View source for 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder

{{Short description|Gang rape, torture, murder and assault incident in India}}
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{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2012 Delhi gang rape and murder
| image = Silent Protest at India Gate.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| caption = Protesters at [[India Gate]] in Delhi
| date = {{start date|2012|12|16|df=y}}
| time = 
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| injuries = 2
| victims = Jyoti Singh, Avnindra Pratap Pandey
| fatalities = 1
| type = [[Femicide]], [[torture murder]], [[gang rape]], [[kidnapping]], [[robbery]], [[assault]]
| perps = * Akshay Thakur
* Mukesh Singh
* a juvenile, 17 years at that time
* Pawan Gupta
* Ram Singh (died before trial)
* Vinay Sharma
| verdict = [[Guilt (law)|Guilty on all counts]]
| convictions = [[Rape]], [[Murder in Indian law|murder]], [[Section 377#India|unnatural offences]], [[Tampering with evidence#Spoliation|destruction of evidence]]<ref name="NYT3113">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/world/asia/murder-charges-filed-against-5-men-in-india-gang-rape.html|title=Murder Charges Are Filed Against 5 Men in New Delhi Gang Rape|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Gardiner|last=Harris|date=3 January 2013|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106112125/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/world/asia/murder-charges-filed-against-5-men-in-india-gang-rape.html?hp&_r=0|archive-date=6 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Infobox event
| title = 
| child = yes
| sentence      =
* [[Capital punishment in India|Death penalty]] for four adult convicts
* The juvenile was sentenced to the maximum of three years in prison under [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000|Juvenile Justice laws]] when the crime was committed<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/nirbhaya-gangrape-case-juvenile-conviwas-working-as-cook-with-different-identity-2103108/|title=Nirbhaya gangrape case: Juvenile convict now working as cook with different identity|website=india.com|access-date=6 May 2017|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135230/https://www.india.com/news/india/nirbhaya-gangrape-case-juvenile-convict-mohammad-afroz-was-working-as-cook-with-different-identity-2103108/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| outcome     = Passage of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Amendment Bill 2015
}}
}}

The '''2012 Delhi gang rape and murder''', commonly known as the '''Nirbhaya case''', involved the gang rape and fatal assault that occurred on 16 December 2012 in [[Munirka]], a neighbourhood in [[Delhi]]. The incident took place when '''Jyoti Singh''', a 22-year-old [[physical therapy]] intern, was [[Battery (crime)|beaten]], <!-- Don't bold, per MOS:BOLD -->[[gang rape]]d, and [[torture]]d in a private bus in which she was travelling with her friend, '''Avnindra Pratap Pandey'''. There were six others in the bus, including the driver, all of whom raped the woman and beat her friend. She was rushed to [[Safdarjung Hospital]] in Delhi for treatment and, as the public outrage mounted, the government had her transferred to [[Mount Elizabeth Hospital]], [[Singapore]] eleven days after the assault, where she died from her injuries two days later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/safdarjung-doctors-remember-nirbhaya-as-brave-woman-say-law-has-taken-its-course/articleshow/74727735.cms |title=Safdarjung doctors remember Nirbhaya as 'brave woman', say law has taken its course |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=2020-03-20 |access-date=2022-08-23 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925024924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/safdarjung-doctors-remember-nirbhaya-as-brave-woman-say-law-has-taken-its-course/articleshow/74727735.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT18Dec" /><ref name="Chronology">{{cite news |title=Delhi gangrape: Chronology of events |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-chronology-of-events/article5079321.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=2 September 2013 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902063859/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-chronology-of-events/article5079321.ece |archive-date=2 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The incident generated widespread national and international coverage and was widely condemned, both in India and abroad. Subsequently, public protests against the [[Government of Delhi]] and the [[Government of India]] for failing to provide adequate security for women took place in [[New Delhi]], where thousands of protesters clashed with [[security forces]]. Similar protests took place in major cities throughout the country. Since Indian law does not allow the press to publish a rape victim's name, the victim was widely known as ''Nirbhaya'', meaning "fearless", and her struggle and death became a symbol of women's resistance to rape around the world.<ref name="Devi2018">{{cite book|author=Nunglekpam Premi Devi|title=Short Essays on Women and Society: Manipuri Women through the Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|date=25 May 2018|publisher=FSP Media Publications|pages=16–|id=GGKEY:K6X6DZDQYTH|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331114622/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News March 2020">{{cite news |title=Nirbhaya case: Four Indian men executed for 2012 Delhi bus rape and murder |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51969961 |access-date=13 April 2021 |work=BBC News |date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331132509/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51969961 |url-status=live }}</ref>

All the accused were arrested and charged with [[sexual assault]] and murder. One of the accused, Ram Singh, died in police custody from possible suicide on 11 March 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-case-accused-commits-suicide/article4496333.ece?homepage=true | title=Delhi gang-rape case accused commits 'suicide' | work=The Hindu | date=11 March 2013 | access-date=11 March 2013 | location=Chennai, India | first1=Devesh K. | last1=Pandey | first2=Shubhomoy | last2=Sikdar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313221918/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-case-accused-commits-suicide/article4496333.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=13 March 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to some published reports and the police, Ram Singh hanged himself, but the defence lawyers and his family allege he was murdered.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi rape accused found dead in prison|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21737748|publisher=BBC|access-date=11 March 2013|date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311073707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21737748|archive-date=11 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The rest of the accused went on trial in a fast-track court; the prosecution finished presenting its evidence on 8 July 2013.<ref name=TOI87>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/delhi/40442634_1_akshay-thakur-juvenile-justice-board-moving-bus |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710142011/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-08/delhi/40442634_1_akshay-thakur-juvenile-justice-board-moving-bus |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2013 |title=16 December gang rape: Prosecution finishes evidence |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=8 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref> On 10 September 2013, the four adult defendants – Pawan Gupta, Vinay Sharma, Akshay Thakur and Mukesh Singh (Ram Singh's brother) – were found guilty of rape and murder and three days later were [[Capital punishment in India|sentenced to death]].<ref name="BBC 13 Sep">{{cite news|title=Delhi gang rape: Four sentenced to death|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24078339|work=BBC News|access-date=13 September 2013|date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913151841/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24078339|archive-date=13 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT Sep 13" /><ref name="vocativ1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/09-2013/photos-india-demands-death-for-gang-rape-killers/|title=Photos: Indian court echoes populist outcry, gives 4 rapists death sentence|publisher=Vocativ.com|work=Sneak Peek|last1=Sharma|first1=Betwa|date=13 September 2013|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914094558/http://www.vocativ.com/09-2013/photos-india-demands-death-for-gang-rape-killers/|archive-date=14 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the death reference case and hearing appeals on 13 March 2014, [[Delhi High Court]] upheld the guilty verdict and the death sentences.<ref name="NDTV" /> On 18 December 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] rejected the final appeals of the condemned perpetrators of the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=India court paves the way for 4 men to be hanged for fatal gang rape on bus |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-rape-appeal-rejected-today-delhi-bus-gang-rape-suspects-to-hang-death-sentence-2019-12-18/ |website=CBS News |agency=Associated Press |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112104424/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-rape-appeal-rejected-today-delhi-bus-gang-rape-suspects-to-hang-death-sentence-2019-12-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The four adult convicts were executed by hanging on 20 March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-gang-rape-murder-convicts-executed-hanged-delhi-tihar-jail-1657649-2020-03-20|title=Justice for Nirbhaya: 4 men convicted for gang-rape hanged 7 years after brutal crime|last=Goswami|first=Dev|website=India Today|date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320000956/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-gang-rape-murder-convicts-executed-hanged-delhi-tihar-jail-1657649-2020-03-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News March 2020" /> The juvenile Mohammed Afroz was convicted of rape and murder and given the maximum sentence of three years' imprisonment in a reform facility, as per the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000|Juvenile Justice Act]].<ref>{{in lang|en}} [http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Fast-Track-court-awards-death-sentences-to-convicts-of-Delhi-Rape-case_a1252.html " Fast Track court awards death sentences to convicts of Delhi Rape case "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021214001/http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/Fast-Track-court-awards-death-sentences-to-convicts-of-Delhi-Rape-case_a1252.html |date=21 October 2013 }}, Ramalingam.Va, Le Journal International, 14 septembre 2013</ref>

As a result of the protests, in December 2012, a judicial committee was set up to study and take public suggestions for the best ways to amend laws to provide quicker investigation and prosecution of sex offenders. After considering about 80,000 suggestions, the committee submitted a report which indicated that failures on the part of the government and police were the root cause behind crimes against women. In 2013, the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013]] was promulgated by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]], several new laws were passed, and six new fast-track courts were created to hear rape cases. Critics argue that the legal system remains slow to hear and prosecute rape cases, but most agree that the case has resulted in a tremendous increase in the public discussion of crimes against women and statistics show that there has been an increase in the number of women willing to file a crime report. However, in December 2014, two years after the attack, the victim's father called the promises of reform unmet and said that he felt regret in that he had not been able to bring justice for his daughter and other women like her.<ref name="nothing changed">{{cite news |title=Nothing in India has changed since 16 December 2012: Nirbhaya's father |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/nothing-in-india-has-changed-since-december-16-2012-nirbhayas-father/ |date=15 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223204716/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/crime/nothing-in-india-has-changed-since-december-16-2012-nirbhayas-father/ |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

== Incident ==
The victims, a 22-year-old woman, Jyoti Singh and her male friend were returning home on the night of 16 December 2012 after watching the film ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' at [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]] [[Select Citywalk|Select City Walk]], [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]]. They took an [[auto rickshaw]] to [[Munirka]] bus stand,<ref name="firstpost20121218">{{cite news|title=Delhi gangraped victim regains consciousness, next 48 hours critical |work=First Post |date=18 December 2012 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-gangrape-victim-regains-consciousness-next-48-hours-critical-561535.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131005824/http://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-gangrape-victim-regains-consciousness-next-48-hours-critical-561535.html |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref> then boarded the bus at Munirka for [[Dwarka Sub City|Dwarka]] at about 9:30&nbsp;pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]). There were only six others in the bus, including the driver. One of the men, identified as a minor, had called for passengers telling them that the bus was going towards their destination.<ref name="NYT18Dec">{{cite news|title=Indians Outraged by Account of Gang Rape on a Bus |first1=Nikarika |last1=Mandhana |first2=Anjani |last2=Trivedi |work=The New York Times |date=18 December 2012 |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/outrage-in-delhi-after-latest-gang-rape-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230152045/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/18/outrage-in-delhi-after-latest-gang-rape-case/ |url-status=live |archive-date=30 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gangrape-accused-had-tried-to-mow-down-braveheart-under-bus-male-friend-saved-her/313386-3-244.html|title=Delhi gangrape: Accused had tried to mow down braveheart under bus, male friend saved her|date=1 January 2013|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102035356/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gangrape-accused-had-tried-to-mow-down-braveheart-under-bus-male-friend-saved-her/313386-3-244.html|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> They took ₹10 each as fare from both the victims. The victim's male friend became suspicious when the bus deviated from its normal route and its doors were shut. When he objected, the group of six men already on board, including the driver, taunted the couple, asking what they were doing alone at such a late hour.<ref name="sikdar">{{cite news|title=Delhi gang-rape: victim narrates the tale of horror |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |location=New Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 December 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-victim-narrates-the-tale-of-horror/article4230038.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101021127/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-victim-narrates-the-tale-of-horror/article4230038.ece |url-status=live |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=30 December 2012 |quote=The victim purportedly told the SDM that around 9.30 p.m. while she and her friend were standing at a bus stop at Munirka, they were called into the bus by the juvenile accused Rahul (name changed), who told them that the bus would go towards Palam. On entering the vehicle, the victims found that in all there were. A few minutes into the ride, her friend got suspicious as the bus had deviated from the supposed route and the other occupants had shut the door. When he objected, the six accused taunted them, asking what they were doing together so late in the night.}}</ref>

During the argument, a scuffle ensued between her friend and the group of men. He was beaten, gagged and knocked unconscious with an iron rod. The men then dragged Singh to the rear of the bus, beating her with the rod and raping her while the bus driver continued to drive. A medical report later said that she suffered serious injuries to her abdomen, intestines and genitals due to the assault, and doctors said that the damage indicated that a blunt object (suspected to be the iron rod) may have been used for penetration.<ref name="firstpost20121218" /> That rod was later described by police as being a rusted, L-shaped implement of the type used as a [[Jack (device)|wheel jack handle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rape survivor airlift was govt., not medical, decision |first=Bindu Shajan |last=Perappadan |location=New Delhi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 December 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230064311/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |url-status=live |archive-date=30 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/10/delhi-gang-rape-india-women|title=Delhi rape: how India's other half lives|first=Jason|last=Burke|date=10 September 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506002404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/10/delhi-gang-rape-india-women|archive-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaul">{{cite news |title=Rape victim still critical, writes to mother 'I want to live' |last=Kaul |first=Rhythma |location=New Delhi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 December 2012 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gang-rape-victim-writes-on-a-piece-of-paper-Mother-I-want-to-live/Article1-976798.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231003459/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gang-rape-victim-writes-on-a-piece-of-paper-Mother-I-want-to-live/Article1-976798.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |access-date=31 December 2012 }}</ref>

According to police reports, Jyoti attempted to fight off her assailants, biting three of the attackers and leaving bite marks on the accused men.<ref name="Delhi gangrape: Accused had tried to mow down braveheart under bus, friend saved her" />
After the beatings and rape ended, the attackers threw both victims from the moving bus. One of the perpetrators later cleaned the vehicle to remove evidence. Police impounded it the next day.<ref name="Delhi gangrape: Accused had tried to mow down braveheart under bus, friend saved her">{{cite news|title=Delhi gangrape: Accused had tried to mow down braveheart under bus, male friend saved her |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=1 January 2013 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gangrape-accused-had-tried-to-mow-down-braveheart-under-bus-male-friend-saved-her/313386-3-244.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102035356/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-gangrape-accused-had-tried-to-mow-down-braveheart-under-bus-male-friend-saved-her/313386-3-244.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name=HT18Dec>{{cite news |title=Delhi gangrape: main accused sent to 5-day police custody, refuses identification parade |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India/Indo-Asian News Service |date=18 December 2012 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-main-accused-sent-to-5-day-police-custody-refuses-identification-parade/Article1-974332.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231003702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-main-accused-sent-to-5-day-police-custody-refuses-identification-parade/Article1-974332.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref>

The partially clothed victims were found on the road by a passerby at around 11&nbsp;pm. The passerby called the [[Delhi Police]] who took the couple to [[Safdarjung Hospital]], where Jyoti was given emergency treatment and placed on mechanical ventilation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi gang-rape: Victim is fighting for life, on ventilator, say doctors |first=Amit |last=Chaturvedi |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=19 December 2012 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-gang-rape-victim-is-fighting-for-life-on-ventilator-say-doctors-307131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222063117/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-gang-rape-victim-is-fighting-for-life-on-ventilator-say-doctors-307131 |url-status=live |archive-date=22 December 2012 |access-date=31 December 2012 }}</ref> She was found with injury marks, including numerous bite marks, all over her body. According to reports, one of the accused men admitted to having seen a rope-like object, assumed to be her intestines, being pulled out of the woman by the other assailants on the bus. Two blood-stained metal rods were retrieved from the bus and medical staff confirmed that "it was penetration by this that caused massive damage to her genitals, uterus and intestines".<ref name="theguardian1" /><ref name="Kaul" />

