View source for Chumar

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Chumar
| native_name             = ཆུ་མུར་
| native_name_lang        = bo
| other_name              = Chumur
| nickname                = 
| settlement_type         = Village
| pushpin_map             = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_relief = y
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = Chumar in Ladakh
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates             = {{coord|32.6693|78.5954|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[List of tehsils in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Nyoma]]
| established_title       = <!-- Established -->
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| named_for               = 
| government_type         = Halqa Panchayat
| governing_body          = 
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
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| area_total_km2          = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 5100
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| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = 
| population_footnotes    = 
| demographics_type1      = Languages
| demographics1_title1    = Official
| demographics1_info1     = [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1               = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1             = +5:30
| postal_code_type        = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
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| footnotes               = 
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| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
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}}

'''Chumar''' or '''Chumur''' ({{bo|t=ཆུ་མུར་|w=chu mur}}) is a village located in south-eastern region of [[Ladakh|Ladakh, India]] and the centre of nomadic grazing. It is in [[Rupshu]] [[Community development block|block]], south of the [[Tso Moriri]] lake, on the bank of the [[Parang River]] (or ''Pare Chu''), close to Ladakh's border with Tibet.<ref>
[http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/pdf/panchayat%20election%202017/Know_ur_PanchBLO/Leh.pdf Panchayat Data], Government of Jammu and Kashmir, 2017. Accessed on 12 October 2020.
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=278}}: "A village in the Rupshu district, on the left bank of the Para river, which here turns south and eventually joins the Sutlej."</ref> Since 2012, China has disputed the border region situated to the south and southeast of Chumur village within the Chumur sector. However, the Chumur village itself is undisputed and remains in India.<ref name="Telegraph border"/><ref name="PTI 2012"/>

Chumar is reachable from east ([[Hanle (village)|Hanle]] and [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]]), north/northwest ([[Tso Moriri]], [[Karzok]], [[Meroo, Leh|Meroo]], [[Ryul Tso|Ryul]], and [[Leh]]), and west/southwest (Kiato, [[Kaza]], [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]], and [[Shimla]]) from the Meroo-Ryul-Hanle-Chumur-Karzok-Kiato road network (including the 125 km long [[Kiato-Karzok Road]]<!--CAUTION: retain REDLINK to encourage article creation--> from [[Lahaul_and_Spiti_district#Physical|Spiti Valley]] via [[Takling La]] Tunnel).<ref name=kart1>{{Cite web |title=Kyato-Korzok road will connect Himachal to Ladakh, army will have easy access to China border |website=Amar Ujala |date=2025-04-21 |accessdate=2025-04-22 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/kyato-korzok-road-will-connect-himachal-to-ladakh-army-will-have-easy-access-to-china-border-2025-04-21?pageId=1}}</ref> 

== Geography ==
[[File:Chumar-sector-US-Army-map-1954.png|thumb|left|275px|Map 1: Tibet–Ladakh border near Chumar during the British Raj (map by [[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954)]]
[[File:Chumar-sector-map-by-Frederic-Drew-1874.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Map 2: Kashmir geologist [[Frederic Drew]]'s border in 1874]]

Chumar is along the course of [[Pare Chu]] river, close to Ladakh's border with Tibet. The Pare Chu river originates in India's [[Himachal Pradesh]], flows through Ladakh, and turns southeast near Chumar to flow into what the British called the 'Tsotso district' (now [[Tsosib Sumkyil Township]]) in Tibet's [[Tsamda County]]. After about 80 miles, Pare Chu reenters Himachal Pradesh again to join the [[Spiti River]].<ref>
{{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |page=654}}
</ref>

