of the [[British Raj]] in [[colonial India]], influencing British music, art, fashion and food. There are now dedicated radio stations catering to British-South Asians such as the [[BBC Asian Network]].

In Canada, desis have established sizable [[ethnic enclaves]] in areas such as [[Brampton]], Ontario (suburban [[Toronto]]) and [[Surrey, British Columbia]] (suburban [[Vancouver]]).

===Performing arts===
The [[Natya Shastra]] refers to the regional varieties of folk dance and music elements as ''desi'', and states that these are meant as pure entertainment for common people, while the pan-Indian ''margi'' elements are to spiritually enlighten the audience. The medieval developments of the [[classical Indian dance]] and music led to the introduction of desi gharanas, in addition to the classical [[gharana]]s codified in [[Natya Shastra]]. The ''desi'' gharanas further developed into the present-day [[adavu]]s. There is [[raga]] in Indian classical music known as "Desi".

===Food and drink===
{{Main|Desi daru|Desi cuisine}}

In regions of South Asia, ''desi'' in the context of food, implies "native" or "traditional". For example, "Desi chicken" may refer to a native breed of chicken. This word is also usually restricted to Sanskrit-derived (Indo-Aryan) languages.

[[Plant breeding|Heritage]] varieties of vegetables and other produce can also be qualified as "desi". "Desi diet" refers to a diet and food choices followed by Indians around the world. ''[[Desi daru]]'' refers to "country liquor", such as [[feni (liquor)|fenny]], [[palm wine|toddy]] and [[arrack (drink)|arrack]]. It is differentiated from [[Indian-made foreign liquor]] such as Indian-made [[whisky]], [[rum]], or [[vodka]].

===Desi pubs===
{{Main|Desi pub}}

In the United Kingdom, the term Desi pub is used to describe a pub which is owned or managed by an Indian landlord, or which serves [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] food. They developed during the 1960s and 1970s at a time when some British [[pub]]s enforced [[colour bar|color bar]]s to prevent Indians and other immigrants from drinking there. Desi pubs are especially common in the [[Black Country]] and surrounding areas of the West Midlands. As well as drinking places, they also act as community hubs and meeting places for people from different backgrounds and are considered to be an example of successful integration of Indian immigrants into British culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/desi-pubs|title=The Triumphant Story of Britain's Desi Pubs|author=Jesudason, David|work=[[Atlas Obscura]]|date=21 April 2022|access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/prospero/2016/08/22/raising-a-glass-to-britains-indian-pubs|title=Raising a glass to Britain's Indian pubs|author=R.V.|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=22 August 2016|access-date=12 May 2022}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[American-born confused desi]]
* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Little Bangladesh]]
* [[Little India]]
* [[Little Pakistan]]
* [[South Asian Heritage Month]]
* [[Pravasi Bharatiya Divas]]
* [[Indian Arrival Day]]
* ''[[Pinoy]]'', an analogous term for Filipinos
* ''[[Habesha peoples|Habesha]]'', an analogous term for Ethiopians and Eritreans

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:Culture of Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Culture of Pakistani diaspora]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Ethnonyms]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indian slang]]
[[Category:Culture of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani slang]]
[[Category:South Asian people]]
[[Category:Culture of South Asia]]
[[Category:Urdu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali words and phrases]]