== Victims ==
Jyoti Singh was born in [[Delhi]] on 10 May 1990, the eldest of three children and the only daughter of a [[lower-middle-class]] family.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter-125740-2012-12-31|title=She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother|website=IndiaToday|date=31 December 2012|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929032825/https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter-125740-2012-12-31|url-status=live}}</ref> Her parents hailed from a small village in [[Ballia district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="indiatoday.in" /> While Jyoti's mother is a homemaker,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-15 |title=Nirbhaya case: The rape victim's mum fighting for India's daughters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63968198 |access-date=2024-08-14 |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822150157/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63968198 |url-status=live }}</ref> her father worked double shifts (two jobs) to support his family and send his children to good schools. In an interview, he related that as a youth, he had dreamed of becoming a schoolteacher, but his family could not afford to support his education beyond high school. After moving to Delhi, he worked at a pressure cooker factory,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-31 |title='My pain became my driving force': Nirbhaya's mother Asha Devi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20200210-my-pain-became-my-driving-force-asha-devi-1641454-2020-01-31 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814181446/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20200210-my-pain-became-my-driving-force-asha-devi-1641454-2020-01-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> as a security guard and eventually a luggage loader.<ref name="autogenerated6" /> He said, "when I left [his village] 30 years ago, I vowed never deny my children so sending them to school was fulfilling my desire for knowledge."<ref name="autogenerated6" /> He said, "It never entered our hearts to ever discriminate. How could I be happy if my son is happy and my daughter isn't? And it was impossible to refuse a little girl who loved going to school."<ref name="autogenerated6" /><ref name="village" />

Jyoti Singh graduated in [[Physical therapy|physiotherapy]] from the Sai Institute of Paramedical & Allied Sciences in [[Dehradun]], and had just applied for an intern's position at [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|St Stephen's Hospital]] in Delhi.<ref name=":2" /> She lived in Delhi and only sometimes visited her family's ancestral village.<ref name="village">{{cite news|title= Far from media storm, U.P. village grieves for its daughter|last= Rashid|first= Omar|location= Ballia|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 30 December 2012|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/far-from-media-storm-up-village-grieves-for-its-daughter/article4253570.ece|access-date= 31 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130101040433/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/far-from-media-storm-up-village-grieves-for-its-daughter/article4253570.ece|archive-date= 1 January 2013|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In compliance with Indian law, the real name of the victim was initially not released to the media, so [[pseudonym]]s were used for her by various media houses instead, including ''Jagruti'' (awareness), ''Amanat'' (treasure), ''Nirbhaya'' (fearless one), ''Damini'' (lightning, after the hit [[Damini&nbsp;– Lightning|1993 Hindi film]]) and ''Delhi braveheart''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter-125740-2012-12-30 |title=She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother |work=India Today |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231054235/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/lcp.aspx?siteid=1&issue=10951 |title=Woman of the Year |publisher=outlookindia.com |access-date=1 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101002806/http://outlookindia.com/lcp.aspx?siteid=1&issue=10951 |archive-date=1 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Why does media want to give Delhi gangrape victim a name?">{{cite news|last= Roy|first= Sandip|title= Why does media want to give Delhi gangrape victim a name?|work= [[First Post (India)|First Post]]|date= 24 December 2012|url= http://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html|access-date= 31 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121231005214/http://www.firstpost.com/living/why-does-media-want-to-give-delhi-gangrape-victim-a-name-567444.html|archive-date= 31 December 2012|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= She could have been saved, decision to fly her out to Singapore came late, says Delhi gangrape victim's brother|first= Neetu|last= Chandra|location= New Delhi|work= [[India Today]]|date= 31 December 2012|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter-125740-2012-12-30|access-date= 1 January 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130101022245/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victim-damini-profile-father-remembers-daughter/1/240153.html|archive-date= 1 January 2013|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bravehearts-family-turns-down-college-offer-to-refund-fee/378710-3-244.html |title=Delhi braveheart's family turns down college offer to refund fee |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529194655/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-bravehearts-family-turns-down-college-offer-to-refund-fee/378710-3-244.html |archive-date=29 May 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

The male victim, Awindra Pratap Pandey, was a software engineer from [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]], Uttar Pradesh, who lived in [[Ber Sarai]], New Delhi; he suffered broken limbs but survived.<ref name=ballia>{{cite news|title=Physiotherapist gang raped in moving bus, critical |location=New Delhi |agency=DHNS |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=17 December 2012 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/299074/delhi-gang-rape-victim-battles.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219221908/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/299074/delhi-gang-rape-victim-battles.html |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-date=19 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-gang-rape-case-All-four-convicts-awarded-death-sentence/articleshow/22546130.cms|title=Delhi gang-rape case: All four convicts awarded death sentence|work=The Times of India|date=13 September 2013|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914003750/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-gang-rape-case-All-four-convicts-awarded-death-sentence/articleshow/22546130.cms|archive-date=14 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Delhi police registered a criminal case against the editor of a Delhi-based tabloid, ''[[Mail Today]]'', for disclosing the female victim's identity, as such disclosure is an offence under section 228(A) of [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name=disclosure>{{cite news|title=Delhi gang-rape: Criminal case against Mail Today|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/delhi-gang-rape-criminal-case-against-mail-today-151814067.html|access-date=31 December 2012|newspaper=Yahoo news India|date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103154017/http://in.news.yahoo.com/delhi-gang-rape-criminal-case-against-mail-today-151814067.html|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shashi Tharoor]], then a union minister, suggested that if the parents had no objection, her identity could be made public, as a mark of respect for her courageous response, with the possibility of naming future laws after her.<ref name="tharoor">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Make-Delhi-gangrape-victim-s-identity-public-Shashi-Tharoor/Article1-983612.aspx|title=Make Delhi gangrape victim's identity public, says Shashi Tharoor|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=1 January 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101221439/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Make-Delhi-gangrape-victim-s-identity-public-Shashi-Tharoor/Article1-983612.aspx|archive-date=1 January 2013|url-status=dead|quote=In remarks that can stoke a controversy, union minister Shashi Tharoor on Tuesday favoured making public the identity of the 23-year-old gang-rape victim wondering what interest is served by keeping her name under wraps.}}</ref> Speaking to a British reporter on 5 January, the victim's father was quoted as saying, "We want the world to know her real name. My daughter didn't do anything wrong, she died while protecting herself. I am proud of her. Revealing her name will give courage to other women who have survived these attacks. They will find strength from my daughter."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/want-the-world-to-know-her-name-delhi-victim-s-father/1055552/ |title=Want the world to know her name: Delhi victim's father |agency=Press Trust of India |date=7 January 2013 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413040537/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/want-the-world-to-know-her-name-delhi-victim-s-father/1055552/ |archive-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Indian law forbids revealing the name of a rape victim unless the family agrees to it and, following the news article which published the father's reported quote and the victim's name, some news outlets in India, Germany, Australia, and the United States also revealed her name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/india-gang-rape-victims-father-1521289|title=India gang rape victim's father: I want the world to know my daughter's name is Jyoti Singh|first=Nada|last=Farhoud|website=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=5 January 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313224742/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/india-gang-rape-victims-father-1521289|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the following day [[Zee News]] quoted the father as saying, "I have only said we won't have any objection if the government uses my daughter's name for a new law for crime against women that is more stringent and better framed than the existing one."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-rape-victims-father-says-didnt-allow-uk-daily-to-name-daughter_821228.html |title=Delhi rape victim's father says didn't allow UK daily to name daughter |date=7 January 2013 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=17 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509130216/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-rape-victims-father-says-didnt-allow-uk-daily-to-name-daughter_821228.html |archive-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> During a protest against the juvenile convict's release on 16 December 2015, the victim's mother stated that her daughter's name was Jyoti Singh and she was not ashamed of disclosing her name.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/My-daughters-name-was-Jyoti-Singh-Not-ashamed-to-name-her-Nirbhayas-mother/articleshow/50206977.cms | title = My daughter's name was Jyoti Singh, Not ashamed to name her: Nirbhaya's mother | work = The Times of India| date = 16 December 2015 | access-date = 22 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222014432/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/My-daughters-name-was-Jyoti-Singh-Not-ashamed-to-name-her-Nirbhayas-mother/articleshow/50206977.cms | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref>

== Medical treatment and death ==
On 19 December 2012, Singh underwent her fifth surgery, which removed most of her remaining intestine. Doctors reported that she was in "stable but critical" condition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gang-rape-Doctors-remove-victim-s-intestines-one-accused-says-he-deserves-death/Article1-976657.aspx |title=Delhi gang-rape: victim battles on, undergoes fifth surgery; doctors remove her intestine |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 December 2012 |access-date=26 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230194849/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/delhi-gang-rape-doctors-remove-victim-s-intestines-one-accused-says-he-deserves-death/article1-976657.aspx |archive-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref> On 21 December, the government appointed a committee of doctors to ensure she received the best medical care.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=Delhi gangrape: Committee formed to monitor girl's treatment |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-Committee-formed-to-monitor-girl-s-treatment/Article1-977263.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=21 December 2012 |date=20 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221115503/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-Committee-formed-to-monitor-girl-s-treatment/Article1-977263.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2012 }}</ref> By 25 December, she remained [[tracheal intubation|intubated]], on [[life support]] and in [[medical state|critical condition]]. Doctors stated that she had a fever of 102 to 103&nbsp;°F (39&nbsp;°C) and that internal bleeding due to [[sepsis]] was somewhat controlled. It was reported that she was "stable, conscious and meaningfully communicative".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-victims-condition-better-still-on-ventilator-say-doctors/articleshow/17756779.cms |title=Delhi gang rape: Victim's condition better, still on ventilator, say doctors |work=The Economic Times |date=25 December 2012 |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303125352/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-victims-condition-better-still-on-ventilator-say-doctors/articleshow/17756779.cms |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

At a cabinet meeting chaired by then-[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] on 26 December, a decision was made to fly her to [[Mount Elizabeth Hospital]] in [[Singapore]] for further treatment. Mount Elizabeth is a multi-organ transplant specialty hospital.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi gang-rape victim shifted from hospital, to be flown abroad for treatment|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-gang-rape-victim-shifted-from-hospital-to-be-flown-abroad-for-treatment/articleshow/17773431.cms|access-date=27 December 2012|date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083330/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-26/delhi/36007401_1_platelet-doctors-victim|archive-date=4 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindu singapore">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-victim-in-extremely-critical-condition/article4244190.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Delhi gang-rape victim in 'extremely critical condition' |agency=Press Trust of India |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=28 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230053006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-gangrape-victim-in-extremely-critical-condition/article4244190.ece |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Some doctors criticised the decision as political, questioning the need to transfer an [[intensive care unit]] (ICU) patient for organ transplants that were not scheduled for weeks or even months.<ref name="political">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-defends-decision-to-shift-delhi-gangrape-survivor-to-singapore-rules-out-politics/312853-3.html |title=Govt defends decision to shift Delhi gangrape survivor to Singapore, rules out politics |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=9 October 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230194327/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/govt-defends-decision-to-shift-delhi-gangrape-survivor-to-singapore-rules-out-politics/312853-3.html |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Bindu Shajan Perappadan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |title=News / National : Rape survivor airlift was govt., not medical, decision |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India |date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230064311/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-survivor-airlift-was-govt-not-medical-decision/article4246109.ece |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Government sources indicated that then [[Chief Minister of Delhi]], [[Sheila Dikshit]], was personally behind the decision.<ref name="sd_ht">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-CM-behind-gangrape-victim-s-shift-to-Singapore/Article1-981689.aspx |title=Delhi CM behind gangrape victim's shift to Singapore |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230002015/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-CM-behind-gangrape-victim-s-shift-to-Singapore/Article1-981689.aspx |archive-date=30 December 2012 }}</ref> Hours earlier, then-Union Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] had stated that Jyoti was not in a condition to be moved.<ref>{{cite web |author=FP Staff |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-rape-victim-being-taken-to-mt-elizabeth-hospital-in-singapore-570002.html |title=Delhi rape victim being taken to Mt Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore |date=26 December 2012 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230180517/http://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-rape-victim-being-taken-to-mt-elizabeth-hospital-in-singapore-570002.html |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

During the six-hour air-ambulance flight to Singapore on 27 December, Jyoti suddenly went into a "near collapse", which a later report described as [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name=hospital>{{cite news | agency=Press Trust of India | title =Delhi gang-rape case: Victim 'fighting for her life', hospital says | date =28 December 2012 | url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-gang-rape-case-Victim-fighting-for-her-life-hospital-says/articleshow/17792245.cms | access-date =28 December 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121229215123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-28/delhi/36035434_1_hospital-staff-loh-ventilator-support | archive-date =29 December 2012 | url-status =live | newspaper =[[The Times of India]] | df =dmy-all }}</ref> The doctors on board inserted an [[Arterial catheter|arterial line]] to stabilise her, but she had been without a pulse and blood pressure for nearly three minutes and never regained consciousness in Singapore.<ref name="et-midflight">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-high-drama-at-30000ft-as-girls-blood-pressure-dips-alarmingly/articleshow/17788110.cms |title=Delhi gang rape: High drama at {{convert|30000|ft|m|abbr=on}} as girl's blood pressure dips alarmingly |work=The Economic Times |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230035315/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-high-drama-at-30000ft-as-girls-blood-pressure-dips-alarmingly/articleshow/17788110.cms |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

On 28 December, at 11&nbsp;am (IST), Jyoti's condition was extremely critical. The chief executive officer of the Mount Elizabeth Hospital said that the victim suffered [[Brain injury|brain damage]], [[pneumonia]], and [[Intra-abdominal infection|abdominal infection]], and that she was "fighting for her life."<ref name=hospital /> Her condition continued to deteriorate, and she died at 4:45&nbsp;am on 29 December, Singapore Standard Time (2:15&nbsp;am, 29 December, [[India Standard Time|IST]]; 8:45&nbsp;pm, 28 December, [[UTC]]).<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20860569 | title = Delhi gang-rape victim dies in hospital in Singapore | date = 28 December 2012 | access-date = 28 December 2012 | work = BBC News | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121229032113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20860569 | archive-date = 29 December 2012 | url-status = live}}</ref> Her body was cremated on 30 December in Delhi under high police security. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), then the country’s main opposition party, criticised the high-security measures, stating that they were reminiscent of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency era]], during which civil liberties were suspended.<ref name=session /> One of Jyoti's brothers later remarked that the decision to fly her out to Singapore had come too late, and they had held high hopes for her recovery prior to her death.<ref name="indiatoday.in" />

== Arrests ==
[[File:Nirbhaya-six.jpg|thumb|The six Nirbhaya case convicts (clockwise from top left): Akshay Thakur, Pawan Gupta, Mukesh Singh, Mohammed Afroz, whose identity was protected due to his status as a minor, Ram Singh (deceased) and Vinay Sharma. ]]
A [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] was formed to investigate the case, which was led by [[Pramod Kumar Kushwaha]], the Deputy Commissioner of [[Delhi Police]]'s Special Cell.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/a-tribute-to-nirbhaya-investigators-say-after-execution-of-convicts-1657691-2020-03-20|title=A tribute to Nirbhaya: Investigators say after execution of convicts|website=India Today|date=20 March 2020|accessdate=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825193148/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/a-tribute-to-nirbhaya-investigators-say-after-execution-of-convicts-1657691-2020-03-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
Police found and arrested some suspects within 24 hours of the crime.<ref name=NDTV18Dec>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/how-the-police-cracked-the-delhi-gang-rape-case-306698 |first=Abhinav |last=Bhatt |date=18 December 2012 |title=How the police cracked the Delhi gang-rape case |access-date=2 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102234528/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/how-the-police-cracked-the-delhi-gang-rape-case-306698 |archive-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> From recordings made by a highway [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]], a description of the bus, a white charter bus with a name written on it, was broadcast. Other operators identified it as being contracted by a South Delhi private school. They then traced it and found its driver, Ram Singh. Police obtained sketches of the assailants with the help of the male victim, and used a mobile phone stolen from the two victims to find one of the assailants.<ref name=NDTV18Dec />