The Chumar settlement itself is in a side valley of Pare Chu, on the bank of a stream, called Chumur Tokpo that flows down from '''Mount Shinowu'''. ({{coord|32.7087|78.7273|name=Mount Shinowu}}).{{efn|Mount Shinowu ({{zh|c=斯诺乌山|p=Sī nuò wū shān}}) is a Chinese name of the peak. On Tibetan maps, the name is written as "Seru'Ur Ri" or "Zeru'Uri". British Indian maps do not give it a name but mark it as a peak  of {{convert|21030|ft}} elevation.}} There is also a historic gompa (Buddhist temple) near the village and a Chumur monastery further upstream.{{sfnp|Koshal, Ploughshares of Gods|2001|p=211}} Along the course of Pare Chu and its tributary streams are numerous pastures and campgrounds utilised by the pastoral nomads of Rupshu. Some of them close to Pare Chu are listed as Sarlale, Takdible, Nirale, Tible, Lemarle and Chepzile.

The Chepzile campground is near a small hamlet called [[Chepzi]] which boasts some farmlands. Two tributaries join Pare Chu near the hamlet: Chepzilung (or Chepzi stream) from the west and Tegopagna (also called Kyumsalung Panglung){{efn|Kyumsalung Panglung is marked on the survey map (Map 1). Frederic Drew called it just Panglung (Map 2). The current Chinese name {{zh|c=倒帮那|p=Dào bāng nà}} is similar to the original name Tegopagna.}} stream from the east. Chepzilung originates below the [[Mount Gya|Gya Peak]], a key point on the border between [[Spiti Valley|Spiti]] (Himachal Pradesh) and Tibet.<ref>
A. K. Singh, Yousuf Zaheer, [https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/55/12/the-continuing-story-of-gya/ The Continuing Story of Gya], The Himalayan Journal, Vol. 55, 199.
</ref>
According to the map drawn by [[Frederic Drew]], who worked as a geologist in the administration of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], these two tributaries were border rivers of Ladakh. The notes to the map he provided state that the subjects of Jammu and Kashmir [[grazing|grazed]] their cattle in the pasturelands up to the boundary, while the subjects of Tibet did likewise on their side.{{sfnp|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875|p=496}}{{sfnp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962|pp=12–13}} (Map 2)

=== Indian boundary definition ===
[[File:Chumar-Chepzi-claim-lines-LSIB.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 3: Chinese and Indian claim lines in the Chumar Sector in 2012<ref>
[https://earthworks.stanford.edu/catalog/stanford-jd523yw3613 Large Scale International Boundaries (LSIB), Europe and Asia, 2012], EarthWorks, Stanford University, retrieved and annotated 11 October 2020.
</ref>]]

By the time of Indian independence in 1947, the Indian administration appears to have conceded part of the valley of Chepzilung to the Tibetans.{{efn|See the map by the US [[Army Map Service]] (AMS), which is based on the Survey of India maps from 1945.}} When independent India defined its boundaries in 1954, it also withdrew from the Tegopagna river to the east of Chepzi, and set the watershed ridge between Chumur Tokpo and Tegopagna as its boundary. On the Pare Chu river itself, the Indian-defined border is five miles south of Chumar, and roughly two miles north of Chepzi.<ref>
{{harvp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}: "Thereafter [the boundary] turns westward and crosses the Pare river about five miles south of Chumar to reach Gya Peak ([Lat. and Long.] {{coord|32|32|N|78|24|E|name=India's declared border point}})."
</ref> This allows the Tibetan graziers unrestricted access to both the tributary rivers of Pare Chu at Chepzi.

The combined effect of these decisions gave the appearance of a "bulge" in Indian territory near the Pare Chu river. The Indian government justified it on the grounds that the Ladakh's inhabitants had traditionally used the grazing lands along Pare Chu right up to Chepzi.<ref>
{{harvp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962|p=12}}: "Similarly,
the inhabitants of Hanle and Rupshu ''Ilaqas'' have always been using the pastures lying south of Chumar up to the Chepzelung and Kumsanglung [Tegopagna] streams on either side of the Pare River."
</ref>