Six men were arrested in connection with the incident. They included 30-year-old Ram Singh, the bus driver, and his 26-year-old brother, Mukesh Singh, who were both arrested in [[Rajasthan]]. Ram and Mukesh Singh lived in Ravidas camp, a slum in South Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/29/in-delhi-slum-tales-of-the-rape-suspects/|title=In Delhi Slum, Tales of the Rape Suspects|newspaper=IndiaRealtime|date=29 December 2012|first1=Amol|last1=Sharma|first2=Krishna|last2=Pokharel|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224182322/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/29/in-delhi-slum-tales-of-the-rape-suspects/|archive-date=24 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 20-year-old Vinay Sharma, an assistant gym instructor, and 19-year-old Pawan Gupta, a fruit seller, were both arrested in UP and Bihar.<ref name="OI-1">{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=784100 |date=19 December 2012 |access-date=19 December 2012 |title=Hang Me, I've Done Heinous Act: Delhi Rape Accused |newspaper=[[Outlook India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219110156/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=784100 |archive-date=19 December 2012 }}</ref> A 17-year-old juvenile named Mohammed Afroz, from [[Badayun]], Uttar Pradesh,<ref name=Emirates247>{{cite news|title=Delhi gang-rape accused was on reality TV show|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-accused-was-on-reality-tv-show-2013-01-12-1.489766|access-date=12 January 2013|newspaper=Emirates 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112152024/http://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-accused-was-on-reality-tv-show-2013-01-12-1.489766|archive-date=12 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Reuters>{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Matthias|last2=Roychoudhury|first2=Arup|title=Delhi rape accused lived on margins of India's boom|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rape-accused-idUKBRE90B05G20130112|access-date=12 January 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|date=12 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026205724/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rape-accused-idUKBRE90B05G20130112|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=zee22Dec>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-gang-rape-case-delhi-police-confirm-fifth-accused-a-minor_818317.html |title=Delhi gang-rape case: Delhi police confirm fifth accused a minor |publisher=Zee News |date=22 December 2012 |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226064616/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-gang-rape-case-delhi-police-confirm-fifth-accused-a-minor_818317.html |archive-date=26 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> was arrested at the Anand Vihar terminal in Delhi. The juvenile had only met the others that day.<ref name=zee22Dec /> 28-year-old Akshay Thakur, who had come to Delhi seeking employment, was the final suspect to be arrested in [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]; he was married with one son at the time of his arrest.<ref name="OI-1" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Amit|last=Chaturvedi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/delhi-gang-rape-case-missing-sixth-attacker-arrested-from-village-in-bihar-308398|date=21 December 2012|access-date=21 December 2012|title=Delhi gang-rape case: missing sixth attacker arrested from village in Bihar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221163944/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/delhi-gang-rape-case-missing-sixth-attacker-arrested-from-village-in-bihar-308398|archive-date=21 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/02/nirbhaya-case-as-hanging-nears-tracing-backgrounds-of-the-6-convicts.html|title=Nirbhaya case: Tracing backgrounds of the six convicts|website=The Week|date=2 March 2020|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809144237/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/02/nirbhaya-case-as-hanging-nears-tracing-backgrounds-of-the-6-convicts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to reports, the group had been eating and drinking together and "having a party" earlier in the day.<ref name=NYT18Dec /> Although the charter bus which Ram Singh drove on weekdays was not permitted to pick up public passengers<ref name=HT18Dec /> or even to operate in Delhi because of its [[Window film|tinted windows]],<ref name=NDTV19Dec /> they decided to take it out "to have some fun".<ref name=NYT18Dec /> A few hours before committing the gang rape, the attackers had robbed a carpenter. The carpenter was 35-year-old Ramadhir Singh (unrelated to Ram, Mukesh and Jyoti), who boarded the bus that was being driven by Mukesh Singh. The juvenile convict had lured him into the bus saying it was going to [[Nehru Place]]. He was then beaten up and robbed of his mobile phone and {{INR}}1500 in cash. After robbing him, the group dumped him at the [[IIT Flyover]]. He reported the robbery to three police constables: Kailash, Ashok and Sandeep, who were passing nearby. They refused to take any action in response, saying that the crime scene wasn't under their purview as they were from the [[Hauz Khas]] police station, and that he would have to report the incident to the station in [[Vasant Vihar]].<ref name=sikdar /><ref name=sanyal>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/december-16-gang-rape-convicts-now-convicted-in-robbery-case-1211621|title=16 December Gang-Rape Convicts Now Convicted in Robbery Case|work=[[NDTV]]|last1=Sanyal|first1=Anandita|date=28 August 2015|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226100351/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/december-16-gang-rape-convicts-now-convicted-in-robbery-case-1211621|archive-date=26 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/charge-sheet-filed-in-robbery-case-against-delhi-gangrape-accused/article4515347.ece|title=Charge sheet filed in robbery case against Delhi gang-rape accused|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 March 2013|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520111902/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/charge-sheet-filed-in-robbery-case-against-delhi-gangrape-accused/article4515347.ece|archive-date=20 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=suspended>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-gang-rape-Three-cops-suspended-for-duty-failure/articleshow/17724910.cms|title=Delhi gangrape: Three cops suspended for duty failure|work=[[Times of India]]|date=23 December 2012|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-gang-rape-Three-cops-suspended-for-duty-failure/articleshow/17724910.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shortly after the attacks, Pawan Gupta said he accepted his guilt and should be hanged.<ref>{{cite news |title= 'I feel the attack in my heart': India's shame at brutal rape |first= Andrew |last= Buncombe |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/i-feel-the-attack-in-my-heart-indias-shame-at-brutal-rape-8426209.html |newspaper= The Independent |date= 20 December 2012 |access-date= 25 December 2012 |location= London |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121224062704/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/i-feel-the-attack-in-my-heart-indias-shame-at-brutal-rape-8426209.html |archive-date= 24 December 2012 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Delhi gang-rape: What was the police doing, asks angry High Court |first= Abhinav |last= Bhatt |url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/delhi-gang-rape-what-was-the-police-doing-asks-angry-high-court-307241 |publisher= NDTV |date= 19 December 2012 |access-date= 25 December 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121225020909/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/delhi-gang-rape-what-was-the-police-doing-asks-angry-high-court-307241 |archive-date= 25 December 2012 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Mukesh Singh, who was placed in [[Tihar Jail]] after his arrest, was assaulted by other inmates and was kept in [[solitary confinement]] for his own protection.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tihar-inmates-assault-chartered-bus-driver/1048307/|title=Tihar inmates bludgeon Delhi bus driver involved in horrific Delhi gangrape|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 December 2012|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231001620/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tihar-inmates-assault-chartered-bus-driver/1048307|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ram Singh was presented before the Metropolitan Magistrate on 18 December 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-arrested-in-aurangabad-124984-2012-12-20 |title=Delhi gangrape: Sixth accused arrested in Aurangabad in Bihar |work=India Today |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222123158/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-arrested-in-aurangabad/1/238911.html |archive-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> He refused to participate in an identification process.<ref name=NDTV19Dec>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-gang-rape-case-bus-with-tinted-windows-driver-with-a-record-307230|title=Delhi gang-rape case: bus with tinted windows, driver with a record|first=Abhinav|last=Bhatt|date=19 December 2012|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225020743/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/delhi-gang-rape-case-bus-with-tinted-windows-driver-with-a-record-307230|archive-date=25 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
Investigation revealed a history of frequent drinking that resulted in "blinding rage", "bad temper", and quarrels with employers, that had led friends to call him "mental".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/delhi-gang-rape-case-ram-singh-was-prone-to-mood-swings-violent-outbursts-say-jail-officials-340783 |title=Delhi gang-rape case: Ram Singh was prone to mood swings, violent outbursts, say jail officials |publisher=NDTV |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419100212/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/delhi-gang-rape-case-ram-singh-was-prone-to-mood-swings-violent-outbursts-say-jail-officials-340783 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> On 11 March, Ram Singh was discovered hanging from a ventilator shaft in his cell which he shared with 3 other prisoners, at about 5:45&nbsp;a.m.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/No-watch-on-night-Ram-Singh-died/articleshow/19052918.cms |title=No watch on night Ram Singh died |date=19 March 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926054856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-19/delhi/37842713_1_cctv-footage-tihar-jail-tihar-authorities |archive-date=26 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live  }}</ref> Authorities said it was unclear whether it was a suicide or a murder.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mandhana |first=Niharika |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/suspect-in-india-gang-rape-found-dead-in-jail/?hp |title=Suspect in India Gang Rape Found Dead in Jail |location=New Delhi |work=The New York Times |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314004621/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/suspect-in-india-gang-rape-found-dead-in-jail/?hp |archive-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9921621/India-gang-rape-accused-Ram-Singh-commits-suicide.html | title = India gang-rape: accused Ram Singh commits suicide | date = 11 March 2013 | access-date = 11 March 2013 | newspaper = The Telegraph | location = London | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130313224455/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9921621/India-gang-rape-accused-Ram-Singh-commits-suicide.html | archive-date = 13 March 2013 | url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Suicide-or-murder-Nirbhaya-main-accused-found-hanging-in-Tihar/articleshow/18916760.cms | title=Suicide or murder? Nirbhaya main accused found hanging in Tihar | date=12 March 2013 | access-date=3 July 2013 | author1=Basu, Indrani | author2=Sekhar, Raj | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926054859/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/delhi/37650482_1_tihar-law-officer-tihar-jail-tihar-authorities | archive-date=26 September 2013 | url-status=live | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Trial ==
The male victim, Awindra Pratap Pandey, testified in court on 19 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title= Delhi gang-rape: victim's friend, also on bus, gives statement in court|first= Shamik|last= Ghosh|publisher= [[NDTV]]|date= 19 December 2012|url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-gang-rape-victim-s-friend-also-on-bus-gives-statement-in-court-307391|access-date= 30 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121229072135/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-gang-rape-victim-s-friend-also-on-bus-gives-statement-in-court-307391|archive-date= 29 December 2012|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Pandey recorded his statement with a [[sub-divisional magistrate]] at the Safdarjung Hospital on 21 December, in the presence of the Deputy Commissioner of police.<ref>{{cite news|title= Gangrape victim speaks to magistrate|work= [[The Hindu]]|agency= [[Press Trust of India]]|location= New Delhi|date= 22 December 2012|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gangrape-victim-speaks-to-magistrate/article4229374.ece|access-date= 30 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121224234459/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gangrape-victim-speaks-to-magistrate/article4229374.ece|archive-date= 24 December 2012|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> He was reportedly plagued with guilt and trauma over the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fridaymagazine.ae/life-culture/delhi-gang-rape-victim-s-friend-tortured-by-guil-1.1321650|title=Delhi gang rape victim's friend 'tortured by guilt'|website=Friday Magazine|date=28 April 2014|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809143534/https://fridaymagazine.ae/life-culture/delhi-gang-rape-victim-s-friend-tortured-by-guil-1.1321650|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 December, the government promised to file the [[chargesheet]] quickly and seek the maximum penalty of [[life imprisonment]] for the perpetrators.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news|title=Police to seek life imprisonment for rape accused|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/police-to-seek-life-imprisonment-for-rape-accused/article4226285.ece|date=21 December 2012|work=The Hindu|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 December 2012|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222045138/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/police-to-seek-life-imprisonment-for-rape-accused/article4226285.ece|archive-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Following public outrage and a demand for a speedy trial and prosecution, on 24 December, the police promised to file the charge sheet within one week.<ref>{{cite news|title= Crackdown mutes protest|first1= Mohammad|last1= Ali|first2= Ashok|last2= Kumar|location= New Delhi|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 24 December 2012|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-case-delhi-turns-fortress-2-acps-suspended/article4234255.ece|access-date= 30 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121227131108/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rape-case-delhi-turns-fortress-2-acps-suspended/article4234255.ece|archive-date= 27 December 2012|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The Parliamentary [[Standing Committee on Home Affairs]] met on 27 December to discuss the issue, and [[Union Home Secretary (India)|Union Home Secretary]] [[R. K. Singh]] and [[Commissioner of the Delhi Police|Delhi Police Commissioner]] [[Neeraj Kumar (police officer)|Neeraj Kumar]] were summoned to appear.<ref name="TOI 20121221">{{cite news|last=Naidu|first=Venkaiah|title=Delhi gang rape: Parliamentary panel summons Union home secretary, Delhi police chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-gang-rape-Parliamentary-panel-summons-Union-home-secretary-Delhi-police-chief/articleshow/17707153.cms|access-date=31 December 2012|date=21 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223032000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-21/india/35952434_1_delhi-gang-delhi-police-new-delhi|archive-date=23 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The Delhi High Court approved the creation of five fast-track courts to try rape and sexual assault cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/5-special-fast-track-courts-by-January-3/Article1-982169.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=5 special fast track courts by 3 January |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925062509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/5-special-fast-track-courts-by-January-3/Article1-982169.aspx |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref> The first of the five approved fast-track courts was inaugurated on 2 January 2013 by [[Altamas Kabir]], [[Chief Justice of India]], in [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]] court complex in South Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cji-promises-swift-justice-for-crimes-against-women-576502.html|work=[[First Post]]|title=CJI promises swift justice for crimes against women|date=2 January 2013|access-date=2 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104172603/http://www.firstpost.com/india/cji-promises-swift-justice-for-crimes-against-women-576502.html|archive-date=4 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 21 December, the Delhi High Court reprimanded the Delhi police for being "evasive" in a probe status report providing details of officers on patrol duty in the area covered by the bus route.<ref name="Inept Delhi cops">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_inept-delhi-cops-get-hc-rap_1780383|date=21 December 2012|access-date=22 December 2012|title=Inept Delhi cops get HC rap|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223064354/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_inept-delhi-cops-get-hc-rap_1780383|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> A further court hearing on the matter was scheduled for 9 January 2013.<ref name="Inept Delhi cops" /> The following day, the Delhi Police initiated action against three [[Hauz Khas]] police station personnel for their inaction in responding to the robbery of the carpenter that took place earlier on the bus in the day.<ref name=sikdar /> On 24 December, two Assistant Commissioners of Police were suspended for failing to prevent the gang rape incident.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/two-acps-are-suspended/article4237103.ece | title=Two ACPs are suspended | work=The Hindu | access-date=28 December 2012 | location=Chennai, India | date=25 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102021128/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/two-acps-are-suspended/article4237103.ece | archive-date=2 January 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Juvenile defendant ===
The [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile]] defendant Mohammed Afroz,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/sunday-edition/r-i-p-nirbhaya.html|title=R.I.P Nirbhaya|last=Hashmi|first=Musba|date=22 March 2020|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|publisher=CMYK Printech Ltd|access-date=21 May 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928121000/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/sunday-edition/r-i-p-nirbhaya.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Anand2018">{{cite book|first=Pinky|last=Anand|author-link=Pinky Anand|title=Trials of Truth: India's Landmark Criminal Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jp1IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88|access-date=6 January 2021|date=28 January 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-87326-59-0|pages=88–|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331114632/https://books.google.com/books?id=jp1IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nirbhaya's 'Juvenile' Rapist Who Walked Free Last Year Is Reportedly Working As A Cook |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |website=scoopwhoop |date=5 May 2017 |publisher=scoopwhoop.com |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519105859/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raveena Tandon takes on the rape issue headlong in her upcoming film 'Maatr' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raveena-tandon-takes-on-the-rape-issue-headlong-in-her-upcoming-film-maatr-2373998 |website=dnaindia.com |date=30 March 2017 |publisher=dnaindia |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925132824/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raveena-tandon-takes-on-the-rape-issue-headlong-in-her-upcoming-film-maatr-2373998 |url-status=live }}</ref> whose name was later changed to Raju in the media due to his age, was declared as 17 years and six months old on the day of the crime by the [[Juvenile Justice Board]] (JJB), which relied on his [[birth certificate]] and school documents. The JJB rejected a police request for a bone [[ossification]] (age determination) test for a positive documentation of his age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |title=Most brutal rapist declared minor, victim's kin outraged |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128234008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gangrape-sixth-accused-declared-a-minor-by-board/Article1-1002908.aspx |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130128/jsp/frontpage/story_16493429.jsp#.UQaYNx3FVxA |title=Delhi gang-rape: Board declares 6th accused a minor, does not allow bone test |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131033618/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130128/jsp/frontpage/story_16493429.jsp#.UQaYNx3FVxA |archive-date=31 January 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Gang-rape-victims-kin-appalled-as-6th-accused-declared-minor/articleshow/18224801.cms |title=Gang-rape victim's kin appalled as 6th accused declared minor |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922230251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/delhi/36595368_1_jjb-juvenile-board-juvenile-justice |archive-date=22 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live  }}</ref>

On 28 January 2013, the Juvenile Justice Board determined that Afroz would not be tried as an adult. A petition launched by [[Janata Party]] president [[Subramanian Swamy]] seeking the prosecution of the minor as an adult due to the violent nature of his alleged crime was rejected by the JJB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |title=Subramanian Swamy's plea for trying juvenile as adult accused dismissed |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126212008/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Subramanian-Swamy-s-plea-for-trying-juvenile-as-adult-accused-dismissed/Article1-999187.aspx |archive-date=26 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Subramanian-Swamys-plea-for-trying-juvenile-with-adult-gang-rape-accused-dismissed/articleshow/18167043.cms |title=Subramanian Swamy's plea for trying juvenile with adult gang-rape accused dismissed |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-24/delhi/36526479_1_subramanian-swamy-juvenile-justice-board-jjb |archive-date=4 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/juvenile-board-rejects-subramanian-swamys-plea-seeking-trial-of-juvenile-along-with-adult-accused/1064313/ |title=Juvenile Board rejects Swamy's plea seeking trial of juvenile along with accused adults |work=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2013}}</ref> The minor was tried separately in a [[juvenile court]].

A verdict in the case was scheduled to be announced on 25 July,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/07/11/india-rape-verdict/2507867/ |title=Lawyer: India rape verdict to be given 25 July |date=11 July 2013 |work=USA Today |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712003915/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/07/11/india-rape-verdict/2507867/ |archive-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> but was deferred until 5 August<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/494546/20130725/delhi-gang-rape-case-juvenile-accused-vedict.htm |title=Delhi Gang-Rape Case: Verdict On Juvenile Accused to be Pronounced on 5 August |date=25 July 2013 |work=International Business Times |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728041509/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/494546/20130725/delhi-gang-rape-case-juvenile-accused-vedict.htm |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> and then deferred again to 19 August.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-gang-rape-case-Board-defers-verdict-on-juvenile-again/articleshow/21639170.cms |title=Delhi gang-rape case: Board defers verdict on juvenile again |date=6 August 2013 |agency=Times News Network |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811231301/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-06/delhi/41131005_1_principal-magistrate-geetanjali-goel-juvenile-justice-board-the-jjb |archive-date=11 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live  }}</ref> On 31 August, he was convicted of rape and murder under the [[Juvenile Justice Act]] and given the maximum sentence of three years' imprisonment in a reform facility, inclusive of the eight months he spent in remand during the trial.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nirbhaya gang-rape case: Juvenile found guilty of rape and murder|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nirbhaya-gang-rape-case-Juvenile-found-guilty-of-rape-and-murder/articleshow/22183253.cms|access-date=31 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831170638/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nirbhaya-gang-rape-case-Juvenile-found-guilty-of-rape-and-murder/articleshow/22183253.cms|archive-date=31 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, Jyoti's younger brother had impulsively tried to attack the juvenile convict after hearing the verdict but the crowd in the courtroom managed to restrain him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nirbhayas-brother-tries-to-attack-juvenile-family-in-despair/articleshow/22197841.cms|title=Nirbhaya's brother tries to attack juvenile, family in despair|website=Times of India|date=1 September 2013|access-date=11 August 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811145954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nirbhayas-brother-tries-to-attack-juvenile-family-in-despair/articleshow/22197841.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The juvenile was released on 20 December 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/20/asia/india-new-delhi-gang-rape-juvenile-released/|title=New Delhi gang-rape convict released|first1=Moni|last1=Basu|first2=Harmeet Shah|last2=Singh|date=20 December 2015|publisher=CNN|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223053113/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/20/asia/india-new-delhi-gang-rape-juvenile-released/|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the rehabilitation and mainstreaming of Afroz as mandated by the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000|Juvenile Justice Act, 2000]] management committees were set up before the release of juvenile convicts. Accordingly, a 'post-release plan' was submitted to the Delhi high court in December 2015. The plan was prepared and submitted by the management committee, headed by the officer of the District Child Protection Unit, and had recommended that "(Afroz) should lead a new life with a new identity provided by the appropriate government as applicable in his case if permissible to avoid any backlash or violent reaction".<ref name="Hindustan Times plan">{{cite news |title=Dec 16 juvenile convict trained as tailor, may get Rs 10k for new life |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/panel-recommends-aid-of-rs-10-000-for-juvenile-to-restart-life-afresh/story-GrpNxkWdnLuQnBu693tnjJ.html |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 December 2015 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516195908/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/panel-recommends-aid-of-rs-10-000-for-juvenile-to-restart-life-afresh/story-GrpNxkWdnLuQnBu693tnjJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the report, the juvenile had learnt cooking and tailoring while staying in the reform house.<ref name="Hindustan Times plan" /> The report further said that Afroz would need a tailoring shop, a sewing machine and other tailoring equipment. The report also mentioned that a one-time grant of {{INRConvert|10000}} from the government should be sufficient to support him initially.<ref name="Hindustan Times plan" /><ref name="HT rehabilitation">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Nirnimesh |title=Nirbhaya case: Juvenile will get full help to land a tailoring job |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/nirbhaya-case-juvenile-will-get-full-help-to-land-a-tailoring-job/article8005380.ece |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=18 December 2015 |language=en-IN |archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514105733/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/nirbhaya-case-juvenile-will-get-full-help-to-land-a-tailoring-job/article8005380.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The department of women and child development (WCD) of the government stated that it would provide the money and would arrange the machine from an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]].<ref name="Abhinav">{{cite news |last1=Garg |first1=Abhinav |title=Nirbhaya juvenile to walk free on Dec 20, Centre opposes move |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/50179656.cms |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=15 December 2015 |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nirbhaya-juvenile-to-walk-free-on-dec-20-centre-opposes-move/articleshow/50179656.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Afroz's family had ostracized him for the crime and refused to accept him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nirbhaya gangrape case: Juvenile rapist shifted to secret spot a day before release |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/nirbhaya-gangrape-case-juvenile-rapist-shifted-to-secret-spot-a-day-before-release-278076-2015-12-20 |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 January 2015 |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516155219/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/nirbhaya-gangrape-case-juvenile-rapist-shifted-to-secret-spot-a-day-before-release-278076-2015-12-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, after his release it was reported that he was working as a cook.<ref>{{cite news |author=S. W. Staff |title=Nirbhaya's 'Juvenile' Rapist Who Walked Free Last Year Is Reportedly Working As A Cook |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |access-date=11 June 2019 |work=ScoopWhoop |date=5 May 2017 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519105859/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/meanwhile-heres-how-the-juvenile-rapist-of-nirbhaya-is-spending-his-life/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Adult defendants ===
Five days after Jyoti's death, on 3 January 2013, the police filed charges against the five adult men for rape, murder, kidnapping,<ref name="CNN5113">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/05/world/asia/india-rape-case/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Suspects in New Delhi gang rape case to appear in court Monday|date=5 January 2013|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106002737/http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/05/world/asia/india-rape-case/index.html|archive-date=6 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC5113">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20920842|publisher=BBC|title=India rape: Delhi court hears of forensic evidence|date=5 January 2013|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106020524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20920842|archive-date=6 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> destruction of evidence, and the attempted murder of the woman's male companion.<ref name="NYT3113" /> Senior lawyer Dayan Krishnan was appointed as the special public prosecutor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi gangrape case: special public prosecutor not to speak to media |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 January 2013 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-case-special-public-prosecutor-not-to-speak-to-media/Article1-983579.aspx |access-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103152107/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-case-special-public-prosecutor-not-to-speak-to-media/Article1-983579.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2013 }}</ref> Mukesh Singh, Vinay Sharma, Akshay Thakur and Pawan Gupta denied the charges. Some of the men had confessed earlier; however, their lawyers said that their clients had been tortured and that their confessions had been coerced.<ref name=BBC109 /><ref name="Not Guilty">{{cite news|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/09/three-accused-in-delhi-gang-rape-case-to-plead-not-guilty/|work=The New York Times|title=Three Accused in Delhi Gang Rape Case to Plead 'Not Guilty'|date=9 January 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|first1=Niharika|last1=Mandhana|first2=Anjani|last2=Trivedi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109182950/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/09/three-accused-in-delhi-gang-rape-case-to-plead-not-guilty/|archive-date=9 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 January, one of their lawyers, [[Manohar Lal Sharma]], said in a media interview that the victims were responsible for the assault because they should not have been using public transportation and, as an unmarried couple, they should not have been on the streets at night. He went on to say: "Until today I have not seen a single incident or example of rape with a respected lady. Even an underworld [[Boss (crime)|don]] would not like to touch a girl without respect."<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/victims-in-delhi-rape-case-are-to-blame-defendants-lawyer-says-20130110-2ch95.html |title=Victims in Delhi rape case are to blame, defendants' lawyer says |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109203801/http://www.smh.com.au/world/victims-in-delhi-rape-case-are-to-blame-defendants-lawyer-says-20130110-2ch95.html |archive-date=9 January 2013 }}</ref> He also called the male victim "wholly responsible" for the incident because he "failed in his duty to protect the woman".<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The Delhi police filed a charge sheet against the defendants on 13 March in the robbery of Ramadhir.<ref name=Robbery />

The four surviving adult defendants went on trial in a fast-track court. The prosecution presented evidence including witness statements, the victim's statement, fingerprints, [[DNA testing]], and dental modelling. It completed its case on 8 July.<ref name=TOI87 /><ref name=HT109>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gang-rape-verdict-four-convicted-sentence-tomorrow-girl-s-father-says-hang-them/Article1-1119980.aspx |title=Delhi gang-rape verdict: four convicted, sentence tomorrow; girl's father says 'hang them' |author=Nair, Harish V |date=10 September 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912223501/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chunk-HT-UI-IndiaSectionPage-DelhiGangrape/Delhi-gang-rape-verdict-four-convicted-sentence-tomorrow-girl-s-father-says-hang-them/Article1-1119980.aspx |archive-date=12 September 2013 }}</ref>

=== Conviction, sentencing, and imprisonment ===
On 10 September 2013, in the fast track court of Delhi, the four adult defendants were found guilty of rape, murder, unnatural offences and destruction of evidence.<ref>''State (Government of NCT of Delhi) vs. Ram Singh & Ors'', S.C. No. 114/2013, [https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/rape_verdict.pdf Judgment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303125352/https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/rape_verdict.pdf |date=3 March 2018 }}</ref> The four men faced the death penalty, and demonstrators outside the courthouse called for the hanging of the defendants.<ref name=BBC109>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24028767 |title=Four convicted for Delhi gang rape |date=10 September 2013 |work=BBC News |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910103446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24028767 |archive-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref name="TOI10/09/13">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-gang-rape-case-All-four-accused-convicted-sentencing-tomorrow/articleshow/22457148.cms |title=Delhi gang-rape case: All four accused convicted, sentencing tomorrow |work=The Times of India |date=10 September 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303125717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-gang-rape-case-All-four-accused-convicted-sentencing-tomorrow/articleshow/22457148.cms |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The victim's father also called for the defendants to be hanged, stating, "We will get complete closure only if all the accused are wiped off from the face of the earth."<ref name=HT109 /> Lawyers for three of the four stated that their clients intended to appeal the verdict.<ref name=BBC109 /> The four men were sentenced on 13 September to death by hanging.<ref name="NYT Sep 13">{{cite news|title=4 Sentenced to Death in Rape Case That Riveted India|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/world/asia/4-sentenced-to-death-in-rape-case-that-riveted-india.html?emc=edit_na_20130913|date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Barry|first1=Ellen|author-link1=Ellen Barry (journalist)|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403012143/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/world/asia/4-sentenced-to-death-in-rape-case-that-riveted-india.html?emc=edit_na_20130913|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''State (Government of NCT of Delhi) vs. Ram Singh & Ors'', S.C. No. 114/2013, [https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/DelhiRape.pdf Order on Sentence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303124953/https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/DelhiRape.pdf |date=3 March 2018 }}</ref> Judge Yogesh Khanna rejected pleas for a lesser sentence saying the case has "shocked the collective conscience of India" and that "courts cannot turn a blind eye to such crimes."<ref name="BBC 13 Sep" /><ref name="vocativ1" /> The victim's family was present for the sentencing and her mother expressed satisfaction over the verdict saying, "We were waiting with bated breath, now we are relieved. I thank the people of my country and the media."<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|title=4 Delhi gang-rape case: Death sentence for all four convicts|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-gang-rape-case-Death-sentence-for-all-four-convicts/articleshow/22547783.cms|date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913225244/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-gang-rape-case-Death-sentence-for-all-four-convicts/articleshow/22547783.cms|archive-date=13 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> After the verdict was delivered, the people waiting outside the courtroom applauded.<ref name="timesofindia" />

Upon hearing that he would be executed, Vinay Sharma collapsed and pleaded with the judge, saying, "Please sir, please sir." As the men left the courtroom, they shouted out to the crowd, "Brothers, save us!"<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 September 2013|title=Delhi gang rape: Four sentenced to death|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24078339|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928234046/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24078339|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 September 2013|title="Sir ji, Sir ji" cried Delhi gangrape convict as judge pronounced death sentence|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sir-ji-sir-ji-cried-delhi-gangrape-convict-210893-2013-09-13|access-date=11 February 2022|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211180336/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sir-ji-sir-ji-cried-delhi-gangrape-convict-210893-2013-09-13|url-status=live}}</ref>