The people of Chumar claim to have continued to use the farmland and grazing grounds at Chepzi until the recent past.
They say that their access to these lands has been blocked by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] in recent years.<ref>
{{cite news  |title=Uneasy frontier robs Ladakh's herders of pastures |first=Peerzada |last=Ashiq |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 June 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uneasy-frontier-robs-ladakhs-herders-of-pastures/article31734212.ece }}
</ref><ref name=VICE>
Stanzin Dasal, [https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-china-is-quietly-moving-its-borders-into-india/ How China Is Quietly Moving its Borders into India], VICE News, 3 August 2020.
</ref>
The local nobility family of Rupshu continues to own the farmland and a palace at Chepzi.<ref name=Federal>
Safeena Wani, [https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/a-ladakhi-royal-family-fighting-chinese-land-grab-since-1980s https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/a-ladakhi-royal-family-fighting-chinese-land-grab-since-1980s/ A Ladakhi royal family fighting Chinese land grab since 1980s], The Federal, 3 July 2020.
</ref>
The Indian Army has said that the Chepzi grazing grounds were "beyond the Indian borders."<ref name=Chabiji>
{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chabiji-area-beyond-indian-borders-army/article31746633.ece |title=Chabiji area beyond Indian borders: Army |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 June 2020}}
</ref>
But the locals are adamant that the Army does not understand their traditional grazing systems.<ref>
[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/locals-demand-restoration-of-mobile-services-to-ease-war-fear/articleshow/76202707.cms Locals in Ladakh demand restoration of mobile services to ease war fear], The Economic Times, 5 June 2020.
</ref>

=== Chinese claims ===
In the 1960 boundary talks with India, China claimed a boundary north of the Indian claim line. However it was still south of the general ridge line running across the Pare Chu valley.
{{quote|[The border] then follows the mountain ridge southwards... south of the Hanle River up to Mount Shinowu (approximately {{coord|32|43|N|78|45|E}}). It then runs westwards and crosses the Pare River at its junction with a small stream (approximately {{coord|32|37|N|78|37|E|name=China's declared border point}}) to reach the tri-junction of China's Ari [Ngari] district and India's Punjab [now Himachal Pradesh] and Ladakh (approximately {{coord|32|31|N|78|24|E|name=China's declared border point}}).{{sfnp|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 1|1962|p=5}}}}
This border definition not only had the effect of cutting the bulge claimed by India (which followed the natural ridge lines), but it also gave rise to a second disputed area near Mount Shinowu, the source of Chumur Tokpa stream, cutting across the valley of the stream.

By 2012, China was claiming a boundary further north, representing a "bulge" of its own territory, overriding and going beyond its own claim of 1960. (Map 3)

== Sino-Indian border dispute ==
{{further|Sino-Indian border dispute| Chepzi#Border incidents | l1=Chepzi border incidents}}

Chumar has been one of the most active areas on the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) in terms of interactions between Chinese and Indian troops. Located 190&nbsp;km northwest of [[Zanda County|Zanda]], it had long been an area of discomfort for the Chinese troops as, until 2014, Chumar had been one of the relatively few places along the Sino-Indian border where the Chinese had no roads near the LAC.<ref>
{{cite news |last=Kondapalli |first=Srikanth |date=6 May 2013 |title=The fallout of China's Depsang plains transgression - Rediff.com India News |newspaper=Rediff News |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/the-fallout-of-chinas-depsang-plains-transgression/20130506.htm |access-date=2014-04-20}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |date=2013-07-10 |title=China defends its latest incursion into Ladakh's Chumar sector |publisher=Indian Express |agency=PTI |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/china-defends-its-latest-incursion-into-ladakhs-chumar-sector/1140119/ |access-date=12 October 2020}}
</ref>