While on death row, Mukesh Singh blamed Jyoti for being raped, saying "You can't clap with one hand – it takes two hands. A decent girl won't roam around at 9 o'clock at night. A girl is far more responsible for rape than a boy. Boy and girl are not equal. Housework and housekeeping is for girls, not roaming in discos and bars at night doing wrong things, wearing wrong clothes. About 20 percent of girls are good."<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Parliament Bans India's Daughter, Cites Global Conspiracy|url=https://jezebel.com/indian-parliament-bans-indias-daughter-cites-global-co-1689469071|access-date=11 February 2022|website=Jezebel|date=4 March 2015|language=en-us|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211180338/https://jezebel.com/indian-parliament-bans-indias-daughter-cites-global-co-1689469071|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh also blamed Jyoti for her death, saying "When being raped, she shouldn't fight back. She should just be silent and allow the rape. Then they'd have dropped her off after 'doing her', and only hit the boy."<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 March 2015|title=Delhi rapist says victim shouldn't have fought back|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31698154|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211180336/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31698154|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 March 2014, the Delhi High Court found each of the defendants guilty of rape, murder, unnatural offences and destruction of evidence. With the verdict, the High Court confirmed the death sentences for the four men convicted in September 2013. The court noted that the crime, which stirred widespread protests over sexual crimes against women in the country, fell into the judicial system's "rarest of the rare category" that allows capital punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/RK/judgement/12-03-2014/RK13032014DSRF62013.pdf|title=Death Sentence Ref. No. 6/2013|publisher=High Court of Delhi|date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427011430/http://lobis.nic.in/dhc/RK/judgement/12-03-2014/RK13032014DSRF62013.pdf|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> The lawyers of the four men said they would appeal to the Supreme Court.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|title=Delhi gang-rape case: High Court verdict confirms convicts' death sentence|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/delhi-gang-rape-case-high-court-verdict-confirms-convicts-death-sentence-495149|date=13 March 2014|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135233/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-gang-rape-case-high-court-confirms-death-sentence-for-four-convicts-553796|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Supreme Court appeal ==
On 15 March 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the execution of two of the four convicts, Mukesh Singh and Pawan Gupta, to allow them to make their appeal against their conviction on 31 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-26593587|title=Delhi gang rape: Death penalty for two men put on hold|work=BBC News|date=15 March 2014|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201161316/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-26593587|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This was further extended by the court to the second week of July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Final-Hearing-on-Two-Delhi-Gang-Rape-Convicts-Appeals-in-July-SC/2014/04/28/article2194457.ece|title=Final Hearing on Two Delhi Gang Rape Convicts' Appeals in July: SC|work=The New Indian Express|date=28 April 2014|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715065131/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Final-Hearing-on-Two-Delhi-Gang-Rape-Convicts-Appeals-in-July-SC/2014/04/28/article2194457.ece|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 2 June, the two other convicts, Sharma and Thakur, also asked the Supreme Court to stay their execution to allow them to make an appeal of their convictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VTl2C9EGdZ4GKtscNXfUbI/Delhi-gangrape-Two-death-row-convicts-move-Supreme-Court.html|title=Delhi gang-rape: Two death row convicts move Supreme Court|publisher=Livemint|date=2 June 2014|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605184746/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VTl2C9EGdZ4GKtscNXfUbI/Delhi-gangrape-Two-death-row-convicts-move-Supreme-Court.html|archive-date=5 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/two-more-convicts-in-delhi-gang-rape-case-move-sc-1555503.html|title=Two more convicts in Delhi gang rape case move SC|work=Firstpost|date=4 June 2014|access-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121347/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/two-more-convicts-in-delhi-gang-rape-case-move-sc-1555503.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 July, their execution was also stayed by Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court halts death sentence of 2 Convicts in Delhi Gang Rape Case|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/supreme-court-halts-death-sentence-of-2-convicts-in-delhi-gang-rape-case/|work=IANS|date=14 July 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715204612/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/supreme-court-halts-death-sentence-of-2-convicts-in-delhi-gang-rape-case/|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 August 2015, Vinay, Akshay, Mukesh and Pawan were convicted of robbing Ramadhir and were later sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment.<ref name=sanyal /><ref name= Robbery>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/4-nirbhaya-gang-rape-convicts-get-10-year-jail-in-robbery-case-1213598|title=4 Nirbhaya gang-rape convicts get 10-year jail in robbery case|work=[[NDTV]]|date=2 September 2015|access-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231074537/http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/4-nirbhaya-gang-rape-convicts-get-10-year-jail-in-robbery-case-1213598|archive-date=31 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5{{spaces}}May 2017, the Supreme Court rejected the convicts' appeal and, saying they had committed "a barbaric crime" that had "shaken society's conscience", the court upheld the death sentence of the four who had been charged in the murder. The verdict was well received by the family of the victim and the civil society. According to legal experts, the convicts still had the right to file a [[review petition]] to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39814910|title=India court upholds 2012 Delhi gang rapists' death penalty|date=5 May 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=5 May 2017|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719140618/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39814910|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9{{spaces}}July 2018, the Supreme Court rejected a review petition by three of the convicts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-gang-rape-and-murder-case-supreme-court-to-decide-fate-of-nirbhaya-s-killers-1880002|title=Nirbhaya Case: Parents Welcome Supreme Court Judgement|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123952/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-gang-rape-and-murder-case-supreme-court-to-decide-fate-of-nirbhaya-s-killers-1880002|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/09/nirbhaya-gangrape-case-supreme-court-rejects-review-petition-of-three-convicts-1840658.html|title=Nirbhaya gangrape case: Supreme Court rejects review petition of three convicts|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709185014/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/09/nirbhaya-gangrape-case-supreme-court-rejects-review-petition-of-three-convicts-1840658.html|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2019, the Supreme Court dismissed a review petition from Akshay pleading for mercy. In doing so, the court retained the death sentence. After the verdict, Akshay's lawyer told the Supreme Court that he would appeal to the president. For this, he should be given three weeks' time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi/nirbhaya-case-hearing-on-mercy-petition-of-convict-akshay-kumar-singh-in-supreme-court-today-nodmk8-2699281.html|title=निर्भया मामला: SC ने खारिज की दोषी अक्षय की पुनर्विचार याचिका, बरकरार रखी फांसी की सजा|date=18 December 2019|website=News18 India|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218084933/https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi/nirbhaya-case-hearing-on-mercy-petition-of-convict-akshay-kumar-singh-in-supreme-court-today-nodmk8-2699281.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SC juvenile 17 Jan" /> In January 2020, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court rejected the curative petitions of convicts, Vinay Sharma and Mukesh.<ref name="SC juvenile 17 Jan" />

On 7 January 2020 a death warrant was issued for the convicts by a Delhi court, setting an execution date of 22 January 2020 at 7:00{{nbsp}}a.m. IST in Tihar Jail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-rapists-to-be-hanged-on-january-22-at-7am-1634718-2020-01-07|title=December 2012 gangrape case: Death warrant issued for Nirbhaya rapists, to be hanged on 22 January at 7am|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107165827/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-rapists-to-be-hanged-on-january-22-at-7am-1634718-2020-01-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-issues-death-warrant-for-all-4-nirbhaya-case-convicts/articleshow/73139574.cms|title=Nirbhaya case latest news: Court issues death warrant for all 4 Nirbhaya case convicts|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2020|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107115801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-issues-death-warrant-for-all-4-nirbhaya-case-convicts/articleshow/73139574.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/india-gang-rape-nirbhaya-death-warrant-intl/index.html|title=Four men ordered to hang for fatal gang rape on New Delhi bus|first1=Vedika|last1=Sud|first2=Manveena|last2=Suri|first3=Swati|last3=Gupta|website=CNN|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113151117/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/india-gang-rape-nirbhaya-death-warrant-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Government authorities and the victim's mother alleged that the four convicts were "intentionally delaying" and "frustrating" the legal process in this case by filing their pleas in stages, so that the execution could be postponed.<ref name="Tribune reject 15 Jan">{{cite news |title=Delhi recommends rejection of Nirbhaya convict's mercy plea |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi-recommends-rejection-of-nirbhaya-convict%E2%80%99s-mercy-plea-26809 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515125038/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi-recommends-rejection-of-nirbhaya-convict%E2%80%99s-mercy-plea-26809 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=17 January 2020 |date=15 January 2020 }}</ref> Under prison rules, if any one particular case results in more than one death penalty conviction (as here) and any one of those convicted in the case petitions for a mercy plea, the execution dates of all others convicted in the case must be postponed until a decision is made on the pending mercy plea.<ref name="Tribune reject 15 Jan" />

=== Mercy plea to the President of India ===
Mukesh Singh filed a mercy plea in January 2020. The Delhi government made a recommendation to reject the plea and forwarded it to the Lieutenant Governor. On 17 January 2020, the [[President of India]] rejected the mercy plea. Both the [[Government of Delhi]] and [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|home ministry]] had recommended the president that the plea should be rejected.<ref name="Tribune reject 15 Jan" /><ref name="17 January 2020">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=President rejects mercy plea of Nirbhaya case convict Mukesh Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-rejects-mercy-plea-of-nirbhaya-convict-mukesh-singh/article30583649.ece |access-date=17 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=17 January 2020 |language=en-IN |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117075941/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-rejects-mercy-plea-of-nirbhaya-convict-mukesh-singh/article30583649.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Second, third and fourth death warrants ===
On 17{{spaces}}January 2020, hours after the rejection of the mercy plea, Judge [[Dharmender Rana]] issued a second [[execution warrant|death warrant]] for the convicts to be hanged after a mandatory fourteen-day gap on 1 February at 6:00{{nbsp}}a.m.<ref name="NDTV Warrant 17 Jan">{{cite news |title=Nirbhaya Case: Convicts Will Now Hang On Feb 1 At 6 am, Says Delhi Court |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-will-now-hang-on-february-1-at-6-am-delhi-court-issues-fresh-death-warra-2165617 |work=NDTV.com |date=17 January 2020 |access-date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172738/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nirbhaya-case-four-convicts-will-now-hang-on-february-1-at-6-am-delhi-court-issues-fresh-death-warra-2165617 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourteen days' reprieve was provided in accordance with law which states that the convicts awaiting an execution must have a reprieve after their mercy plea is rejected.<ref name="NDTV Warrant 17 Jan" /> During the same hearing, the court also rejected a plea by the convict Mukesh to postpone the execution.<ref name="NDTV Warrant 17 Jan" />

On 17{{spaces}}January, Pawan appealed to the Supreme Court against the Delhi High Court order that rejected his claim that Pawan was a juvenile during the crime in 2012.<ref name="SC juvenile 17 Jan">{{cite news |title=Nirbhaya convict moves SC against HC's order rejecting his juvenility claim |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-convict-moves-sc-against-hcs-order-rejecting-his-juvenility-claim/article30589217.ece |access-date=17 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=17 January 2020 |language=en-IN |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117230134/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-convict-moves-sc-against-hcs-order-rejecting-his-juvenility-claim/article30589217.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 31{{spaces}}January, a Delhi court stayed the death warrant. The judge did not issue a fresh warrant for their execution. The lawyer cited Rule 836 of the prison manual which says that in a case where more than one person has been sentenced to death, the execution cannot take place unless all the convicts have exhausted their legal options.<ref name="second death warrant cancelled">{{cite news |last1=Banka |first1=Richa |title=4 Delhi gang rape convicts get a reprieve, judge cancels death warrant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/execution-of-delhi-gang-rape-convicts-stayed/story-QeDExRoyjcoIHgAAZLS05L.html |access-date=2 February 2020 |work=The Hindi |date=31 January 2020 |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201192238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/execution-of-delhi-gang-rape-convicts-stayed/story-QeDExRoyjcoIHgAAZLS05L.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17{{spaces}}February 2020, a third death warrant was issued by the court with the execution date as 3 March 2020 at 6:00{{spaces}}a.m.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-rape-convict-on-hunger-strike-says-lawyer-decision-on-death-warrant-soon/story-iDkbvT9jVgL1eHfMnORMHL.html|title=Delhi Court issues new death warrant to execute 4 gang rape convicts at 6 am on 3 March|date=17 February 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102705/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-rape-convict-on-hunger-strike-says-lawyer-decision-on-death-warrant-soon/story-iDkbvT9jVgL1eHfMnORMHL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4{{spaces}}March 2020, a fourth death warrant was issued by court with the execution date as 20 March 2020 at 5:30{{spaces}}a.m.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Krishnadas|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-supreme-court-to-step-in-on-march-23-if-convicts-are-not-hanged-on-march-20/article30990699.ece|title=Supreme Court to step in if convicts are not hanged on 20 March|date=5 March 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=6 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306021538/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhaya-case-supreme-court-to-step-in-on-march-23-if-convicts-are-not-hanged-on-march-20/article30990699.ece|archive-date=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mathur|first1=Aneesha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-rapists-hanging-on-march-20-1652719-2020-03-05|title=Nirbhaya rapists to hang on 20 March at 5.30 am, fresh death warrant issued for 4 convicts|date=5 March 2020|work=India Today|access-date=6 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306205558/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-rapists-hanging-on-march-20-1652719-2020-03-05|archive-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> Numerous pleas and appeals were made by both the families of the convicts and the convicts themselves, including three of the convicts moving the [[International Court of Justice]] for a stay on the death sentence; however, the date for the execution remained the same.<ref>{{cite news |title='Allow us euthanasia': 16 December gang rape convicts' kin to President Kovind |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/allow-us-euthanasia-december-16-gang-rape-convicts-kin-to-president-kovind/story-oqtNarcMfLTomnAnlU33vK.html |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=ANI |date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316134001/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/allow-us-euthanasia-december-16-gang-rape-convicts-kin-to-president-kovind/story-oqtNarcMfLTomnAnlU33vK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three Nirbhaya convicts move International Court of Justice for stay on death sentence |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/three-nirbhaya-convicts-move-international-court-of-justice-for-stay-on-death-sentence-814275.html |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135317/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/three-nirbhaya-case-convicts-move-international-court-of-justice-for-stay-on-death-sentence-814275.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Divyanshu Dutta |title="No Remedy Left": Top Court Rejects Nirbhaya Convict's Fresh Request |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nirbhaya-case-supreme-court-rejects-convict-mukeshs-request-to-file-fresh-curative-petition-says-he-2195585 |access-date=16 March 2020 |agency=NDTV |date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316223105/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nirbhaya-case-supreme-court-rejects-convict-mukeshs-request-to-file-fresh-curative-petition-says-he-2195585 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Execution of convicts ==
On 20 March 2020, at 5:30{{nbsp}}a.m. IST, Mukesh Singh, Vinay Sharma, Akshay Thakur and Pawan Gupta were executed at [[Tihar Jail]]. The gallows used for the execution had been specially designed for four people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/india-executes-four-men-convicted-of-bus-gang-rape-and-murder-11960633|title=India executes four men convicted of bus gang rape and murder|website=Sky News|access-date=20 March 2020|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127192933/https://news.sky.com/story/india-executes-four-men-convicted-of-bus-gang-rape-and-murder-11960633|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC News March 2020" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/india-hangs-men-2012-delhi-bus-rape-murder-200320033644808.html|title=India hangs four men over 2012 Delhi bus gang rape and murder|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=20 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320203413/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/india-hangs-men-2012-delhi-bus-rape-murder-200320033644808.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/india-executes-four-men-convicted-of-2012-delhi-bus-and|title=India executes four men convicted of 2012 Delhi bus rape and murder|date=20 March 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321052700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/20/india-executes-four-men-convicted-of-2012-delhi-bus-and|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-executes-four-men-convicted-in-2012-delhi-bus-rape-and-murder|title=Four men convicted of brutal rape in Delhi in 2012 hanged|date=20 March 2020|website=[[The Straits Times]]|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130014130/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-executes-four-men-convicted-in-2012-delhi-bus-rape-and-murder|url-status=live}}</ref> According to prison officials, the four convicts refused the offers of a last meal and new clothes prior to the execution. They were blindfolded and did not resist as they were led to the gallows; however, Vinay Sharma suffered a breakdown prior to his execution and began pleading with the guards.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kmaneck |first1=Roshneesh |title=REVEALED: Nirbhaya convicts' last moments before hanging |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/revealed-how-nirbhaya-convicts-spent-last-moments/20200320.htm |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929042003/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/revealed-how-nirbhaya-convicts-spent-last-moments/20200320.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The four convicts were pronounced dead after hanging for 30 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nirbhaya convicts didn't resist when taken for execution, Vinay broke down: Tihar official |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-convicts-didn-t-resist-when-taken-for-execution-vinay-broke-down-tihar-official-1657957-2020-03-20 |website=India Today |date=20 March 2020 |language=en |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928191218/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nirbhaya-convicts-didn-t-resist-when-taken-for-execution-vinay-broke-down-tihar-official-1657957-2020-03-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mukesh Singh reportedly requested to donate his organs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nirbhaya convicts' last wishes: Mukesh seeks to donate organs, Vinay gives his paintings to jail super |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nirbhaya-convicts-last-wishes-mukesh-seeks-to-donate-organs-vinay-gives-his-paintings-to-jail-super/articleshow/74725240.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516203106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nirbhaya-convicts-last-wishes-mukesh-seeks-to-donate-organs-vinay-gives-his-paintings-to-jail-super/articleshow/74725240.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public protests ==
=== After the incident ===
[[File:Delhi protests-students, Raisina Hill.jpg|thumb|Students protest at [[Raisina Hill]], Rajpath, New Delhi]]
Public protests took place in New Delhi on 21 December 2012 at [[India Gate]] and [[Raisina Hill]], the latter being the location of both the [[Parliament of India]] and [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the official residence of the [[President of India]]. Thousands of protesters clashed with police and battled [[Rapid Action Force]] units.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government waging 'war' against people: Arvind Kejriwal|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/government-waging-war-against-people-arvind-kejriwal/312011-37-64.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=24 December 2012|date=24 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231012934/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/government-waging-war-against-people-arvind-kejriwal/312011-37-64.html|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Demonstrators were [[baton charge]]d,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thatssogloss.com/rape-shame-delhi-a-witness-account-of-the-protests/ |title=Rape & Shame in Delhi : A witness' account of the protests |publisher=thatssogloss.com |access-date=10 February 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104064252/http://thatssogloss.com/rape-shame-delhi-a-witness-account-of-the-protests/ |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref> shot with [[water cannon]] and [[tear gas]] shells, and arrested.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/protests-over-rape-turn-violent-in-delhi/ |title=Protests Over Rape Turn Violent in Delhi |first1=Heather |last1=Timmons |first2=Hinarika |last2=Mandhana |first3=Sruthi |last3=Gottipatti |date=23 December 2012 |access-date=23 December 2012 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223130846/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/protests-over-rape-turn-violent-in-delhi/ |archive-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Similar protests occurred throughout the country. More than 600 women belonging to various organisations demonstrated in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Delhi gang-rape: Women, students protest in Bangalore|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-women-students-protest-in-bangalore/articleshow/17721312.cms|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614040532/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-women-students-protest-in-bangalore/articleshow/17721312.cms|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jim Ankan Deka |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/1700981/bangalore-pays-tribute-delhi-gang-rape-victim |title=Bangalore pays tribute to Delhi gang-rape victim |publisher=Demotix |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107053736/http://www.demotix.com/news/1700981/bangalore-pays-tribute-delhi-gang-rape-victim |archive-date=7 January 2013 }}</ref> Thousands of people silently marched in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Kolkata walks in silence to protest Delhi gangrape|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kolkata-walks-in-silence-to-protest-delhi-gangrape/311865-3-231.html|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=IBNlive.in.com|date=23 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101105941/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kolkata-walks-in-silence-to-protest-delhi-gangrape/311865-3-231.html|archive-date=1 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Protests occurred online as well on the social networking sites Facebook and [[WhatsApp]], with users replacing their profile images with a black dot symbol.<ref name="Black Dot, TOI">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/When-words-fail-a-dot-speaks-volumes/articleshow/17701877.cms |title=When words fail, a dot speaks volumes |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923034729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-21/chandigarh/35952817_1_delhi-gangrape-city-student-dot |archive-date=23 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live  }}</ref> Tens of thousands signed an online petition protesting the incident.<ref name="TOI Online protests">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/social-media/Delhi-gang-rape-case-FacebookTwitter-fuels-rally-at-India-Gate/articleshow/17741529.cms |title=Delhi gang rape case: Facebook, Twitter 'anchoring' protest |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227022755/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/social-media/Delhi-gang-rape-case-FacebookTwitter-fuels-rally-at-India-Gate/articleshow/17741529.cms |archive-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

Yoga guru [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]] and former Army chief General [[V. K. Singh|Vijay Kumar Singh]] were among the demonstrators who clashed with Delhi Police at [[Jantar Mantar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/117675-ramdev-backers-arrive-spar-with-cops-booked.html |title=Ramdev backers arrive, spar with cops; booked |work=The Pioneer |location=India |date=28 August 2011 |access-date=24 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923024752/http://www.dailypioneer.com/city/117675-ramdev-backers-arrive-spar-with-cops-booked.html |archive-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> On 24 December, activist [[Rajesh Gangwar]] started a hunger strike, saying about the accused men, "If my death shakes the system and gets them hanged, I am ready to die".<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi gang rape case: Cold does not deter protesting duo at Jantar Mantar |location=New Delhi |date=5 January 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620023319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/delhi/36160988_1_jantar-mantar-delhi-gang-babu-singh |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=20 June 2013 }}</ref> Gangwar ended his fast after 14 days, saying, "My fight to demand a strict law against rape will be continued in the future... I have dedicated myself for this cause".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Protester-ends-fast/articleshow/17934238.cms | title=Protester ends fast | access-date=10 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121054744/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-08/delhi/36215274_1_protester-ends-hunger-strike-jantar-mantar | archive-date=21 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live}}</ref> Middle Finger Protests, a Chandigarh-based pressure group and NGO headed by human rights and social activist Prabhloch Singh, also played a key role in the agitations and protests in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/world-of-activism/377908.html|title=World of activism|last=Chawla|first=Smridhi|date=17 March 2017|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503213603/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/world-of-activism/377908.html|archive-date=3 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/City-marches-for-Sippy/articleshow/50168550.cms|title=City marches for Sippy|date=14 December 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222033258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/City-marches-for-Sippy/articleshow/50168550.cms|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/sippy-s-kin-protest-outside-igp-s-residence/164775.html|title=Sippy's kin protest outside IGP's residence|date=30 November 2015|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005100723/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/sippy-s-kin-protest-outside-igp-s-residence/164775.html|archive-date=5 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Delhi protests-teargassed.jpg|thumb|left|Police used water cannon and tear gas to attempt to break up the protestors.]] Seven metro rail stations in New Delhi were closed on 22 December to discourage protesters from gathering at Raisina Hill.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Delhi protest: Seven Metro stations closed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-protest-seven-metro-stations-closed/article4231532.ece|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 December 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=Sowmiya|last=Ashok|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224110637/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-protest-seven-metro-stations-closed/article4231532.ece|archive-date=24 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 December, police blocked roads leading to India Gate and Raisina Hill to prevent possible mass protests, and closed nine metro stations, affecting thousands of transit patrons. News reporters were not allowed to reach India Gate and Raisina Hill. In addition to [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|CrPC]] [[Unlawful assembly|section 144]], which disallows assembly of groups larger than five, curfew was imposed near the presidential residence.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chaos-in-capital-as-police-block-roads-shut-9-metro-stations/article4234275.ece?homepage=true | title=Chaos in Capital as police block roads, shut 9 metro stations | work=Business Line | date=24 December 2012 | access-date=28 December 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729224344/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/chaos-in-capital-as-police-block-roads-shut-9-metro-stations/article4234275.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=29 July 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Hindustan Times]] accused police of using excessive force against the protestors, reporting that 375 [[Tear Gas|tear gas canisters]] were used at India Gate and elsewhere in Delhi to disperse the crowds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-cops-go-shopping-for-nasty-itchy-tear-gas/Article1-980385.aspx |title=Delhi cops go shopping for nasty, itchy tear gas |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 December 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226201353/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-cops-go-shopping-for-nasty-itchy-tear-gas/Article1-980385.aspx |archive-date=26 December 2012 }}</ref> An article in [[Firstpost|First Post]] criticised the Indian government as well, saying that they failed to act positively or give credible assurances to the protesters and instead used police force, lathi-charging, pushing the media out of the scene, and shutting down metro rail stations.<ref name=GRes>{{cite news|last=Kaul|first=Vivek|title=Shinde-speak shows all that is wrong with government|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/shinde-speak-shows-all-that-is-wrong-with-government-567536.html|newspaper=FirstPost|date=24 December 2012|access-date=25 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231004818/http://www.firstpost.com/india/shinde-speak-shows-all-that-is-wrong-with-government-567536.html|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
Police stated that peaceful protests had been "hijacked" by hooligans and political activists.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi gangrape: violence at Raisina Hills; PM appeals for calm, assures safety to women |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |date=23 December 2012 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-violence-at-India-Gate-top-cop-say-public-sentiments-hijacked/Article1-979832.aspx |access-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231003858/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-gangrape-violence-at-India-Gate-top-cop-say-public-sentiments-hijacked/Article1-979832.aspx |archive-date=31 December 2012 }}</ref>

During one protest, a police constable named Subhash Tomar collapsed and later died in hospital.<ref name="BBC policeman">{{cite news |author=Biswas, Soutik |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20840797 |title=Policeman killed |publisher=BBC |date=18 December 2012 |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225184126/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20840797 |archive-date=25 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Two witnesses claimed that Tomar collapsed without being hit by any protesters, while a third disputed this.<ref name="Hindu Tomar">{{cite news |first=Devesh K. |last=Pandey |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-eyewitness-says-protesters-beat-up-tomar/article4244304.ece |title=News / National : New 'eyewitness' says protesters beat up Tomar |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India |date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229161555/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-eyewitness-says-protesters-beat-up-tomar/article4244304.ece |archive-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Hospital doctors and the post-mortem gave contradictory reports: he died due to cardiac arrest, but it is not known if the heart attack was caused by blunt-force injuries that he suffered to his chest and neck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_post-mortem-report-subhash-tomar-s-ribs-were-fractured-injuries-lead-to-heart-attack_1781970 |title=Subhash Tomar's ribs were fractured; injuries lead to heart-attack, claims post-mortem report |work=DNA India |access-date=28 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204181521/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_post-mortem-report-subhash-tomar-s-ribs-were-fractured-injuries-lead-to-heart-attack_1781970 |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Some experts state that his chest injuries may have been a side effect of the administration of [[CPR]].<ref name="Hindu Tomar CPR">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cpr-could-have-caused-constables-injuries/article4246130.ece | title=CPR could have caused constable's injuries | work=The Hindu | date=28 December 2012 | access-date=28 December 2012 | location=Chennai, India | first=Devesh K. | last=Pandey | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231141627/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cpr-could-have-caused-constables-injuries/article4246130.ece | archive-date=31 December 2012 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HT on Tomar">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/No-injury-marks-bruises-were-visible-on-constable-s-body-doctor/Article1-980772.aspx |title=Controversy surrounds death of cop in post-rape protests |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231004905/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/No-injury-marks-bruises-were-visible-on-constable-s-body-doctor/Article1-980772.aspx |archive-date=31 December 2012 }}</ref> The Delhi Police arrested 8 young men and charged them with Tomar's murder and rioting at India Gate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight arrested in constable Subhash Tomar's death are innocent: Delhi police|url=http://www.tehelka.com/eight-arrested-in-constable-subhash-tomars-death-are-innocent-delhi-police/|work=Tehelaka Magazine|date=12 March 2013|access-date=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925141813/http://www.tehelka.com/eight-arrested-in-constable-subhash-tomars-death-are-innocent-delhi-police/|archive-date=25 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in March 2013, the police admitted in the Delhi High Court they had no evidence against the eight and dropped the murder charges against them. The youths said the move by the commissioner of police to charge them with murder had been "irresponsible".<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi police gives clean chit to 8 in constable Tomar's death during anti-rape protests |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-accused-in-constable-subhash-tomar-death-given-clean-chit-155947-2013-03-12 |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 March 2013 |author=Mail Today Bureau |access-date=3 January 2020 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103151038/https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-accused-in-constable-subhash-tomar-death-given-clean-chit-155947-2013-03-12 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== After the victim's death ===
[[File:Bangalore protests following Delhi gang-rape (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg|thumb|People in Bangalore protesting outside [[Bangalore Town Hall]] on 30 December 2012]]

After Jyoti Singh's death on 29 December 2012, protests were staged throughout India, including [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kochi]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Visakhapatnam]]. Many of the mourners carried candles and wore black dresses; some pasted black cloth across their mouths.<ref name=candle>{{cite news|title= Delhi gang rape: Protests go viral nationwide, unstoppable public outpouring as gang rape victim dies|work= [[The Economic Times]]|agency= Press Trust of India|location= New Delhi|date= 29 December 2012|url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-29/news/36051046_1_jantar-mantar-marches-silent-protest|access-date= 30 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928031134/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-29/news/36051046_1_jantar-mantar-marches-silent-protest|archive-date= 28 September 2013|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

The following day a large number of people staged protests near Jantar Mantar, New Delhi.<ref name=clash30>{{cite news|title=Delhi gang-rape: Protesters clash with police at Jantar Mantar|agency=Press Trust of India|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-protesters-clash-with-police-at-jantar-mantar/articleshow/17818533.cms|access-date=30 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] (India)|date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613004350/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-gang-rape-protesters-clash-with-police-at-jantar-mantar/articleshow/17818533.cms|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> There were minor clashes between some groups of protesters and the police; the police then removed some protesters from the area.<ref name=clash30 /> One group of protesters also observed a one-day hunger strike at Jantar Mantar.<ref name=clash30 /> All roads leading to India Gate were closed by police and areas where protesters had gathered during the previous week were out of bounds to the public.<ref name=clash30 /> Some of the protesters drew graffiti and slogans on papers spread on the road, condemning the incident and demanding stricter laws and speedy judgement.<ref name=graffiti>{{cite news|title= Delhi gang-rape: Peaceful protest at Jantar Mantar marred by violence|publisher= [[DNA India]]|agency= Asian News International|date= 30 December 2012|url= http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-protesters-clash-with-cops-at-jantar-mantar_1783445|access-date= 30 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180915083919/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-protesters-clash-with-cops-at-jantar-mantar_1783445|archive-date= 15 September 2018|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The BJP renewed its demand for a special parliament session to discuss the case and to adopt stricter laws on crime against women.<ref name=session>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=BJP disapproves of restrictions, questions 'hush-hush manner' cremation of Delhi gangrape victim|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-bjp-victim-cremation-125716-2012-12-29|access-date=30 December 2012|newspaper=India Today|date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230184756/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-bjp-victim-cremation/1/240122.html|archive-date=30 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

New Year's celebrations were scaled down to a large extent, with the Indian armed forces and some clubs and hotels in Delhi cancelling their New Year parties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-memory-of-amanat-a-makeshift-memorial-protests-continue-311719 |title=In memory of 'Amanat', a makeshift memorial, protests continue |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102053034/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-memory-of-amanat-a-makeshift-memorial-protests-continue-311719 |archive-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

The Indian protests also sparked protests across South Asia, including marches and rallies in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In Nepal, hundreds of demonstrators in Kathmandu called for legal reforms and an overhaul of attitudes to women. In Bangladesh the human rights group [[Ain o Salish Kendra]] (ASK) said the protests in Delhi had given fresh impetus to protests against sexual violence. According to an ASK spokesperson, "although previous demonstrations on similar issues were largely dominated by women, men were now protesting too. The protests had also drawn people from a broad range of society."<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/04/rape-protests-spread-beyond-india | title=Rape protests spread beyond India | work=The Guardian | date=4 January 2013 | access-date=4 January 2013 | first=Jason | last=Burke | location=London | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901013427/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/04/rape-protests-spread-beyond-india | archive-date=1 September 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Candlelight Rally Against Rape - Sector-V - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2012-12-29 2107.JPG|thumb|left|205px|People protest with candlelight tributes at [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Bidhannagar]] ("Salt Lake City") in [[Kolkata]] on 29 December 2012]]

In Paris, people participated in a march to the Indian embassy where a petition was handed over asking for action to make India safer for women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/protests-in-paris-to-demand-justice-for-india-s-daughter/260273?v_also_see |title=Protests in Paris to demand justice for 'India's Daughter' Video |publisher=NDTV |access-date=2 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102065120/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/protests-in-paris-to-demand-justice-for-india-s-daughter/260273?v_also_see |archive-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

An author for the South Asia Analysis Group explained the protests as expressions of middle-class angst arising out of a collapse of a social contract between them and the liberal state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Understanding issues raised by the Delhi gang-rape case|date=13 January 2013|work=South Asia Analysis Group Post|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1130/|access-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060325/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1130|archive-date=17 January 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
New Delhi has the highest number of sex crimes among India's major cities. Police figures show a rape reported on average every 18 hours; reported rape cases rose by nearly 17 percent between 2007 and 2011.<ref name=highest>{{cite news|title= Body of gang rape victim cremated in New Delhi|first1= Adnan|last1= Abidi|first2= Devidutta|last2= Tripathy|work=[[Reuters]]|date= 30 December 2012|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-gang-rape-delhi-singapore-body-idINDEE8BT00420121230|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026210025/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-gang-rape-delhi-singapore-body-idINDEE8BT00420121230|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Only one of the 706 rape cases filed in Delhi in 2012 saw a successful conviction against the attacker.<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Between 16 December and 4 January 501 calls for harassment and 64 calls for rape were recorded by the Delhi Police, but only four were followed up by inquiries.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> The regional program director for U.N. Women South Asia said, "There are rape cases in almost all cities and rural areas, where the victim dies immediately because of the brutality of the crime... This time, it was like, 'Wake up.'"<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite magazine |last=Mahr |first=Krista |url=https://world.time.com/2013/01/10/were-the-delhi-rape-suspects-tortured-by-police/ |title=Were the Delhi Rape Suspects Tortured by Police? |magazine=Time |date=10 January 2013 |access-date=10 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111033313/http://world.time.com/2013/01/10/were-the-delhi-rape-suspects-tortured-by-police/ |archive-date=11 January 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Members of the Indian parliament demanded severe punishment for the perpetrators. The then [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], [[Sushma Swaraj]], stated: "The rapists should be hanged".<ref name="BBC-1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20765869|date=18 December 2012|access-date=19 December 2012|title=Delhi bus gang rape: Uproar in Indian parliament|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218211418/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20765869|archive-date=18 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Chairperson of the then ruling [[United Progressive Alliance (India)|United Progressive Alliance]] [[Sonia Gandhi]] visited the [[Safdarjang Hospital]] and met doctors on duty in the anesthesia and surgery departments for an update on the woman's health.<ref name="IE3">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-gangrape-shakes-parliament--sushma-swaraj-others-seek-death-penalty/1047359/|date=19 December 2012|access-date=19 December 2012|title=Delhi gangrape shakes Parliament; Jaya Bachchan breaks down, Sushma Swaraj, others seek death penalty|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231015325/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-gangrape-shakes-parliament--sushma-swaraj-others-seek-death-penalty/1047359|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] chief, [[Mayawati]], said that proper investigation was required, and that "action should be so strict that no one should dare to act in such a manner again".<ref name="BBC-1" /> Actress and member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Jaya Bachchan]] said that she was "terribly disturbed" over the incident, and felt "ashamed" sitting in the House, feeling "helpless" for "not being able to do anything".<ref name=IE3 /> [[Meira Kumar]], the then Speaker of the Lok Sabha, told reporters a "new law should be brought in and must get passed to ensure the safety of women."<ref name="Need Stronger Laws">{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-need-stronger-laws-says-meira-kumar_1779260|date=19 December 2012|access-date=19 December 2012|title=Delhi gang-rape: Need stronger laws, says Meira Kumar|newspaper=DNA|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135914/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-gang-rape-need-stronger-laws-says-meira-kumar-1779260|url-status=live}}</ref> She went on to say: "The laws at present are not enough, we need stricter laws."<ref name="Need Stronger Laws" /><ref name=CC1>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Delhi-gang-rape-Indian-cricketers-express-disappointment/21107|title=Delhi gang-rape: Indian cricketers express disappointment|date=19 December 2012|work=CricketCountry|location=Mumbai|access-date=21 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222001716/http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Delhi-gang-rape-Indian-cricketers-express-disappointment/21107|archive-date=22 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The then [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Sheila Dixit]], said that she did not have the courage to meet the victim and described Delhi as a "rape capital" in interviews.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/did-not-have-courage-to-meet-gangrape-victim-sheila-dikshit/311747-3-244.html|date=22 December 2012|access-date=22 December 2012|title=Did not have courage to meet gangrape victim: Sheila Dixit|newspaper=IBN Live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221232235/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/did-not-have-courage-to-meet-gangrape-victim-sheila-dikshit/311747-3-244.html|archive-date=21 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> She said that senior police officials should be held accountable for the failure to take adequate measures to stop such incidents and called for "immediate setting up of fast-track courts to try rape cases and to get justice in a time-bound manner".<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|title=Senior police officers should be held accountable, says Delhi CM|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-police-officers-should-be-held-accountable-says-delhi-cm/article4232431.ece|access-date=23 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2012|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226224353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-police-officers-should-be-held-accountable-says-delhi-cm/article4232431.ece|archive-date=26 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The three constables who had refused to take action upon Ram Adhar's complaint of robbery were suspended for dereliction of duty.