According to [[Phunchok Stobdan]], "In Chumar, China probably wants a straight border from PT (point) 4925 to PT 5318 to bring the Tible-Mane area under its control", in essence removing the bulge along the LAC at Chumar.<ref name="Telegraph 2020">{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sujan |date=17 September 2014 |title=Face-off on border on eve of Modi-Xi date |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/face-off-on-border-on-eve-of-modi-xi-date/cid/316458 |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> The Chinese opened up this new front of the border dispute in Chumar in 2012, prior to that, the border here was the International Border and not the Line of Actual Control.<ref name="Telegraph border">{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sujan |date=17 September 2014 |title=Face-off on border on eve of Modi-Xi date |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/face-off-on-border-on-eve-of-modi-xi-date/cid/316458 |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=Telegraph India |quote=Stobdan and sources in the Indian Army agree that they are a little taken aback by the Chinese opening up a “front” in Chumar that was undisputed till about two years back. The frontier along Tible-Mane, near Jammu and Kashmir’s inter-state border with Himachal Pradesh, is recognised as the “International Boundary” and not as the “Line of Actual Control (LAC)”.}}</ref><ref name="PTI 2012">PTI, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chinese-pitch-seven-tents-in-chumar-stand-off-continues/articleshow/43102123.cms Chinese pitch seven tents in Chumar; stand off continues], The Economic Times, 22 September 2014. "In 2012, the PLA dropped some of its soldiers in this region and dismantled the makeshift storage tents of the Army and ITBP."</ref>

As part of the resolution to the [[2013 Depsang standoff]], the Indian side agreed to take down some bunkers in Chumar in return for the Chinese withdrawing from the Depsang standoff area.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-09-22 |agency=PTI |title=Indo-China stand-off worsens: Chinese pitch seven tents in Chumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140921/nation-current-affairs/article/chinese-pitch-seven-tents-chumar-stand-continues |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |author=Joshi |first=Manoj |date=7 May 2013 |title=Making sense of the Depsang incursion |publisher=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/making-sense-of-the-depsang-incursion/article4689838.ece |access-date=12 October 2020}}
</ref>

A road from Chumar leads up to the LAC. Along this road near the LAC, there is an Indian post at Point 30R, or known simply as 30R. 30R gets its name from being at a sharp elevation of 30 metres as compared to its surroundings.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sushant |date=2020-06-16 |title=Explained: Six years ago, how a standoff in Ladakh ended after discussion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/six-years-ago-how-a-faceoff-in-ladakh-ended-after-discussion-6444735/ |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> PLA patrols often come up to 30R.<ref name=":1" /> However they are at a tactical disadvantage since vehicles cannot come up to 30R; they have even tried using horses to enter the area.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The Chinese have tried constructing a road across 30R, including in 2014 when they claimed they had orders to build a road till Tible, but they have been stopped from doing so by India.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> During the 2014 standoff here, Chinese troops had also positioned themselves on 30R, and had even heavy machinery with them for road construction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fairclough |first=Gordon |date=2014-10-30 |title=India-China Border Standoff: High in the Mountains, Thousands of Troops Go Toe-to-Toe |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/india-china-border-standoff-high-in-the-mountains-thousands-of-troops-go-toe-to-toe-1414704602 |access-date=2020-10-12 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Chinese troops have also been reported to have removed Indian surveillance cameras from the area.<ref name=":1" /> The 2014 faceoff at Chumar, which started on 10 September, started days before the Chinese leader Xi Jinping visited India and continued even as he was in India.<ref>
{{cite news |author=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=16 September 2014 |title=China, India in border skirmish ahead of Xi visit |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chinese-civilians-intrude-into-ladakh-area/article1-1264293.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915211512/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chinese-civilians-intrude-into-ladakh-area/article1-1264293.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=2014-09-15}}
</ref> Indian media quoting army source said that nearly 1000 Chinese soldiers had entered Indian territory in the Chumur sector on the day Xi was in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-18 |title=Nearly 1,000 Chinese soldiers enter India |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/nearly-1000-chinese-soldiers-enter-india-416068.html |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Transport and connectivity ==
{{anchor | Transport | Connectivity }}
{{main | Tso_Moriri#Transport | l1=Transport in Chumur-Tso Moriri area }}

Chumar is connected by motorable roads to [[Ryul Tso]] nearly 50&nbsp;km in the north, [[Hanle (village)|Hanle]] nearly 100&nbsp;km in the east, [[Tso Moriri]] nearly 60&nbsp;km north, [[Meroo, Leh|Meroo]] on [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]] nearly 225&nbsp;km north.