On 24 December 2012, in his first official reaction after the incident, then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] appealed for calm, stressing that "violence will serve no purpose".<ref name="emirates">{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-s-theek-hai-goes-viral-as-capital-burns-2012-12-24-1.488541|title=Delhi gang-rape: Indian PM Manmohan Singh's 'Theek Hai' gaffe sets Twitter on fire|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|date=24 December 2012|access-date=24 December 2012|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135833/https://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-s-theek-hai-goes-viral-as-capital-burns-2012-12-24-1.488541|url-status=live}}</ref> In a televised address, he assured that all possible efforts would be made to ensure the safety of women in India. Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As a father of three daughters I feel as strongly about the incident as each one of you".<ref name="emirates" /> As a tribute to Nirbhaya, the prime minister cancelled all his official events to celebrate the new year.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |title=Muted New Year's celebrations in India after gang-rape victim's death |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915084002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]], announced a package of financial assistance {{INRConvert|2|m|nolink=yes}} and a government job to her family.<ref name=compensation>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Delhi gang-rape: UP govt to give Rs 20 lakh to braveheart's family|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-up-govt-to-give-rs20-lakh-to-braveheart-s-family_1784020|access-date=31 December 2012|newspaper=DNA India|date=31 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102140121/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-up-govt-to-give-rs20-lakh-to-braveheart-s-family_1784020|archive-date=2 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Speaking out against the protesters, President Pranab Mukherjee's son [[Abhijit Mukherjee]] argued that the women protesters did not appear to him to be students. He said

<blockquote>What's basically happening in Delhi is a lot like Egypt or elsewhere, where there's something called the Pink Revolution, which has very little connection with ground realities. In India, staging candle-lit marches, going to discothèques&nbsp;... I can see many beautiful women among them&nbsp;– highly dented-painted&nbsp;... [but] I have grave doubts whether they're students&nbsp;...<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/india/dentedpainted-women-abhijit-mukherjees-dumb-sexist-remark-51899.html |title='Dented-Painted' Women: Abhijit Mukherjee's Dumb Sexist Remark |date=27 December 2012 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125072831/http://www.indiatimes.com/india/dentedpainted-women-abhijit-mukherjees-dumb-sexist-remark-51899.html |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> </blockquote>

The remark was widely condemned as sexist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/312665/abhijit-mukherjee-slammed-for-his-dentedpainted-women-comment.html|title=Abhijit slammed for his dented-painted women comment|website=News18|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033114/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/312665/abhijit-mukherjee-slammed-for-his-dentedpainted-women-comment.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> His sister [[Sharmistha Mukherjee|Sharmistha]] said that she and their father, the president both disapproved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/delhi-gangrape/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-abhijit-mukherjee-pranab-mukehrjee-son-withdraws-sexist-remark-125451-2012-12-26|title=Delhi gangrape protests: Presidents son Abhijit Mukherjee withdraws his dented, painted women remark|date=27 December 2012 |access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093616/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-protests-abhijit-mukherjee-pranab-mukehrjee-son-withdraws-sexist-remark/1/239672.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Then Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Prithviraj Chavan]] also expressed disapproval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/chavan-disapproves-of-abhijits-dented-painted-remarks-570899.html|title=Chavan disapproves of Abhijit's 'dented painted' remarks|work=Firstpost |date=27 December 2012|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315032532/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/chavan-disapproves-of-abhijits-dented-painted-remarks-570899.html|archive-date=15 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Abhijit quickly withdrew his comment and apologised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-officially-withdraw-my-dented-painted-comment-prezs-son-abhijit-1782416|title=I officially withdraw my dented-painted comment: Prez's son Abhijit – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=27 December 2012|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924232230/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-officially-withdraw-my-dented-painted-comment-prezs-son-abhijit-1782416|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Spiritual guru [[Asaram Bapu]] also provoked extensive criticism from the public<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Asaram-Bapu-holds-victim-responsible-for-gangrape/Article1-986079.aspx |title=Asaram Bapu adds to shame, says victim at fault too |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212020951/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Asaram-Bapu-holds-victim-responsible-for-gangrape/Article1-986079.aspx |archive-date=12 February 2013 }}</ref> by saying that the victim was also to blame for her own assault because she could have stopped the attack if she had "chanted God's name and fallen at the feet of the attackers".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daniel|first1=Frank Jack|last2=Bhattacharjya|first2=Satarupa|title=Asaram Bapu's view on Delhi rape raises anger, but shared by many|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/india-delhi-gang-rape-asaram-bapu-views/asaram-bapus-view-on-delhi-rape-raises-anger-but-shared-by-many-idINDEE90809L20130109|access-date=15 January 2013|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026210537/https://www.reuters.com/article/india-delhi-gang-rape-asaram-bapu-views/asaram-bapus-view-on-delhi-rape-raises-anger-but-shared-by-many-idINDEE90809L20130109|archive-date=26 October 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the gruesome crime, several celebrities like [[Preity Zinta]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Farhan Akhtar]] and many more expressed outrages on social medial platforms like [[Twitter]]. Many of them demanded that the rapists be castrated or hanged.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/bollywood/buzz/amitabh-salman-srk-kareena-angered-by-delhi-gang-rape-case-2012-12-19-1.487876|title= Amitabh, Salman, SRK, Kareena angered by Delhi gang rape case|date= 19 December 2012|access-date= 12 March 2024|archive-date= 12 March 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240312143103/https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/bollywood/buzz/amitabh-salman-srk-kareena-angered-by-delhi-gang-rape-case-2012-12-19-1.487876|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSDEE8BS012/|title= Delhi gang rape victim dies: reactions on Twitter|website= [[Reuters]]}}</ref> The incident was later featured in the first episode of [[Satyamev Jayate (season 2)|second season]] of [[Satyamev Jayate (talk show)|Satyamev Jayate]]. Hosted by [[Aamir Khan]], the episode also dealt with other incidents of rape, as well as the sufferings of rape survivors at the hands of police officers, medical personnel, judicial system, and the general public.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.india.com/entertainment/satyamev-jayate-2-first-episode-aamir-khan-speaks-about-rape-survivors-and-their-difficulties-18301/|title= Satyamev Jayate 2 First Episode: Aamir Khan Speaks About Rape Survivors And Their Difficulties|access-date= 12 March 2024|archive-date= 12 March 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240312145215/https://www.india.com/entertainment/satyamev-jayate-2-first-episode-aamir-khan-speaks-about-rape-survivors-and-their-difficulties-18301/|url-status= live}}</ref>

=== International ===
The [[Embassy of the United States, New Delhi|American embassy]] released a statement on 29 December 2012, offering their condolences to Nirbhaya's family and stated, "we also recommit ourselves to changing attitudes and ending all forms of gender-based violence, which plagues every country in the world".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr122912.html |title=U.S. Embassy New Delhi, India, Statement on the Death of New Delhi Assault Victim |publisher=Newdelhi.usembassy.gov |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729221639/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/pr122912.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Nirbhaya was posthumously awarded one of the 2013 [[International Women of Courage Award]]s of the [[US State Department]]. The citation stated that "for millions of Indian women, her personal ordeal, perseverance to fight for justice, and her family's continued bravery is helping to lift the stigma and vulnerability that drive violence against women."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2013/bio/index.htm | title=2013 International Women of Courage Award Winners | work=Office of Global Women's Issues | date=4 March 2013 | access-date=9 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308095225/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2013/bio/index.htm | archive-date=8 March 2013 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

The crime of rape became a capital offence in India following the rape. Indian politician [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] opposed this change in the law, saying that "Boys will be boys. Boys commit mistakes".<ref>{{cite news |first=Jason |last=Burke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/31/india-gang-rape-katra-sadatgunj-fathyer-speaks |title='Go to the mango trees,' the bereaved father was told. 'The body of your daughter is there' |work=The Observer |date=31 May 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=11 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711202411/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/31/india-gang-rape-katra-sadatgunj-fathyer-speaks |url-status=live }}</ref> Two years later, in response to these comments and another [[2014 Badaun gang rape|incident of rape]] that took place in Uttar Pradesh where Yadav's party was governing, UN Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] said "We say no to the dismissive, destructive attitude of, 'Boys will be boys'"<ref>{{cite news |last=Gottipati |first=Sruthi |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-rape/ally-of-indias-modi-says-rape-sometimes-right-sometimes-wrong-idUKKBN0EG1GH20140605 |title=Ally of India's Modi says rape 'sometimes right, sometimes wrong' |work=[[Reuters]] |date=5 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127072820/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-rape/ally-of-indias-modi-says-rape-sometimes-right-sometimes-wrong-idUKKBN0EG1GH20140605 |url-status=live }}</ref> and stated, "Violence against women must never be accepted, never excused, never tolerated. Every girl and woman have the right to be respected, valued and protected".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ban-condoles-death-of-gang-rape-victim-urges-reforms-to-deter-violence-against-women/articleshow/17830281.cms | title=Ban expresses condolences on death of gang-rape victim, urges reforms to deter violence against women | date=31 December 2012 | access-date=29 June 2013 | author=Manash Pratim Gohain, TNN | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/india/36079130_1_condoles-gender-equality-women | archive-date=4 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live}}</ref> [[UN Women]] called on the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Delhi]] "to do everything in their power to take up radical reforms, ensure justice and reach out with robust public services to make women's lives more safe and secure".<ref>{{cite press release|first=Anne F. |last=Stenhammer |url=http://www.unwomen.org/2012/12/un-women-condemns-gang-rape-of-delhi-student/ |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=21 December 2012 |title=UN Women condemns gang rape of Delhi student |publisher=UN Women |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124235948/http://www.unwomen.org/2012/12/un-women-condemns-gang-rape-of-delhi-student/ |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Delhi protests-India Raped, says one young woman's sign.jpg|thumbnail|Students voice for women after the 2012 Delhi gang rape]]

In the wake of remarks against India in Western media, [[Jessica Valenti]], writing in ''[[The Nation]]'', argued that such rapes are also common in the [[Rape in the United States|United States]], but US commentators exhibit a [[double standard]] in denying or minimising their systemic nature while simultaneously attacking India for an alleged rape culture.<ref name="nation">{{cite web |url= http://www.thenation.com/blog/172024/americas-rape-problem-we-refuse-admit-there-one |title= America's Rape Problem: We Refuse to Admit That There Is One |last= Valenti |first= Jessica |date= 4 January 2013 |work= [[The Nation]] |access-date= 4 February 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130209071944/http://www.thenation.com/blog/172024/americas-rape-problem-we-refuse-admit-there-one |archive-date= 9 February 2013 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Author and activist [[Eve Ensler]], who organised [[One Billion Rising]], a global campaign to end violence against women and girls, said that the gang rape and murder was a turning point in India and around the world. Ensler said that she had travelled to India at the time of the rape and murder, and she commented:

<blockquote>After having worked every day of my life for the last 15 years on sexual violence, I have never seen anything like that, where sexual violence broke through the consciousness and was on the front page, nine articles in every paper every day, in the centre of every discourse, in the centre of the college students' discussions, in the centre of any restaurant you went in. And I think what's happened in India, India is really leading the way for the world. It's really broken through. They are actually fast-tracking laws. They are looking at sexual education. They are looking at the bases of patriarchy and masculinity and how all that leads to sexual violence.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/14/one_billion_rising_playwright_eve_ensler#transcript | title=One Billion Rising: Playwright Eve Ensler Organizes Global Day of Dance Against Sexual Abuse | publisher=Democracynow.org | access-date=14 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216054839/http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/14/one_billion_rising_playwright_eve_ensler#transcript | archive-date=16 February 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Tourism ===

In the aftermath of the rape case the number of female tourists to India fell by 35% compared to the same period the previous year, according to an industry survey by [[ASSOCHAM]].<ref name="guardian_31March2013">{{cite news|title=India tourist visits down 25% following fatal Delhi gang rape|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/31/india-tourist-visits-down-delhi-gang-rape|access-date=30 October 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031030941/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/31/india-tourist-visits-down-delhi-gang-rape|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Foreign Office]] of the UK modified its travel advice and advised women against travelling alone.<ref name="ukfo">{{cite web|title=Foreign travel advice – India|url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/india/safety-and-security|publisher=[[Foreign Office]]|access-date=30 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031025216/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/india/safety-and-security|archive-date=31 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] commented "one small incident of rape in Delhi' advertised world-over is enough to cost us billions of dollars in terms of lower tourism".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140822/nation-current-affairs/article/%E2%80%98small-incidents%E2%80%99-delhi-rape-costs-billions-says-arun-jaitley | title=Arun Jaitley terms Delhi rape 'small incident that cost billions in tourism' | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=22 August 2014 | access-date=23 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824181818/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140822/nation-current-affairs/article/%E2%80%98small-incidents%E2%80%99-delhi-rape-costs-billions-says-arun-jaitley | archive-date=24 August 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

== Results of protests ==
In the view of widespread protests, governments at the centre and various states announced several steps to ensure the safety of women. The [[Government of Karnataka]] announced the launch of a [[24/7 service|24/7]] dedicated helpline (1091) to be operated by the state police to register sexual abuse complaints from women.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/helpline-launched-for-women-to-report-sexual-assault-cases/article4269699.ece | title=Helpline launched for women to report sexual assault cases | date=4 January 2013 | access-date=2 July 2013 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083337/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/helpline-launched-for-women-to-report-sexual-assault-cases/article4269699.ece | archive-date=4 November 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref> It is also checking the possibility of setting up fast-track courts to dispose of pending cases pertaining to crimes against women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=437716&catid=36 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222094742/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=437716&catid=36 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2013 |title=Karna mulls fast-track courts for crime against women |work=The Statesman }}</ref> The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] also announced a 13-point action plan to ensure safety of women in Tamil Nadu and said that incidents of sexual assault would be treated as a grave crime, and probes would be entrusted to top police officials. The Tamil Nadu chief minister also said that daily hearings would be conducted in all sexual abuse cases in the state for speedy trials at specially constituted fast-track courts, and women prosecutors would be appointed as government counsels.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-02/news/36094633_1_jayalalithaa-sexual-assault-sexual-abuse |title=Delhi gang-rape case: Jayalalithaa for harsher punishment for rape |work=The Economic Times |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104083625/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-02/news/36094633_1_jayalalithaa-sexual-assault-sexual-abuse |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] government also announced plans to change the state's laws against sexual offenses and gender crimes. The [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] decided to set up state and district-level committees to review progress of all cases of crimes against women.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com" />

Despite these state government responses, Singh herself endured great hardship during and after the protests. As one scholar put it, she continued to be "raped" (literally and figuratively):<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saxena |first=Saumya |date=23 January 2013 |title=Justice JS Verma Committee Report |url=https://www.academia.edu/25499640 |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019054333/https://www.academia.edu/25499640 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh faced a demeaning medical examination, a harsh cross-examination by the court, as well as "salacious media reports" and an insensitive response from society as a whole, including from people who knew her.