{{anchor|HRCR}}
* Hanle-Royul-Chumar Road, a 91 km black-topped motorable route, traverses from [[Hanle (village)|Hanle]] in the east to Chumar in the west. This road passes by the [[Ryul Tso]] and reaches its peak elevation of 17,200 ft at [[:ceb:Salsal_La|Salsal La]], both of which are approximately 50 km north of Chumar. The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) completed this project in September 2025.<ref name=hanr1>[https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/j-k-hanle-chumar-road-in-ladakh-is-now-open-to-public20250923195908 J-K: Hanle-Chumar road in Ladakh is now open to public], ANI News, 23 Sept 2025.</ref>

{{anchor|CPKH}}

* Chumar-Pooh-Kharcham-Harsil route upgrade entails the construction of following missing sections. Since, construction of these roads requires cutting through multiple mountain passes, no target completion date has been set.<ref name=nr1/>

** Chumar-Pooh Road, ~150&nbsp;km long road from Chumar in Ladakh to [[Poo, Himachal Pradesh|Pooh]] (18 km from China border) in [[Himachal Pradesh]] costing Rs2,500-3,000 crore, was approved by the BRO in 2020 under the [[India–China Border Roads]] (ICBR). It will cut present 720 km distance to 150 km allowing faster movement of troops.<ref name=nr1/> 
** [[Harsil#Kharcham|Karcham-Harsil Road]], another ~150&nbsp;km long road which will cut the present 450 km distance to 150 km is being consturtced by the BRO.<ref name=nr1>[https://theprint.in/defence/modi-govts-infra-push-along-china-border-2-new-roads-alternate-route-to-daulat-beg-oldie/502013/ Modi govt's infra push along China border — 2 new roads, alternate route to Daulat Beg Oldie], The Print, 15 September 2020.</ref>

In early 2025, high-speed public 4G/5G mobile and internet connectivity was made available by India.<ref name=contt1>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/troops-in-ladakh-get-4g-5g-connectivity-at-high-altitude-posts-even-up-to-siachen-glacier/articleshow/120434416.cms 
लद्दाख में सैनिकों को ऊंचाई वाली चौकियों पर मिली 4जी/5जी कनेक्टिविटी, सियाचिन ग्लेशियर तक सिग्नल], navbharattimes, 19 Apr 2025.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Parang River]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[Line of Actual Control]]
* [[Demchok sector]]
* [[2013 Depsang standoff]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}
** Indian Report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 4 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 4|1962}}}}
** Chinese report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 3|1962}}}}; 
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{citation |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account |url=https://archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5 |year=1875 |publisher=E. Stanford |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875}}}}
* {{citation |last=Koshal |first=Sanyukta |title=Ploughshares of Gods, Ladakh: Land, agriculture, and folk traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DZuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Om Publications |isbn=978-81-86867-46-4 |ref={{sfnref|Koshal, Ploughshares of Gods|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Strachey |first=Henry |title=Physical Geography of Western Tibet |publisher=William Clows and Sons |location=London |date=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeograp00stragoog |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|author-link=Shiv Aroor|date=2013-09-05|title=Chinese Army has occupied 640 square km in three Ladakh sectors, says report|newspaper=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/chinese-army-occupied-640-square-km-three-ladakh-sectors-report-209992-2013-09-04|access-date=12 October 2020}}
* {{cite news|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|date=2014-01-08|title=Chinese troops enter Ladakh every 14 days|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinese-troops-enter-Ladakh-every-14-days/articleshow/28530044.cms|access-date=12 October 2020}}

==External links==
* [https://mil.sina.cn/sd/2014-10-22/detail-iawrnsfu3020531.d.html Article] about the 2014 Chumar confrontation from Sina Military

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nyoma tehsil]]
[[Category:Borders of Ladakh]]