=== Justice Verma Committee and changes in law ===
{{Further|Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013}}

On 22 December 2012, a judicial committee headed by [[J. S. Verma]], a former [[Chief Justice of India]] and one of India's most highly regarded Chief Justices and eminent jurists<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alYZ3MaClZ4|title=The Last Word : Remembering Justice JS Verma|last=|first=|date=23 April 2013|work=IBN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018002415/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alYZ3MaClZ4|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref> was appointed by the Central government to submit a report within 30 days to suggest amendments to criminal law to sternly deal with [[sexual abuse|sexual assault]] cases. The committee urged the public in general and particularly eminent jurists, legal professionals, NGOs, women's groups and civil society to share "their views, knowledge and experience suggesting possible amendments in the criminal and other relevant laws to provide for quicker investigation, prosecution and trial, and also enhanced punishment for criminals accused of committing sexual assault of an extreme nature against women."<ref>{{cite news |first=Sandeep |last=Joshi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-verma-committee-begins-work-seeks-public-comments/article4235212.ece |title=Shinde calls meeting of Chief Secretaries, police chiefs to review crime against women |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 December 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227131054/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-verma-committee-begins-work-seeks-public-comments/article4235212.ece |archive-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The Committee held its first meeting on 26 December 2012; it had received more than 6,000 emails with suggestions by then.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91179 | title=Justice J.S.Verma Committee holds its First Meeting More than 6,000 E-Mails Received | publisher=Pib.nic.in | date=26 December 2012 | access-date=1 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103165858/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91179 | archive-date=3 January 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref> The Justice Verma Committee report was submitted after 29 days, after considering 80,000 suggestions received during the period. The report indicated that failures on the part of the government and police were the root cause behind crimes against women. Suggestions in the report included the need to review the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]] (AFSPA) in conflict areas, and setting the maximum punishment for rape as death penalty rather than life imprisonment. The committee did not favour lowering the age of an adult from 18 to 16.<ref name=VermaCommittee_22Jan2013>{{cite news|title=Failure of governance root cause of crimes against women: Verma committee|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/failure-of-governance-root-cause-of-crimes-against-women-verma-committee/article4336046.ece?homepage=true|access-date=23 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 January 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126045210/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/failure-of-governance-root-cause-of-crimes-against-women-verma-committee/article4336046.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=VermaCommitteeHighlights_23Jan2013>{{cite news|title=Read: Highlights of Justice Verma Committee report|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/read-highlights-of-justice-verma-committee-report/317376-3.html|access-date=23 January 2013|newspaper=CNNIBNLive|date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127031941/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/read-highlights-of-justice-verma-committee-report/317376-3.html|archive-date=27 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 26 December 2012, a Commission of Inquiry headed by former Delhi High Court judge [[Usha Mehra]] was set up to identify lapses, determine responsibility in relation to the incident, and suggest measures to make Delhi and the wider [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] safer for women.<ref>{{cite news |first=Aarti |last=Dhar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-forms-panel-to-probe-delhi-rape-case/article4241274.ece |title=Commission to suggest steps to make Delhi safe for women |work=The Hindu |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229131356/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-forms-panel-to-probe-delhi-rape-case/article4241274.ece |archive-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> On 1 January 2013, a task force headed by the Union Home Secretary was established to look into women's safety issues in Delhi and review the functioning of the city police force on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/government-constitutes-task-force-to-look-into-women-s-safety-issues_820124.html |title=Government constitutes task force to look into women's safety issues |publisher=Zee News |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729213902/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/government-constitutes-task-force-to-look-into-women-s-safety-issues_820124.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

On 3 February 2013, the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013]] was promulgated by then President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. It provides for amendment of the [[Indian Penal Code]], [[Indian Evidence Act]], and Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, on laws related to sexual offences.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prez Pranab Mukherjee promulgates ordinance on crime against women|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-pranab-mukherjee-promulgates-ordinance-on-crime-against-women/1068720/|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303013240/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/president-pranab-mukherjee-promulgates-ordinance-on-crime-against-women/1068720|archive-date=3 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President signs ordinance to effect changes in laws against sexual crimes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/president-signs-ordinance-to-effect-changes-in-laws-against-sexual-crimes-153156-2013-02-02|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204021255/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/president-signs-ordinance-to-effect-changes-in-laws-against-sexual-crimes/1/248740.html|archive-date=4 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The ordinance provides for the death penalty in cases of rape. According to Minister of Law and Justice [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]], 90 percent of the suggestions given by the Verma Committee Report were incorporated into the Ordinance. However, critics state that many key suggestions of the commission have been ignored, including the criminalisation of marital rape and trying military personnel accused of sexual offences under criminal law.<ref>{{cite news|title=We have accepted 90% of Justice Verma panel's recommendations: Law Minister|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/we-have-accepted-90-of-justice-verma-panel-s-recommendations-law-minister-to-ndtv-325775|access-date=4 February 2013|publisher=NDTV|date=3 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203075427/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/we-have-accepted-90-of-justice-verma-panel-s-recommendations-law-minister-to-ndtv-325775|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a December 2013 interview, Nirbhaya's parents, Badri Nath Singh and Asha Devi, said they were trying to get the juvenile law changed in such crimes as the rape and murder of their daughter. They petitioned the Supreme Court to try the juvenile in a criminal court instead of a Juvenile Justice court. The juvenile defendant was sent to [[borstal]] youth detention for three years and then released. He was just short of 18 years when he committed the crime.<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite news | url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/a-year-later-family-of-delhi-gang-rape-victim-press-for-full-justice/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1 | work=The New York Times | first=Betwa | last=Sharma | title=A Year Later, Family of Delhi Gang Rape Victim Press for 'Full Justice' | date=16 December 2013 | access-date=23 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412180344/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/a-year-later-family-of-delhi-gang-rape-victim-press-for-full-justice/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1 | archive-date=12 April 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref>

In a March 2015 interview with [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|''The Tribune'']], Women and Child Development Minister [[Maneka Gandhi]] said that Government is going ahead with a law treating juveniles as adults in grave crimes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/govt-to-go-ahead-with-law-treating-juveniles-as-adults-in-grave-crimes/60391.html|title=Govt to go ahead with law treating juveniles as adults in grave crimes|first=Aditi|last=Tandon|publisher=The Tribune (Chandigarh)|date=29 March 2015|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331191006/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/govt-to-go-ahead-with-law-treating-juveniles-as-adults-in-grave-crimes/60391.html|archive-date=31 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 December 2015, Rajya Sabha passed the revised [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015|Juvenile Justice Act]], which proposed that the accused of heinous crimes who are above 16 years of age will be treated as an adult in the court of law.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajya-Sabha-passes-Juvenile-Justice-Bill-Nirbhayas-mother-satisfied/articleshow/50285328.cms|title=Rajya Sabha passes Juvenile Justice Bill, Nirbhaya's mother 'satisfied'|work=The Times of India|date=22 December 2015 |access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806105839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajya-Sabha-passes-Juvenile-Justice-Bill-Nirbhayas-mother-satisfied/articleshow/50285328.cms|archive-date=6 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
=== Anniversary memorials ===
On 16 December 2013, the first anniversary of the attack, activists held memorials throughout New Delhi in memory of the victim widely known as Nirbhaya, meaning "fearless". Members of women's organizations lit candles in her memory and protested against exploitation of women. University students and others organized a candlelight march at the bus stand in South Delhi where Nirbhaya and her friend Pandey boarded the bus in which the rape and beatings took place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/dec-16-gang-rape-family-set-trust-tributes-175222551.html|title=Dec 16 gang rape: Family to set up trust, tributes paid to victim|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314150610/https://in.news.yahoo.com/dec-16-gang-rape-family-set-trust-tributes-175222551.html|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At a commemorative prayer meeting political leaders resolved to increase efforts to improve women's security. Speaking with the victim's mother, former chief minister Sheila Dikshit said that Delhi's society and the various authorities will work together to build a permanent legacy to her daughter: "...&nbsp;whatever you will want in her memory, we will try to fulfil. And we will try with a conviction that such an incident is not repeated with anybody else in the future".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/india/45254541_1_prayer-meeting-juvenile-justice-board-juvenile-home | title=Trust to be set up to help rape victims: Nirbhaya's mother| access-date=21 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/india/45254541_1_prayer-meeting-juvenile-justice-board-juvenile-home | archive-date=2 February 2014 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead}}</ref> The victim's parents spoke at a memorial saying that they were proud of the courage that their daughter showed, which they believe "has spurred more women to speak out instead of hiding the crimes committed against them".<ref name=autogenerated6 />

In December 2014, the second anniversary of the attack, referring to a woman who was raped in a car operated by an [[Uber]] driver, the parents remarked to the press that not much had changed: "Nothing in India has changed since 16 December 2012. All promises and statements made by our leaders and ministers have turned out to be shallow. Our suffering gives them their moment in limelight. My daughter asks me what I have done to get her justice. She asks what am I doing so that many more like her get justice and I wake up to realise how helpless and trivial I am..."<ref name="nothing changed" />

"Nirbhaya Chetna Diwas", a public event organised by women's and citizens groups, candlelight vigils, prayer meetings, and other events were held on 16 December 2015 at the Jantar Mantar to pay homage to Jyoti on the third anniversary of her death. In what was called "a brave homage to her daughter", Jyoti's mother, Asha Devi, said, "My daughter's name was Jyoti Singh and I am not ashamed to name her. Those who commit heinous crimes like rape, their heads should hang in shame, not the victims' or their families'."<ref name="Times of India" />
Devi spoke out against the upcoming release of the juvenile and put forth four demands for justice:

<blockquote>On the third death anniversary of our death, we are seeing the release of the juvenile convict. Where is justice in that? I do not know whether he is 16 or 18. I only know that he has committed a brutal crime and there should be no age limit for punishment; [...] the juvenile convict should be sentenced to death, fast-track courts be set up in all the courts to offer speedy justice to sexual assault victims, amendments to the Juveniles Justice Act be passed and utilisation of Nirbhaya Fund for setting up high quality forensic labs in all states.<ref name="Times of India" /></blockquote>

=== Changes to the legal system ===
The outpouring of anger and grief following the rape and murder gave rise to hopes for change in India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20907755 | work=BBC News | title=The rapes that India forgot | date=5 January 2013 | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013135317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20907755 | archive-date=13 October 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref> The government responded with the passage of several new sexual assault laws, including a mandatory minimum sentence of 20 years for gang rape, and six new fast-track courts created solely for rape prosecutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/12/29/3106691/india-rape-anniversary/|title=One Year After Horrific New Delhi Gang Rape, India Still Struggles With Rape Culture|website=[[ThinkProgress]]|date=29 December 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603153322/http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/12/29/3106691/india-rape-anniversary/|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> As an indicator of the scope of the problem of rape prosecution, the "Nirbhaya" case was the only conviction obtained among the 706 rape cases filed in New Delhi in 2012.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/delhi-rape-one-year-anything-changed-india-women|title=Delhi rape: one year on, has anything changed for India's women?|first=Sunny|last=Hundal|date=10 December 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511000055/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/delhi-rape-one-year-anything-changed-india-women|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 16 December 2012 and 4 January 2013, Delhi police recorded 501 allegations of harassment and 64 of rape, but only four inquiries were launched. However, it appears that the "Nirbhaya" case has had an effect on the willingness of rape or molestation victims to report the crime; police records show that during the final nine months of 2013 almost twice as many rape victims filed a police report and four times as many allegations of molestation were made.<ref name=autogenerated5 /> A recent report released by the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] shows that 95 percent of the cases brought to the police were classified as a crime. However, there is a large backlog of cases with fewer than 15 percent of those charged tried in 2012, leaving 85 percent waiting to come to trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/12/19/one-year-on-from-delhi-bus-gang-rape-what-has-changed-for-india-s-women.html|title=Delhi Gang Rape: One Year Later|first=Mallika|last=Dutt|date=19 December 2013|website=The Daily Beast|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329162922/http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/12/19/one-year-on-from-delhi-bus-gang-rape-what-has-changed-for-india-s-women.html|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 December 2013, the first anniversary of the rape was commemorated in London with a public memorial to honour the victim. Speakers included [[Meera Syal]], whose parents are from New Delhi. Speaking of the anger that was expressed at the time of the rape, she said, "We need to hold onto that anger and demand that the Indian Government enforces all the promised changes of its recent Criminal Law Amendment Act, which changed laws to expand the definition of rape and incorporated new offences including acid attack, sexual harassment, voyeurism and stalking".<ref name=Syal>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/meera-syal/meera-syal-delhi-gang-rape_b_4452241.html|title=Remembering Nirbhaya: Rape Is Every Country's Shame|website=HuffPost UK|date=16 December 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004165100/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/meera-syal/meera-syal-delhi-gang-rape_b_4452241.html|archive-date=4 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> She also said that activists need to act in solidarity with other organisations to stop violence against women and girls around the world.<ref name=Syal />

Following the incident the government set up the [[Nirbhaya Fund]] for "empowerment, safety and security of women and girl children."<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95115 | title=Nirbhaya Fund | date=26 April 2013 | access-date=30 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330113213/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95115 | archive-date=30 March 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> The Fund is administered by [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]] of the finance ministry.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103324 | title=Nirbhaya Fund | date=13 December 2013 | access-date=30 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330112353/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103324 | archive-date=30 March 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref> However, an [[Oxfam]] India report published in 2021 shows that the fund remains underused and underutilized.<ref>{{cite web|last=Deol|first=Taran|date=9 February 2021|title=Nirbhaya Fund underused, slotted for services that don't help women directly — Oxfam report|url=https://theprint.in/india/nirbhaya-fund-underused-slotted-for-services-that-dont-help-women-directly-oxfam-report/601936/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223062809/https://theprint.in/india/nirbhaya-fund-underused-slotted-for-services-that-dont-help-women-directly-oxfam-report/601936/|archive-date=23 February 2021|access-date=6 March 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Public discussions about violence against women ===
Observers agree that the victim's ordeal has brought a change to public conversations about women's issues, with men joining in the discussions as well. A young woman who had taken part in the protests at the time of the rape said a year later, "A welcome change is that the taboo on discussing rape and sexual violence has been broken. The protests brought debates and discussions to our homes." She also said that since the rape and protests the media is now providing coverage of sexual violence. However, she saw "absolutely no change in the rape culture and related brutality. The streets are not safe. [[Eve teasing|Teasing]] and [[Street harassment|catcalling]] or worse are to be found everywhere. Sexual harassment in public places as well as inside the home is still rampant." She added, "I do acknowledge, however, that a year is too less to undo what [[patriarchy]] has done over centuries. It is too embedded in our homes, our institutions and in our laws. The police may be a little more receptive, but it is not out of a sense of duty but out of the fear of censure".<ref name="India News">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shelitaflame/law-is-impotent-in-the-face-of-patriarchy/article1-1162845.aspx | title=Law is impotent in the face of patriarchy | work=Hindustan Times| date=15 December 2013 | access-date=31 December 2014 | author=Joshi, Mallica | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315083159/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shelitaflame/law-is-impotent-in-the-face-of-patriarchy/article1-1162845.aspx | archive-date=15 March 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

Women in urban spaces in India yet feel unsafe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sur |first=Piyali |date=2014-08-01 |title=Safety in the Urban Outdoors: Women Negotiating Fear of Crime in the City of Kolkata |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol15/iss2/14 |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=212–226 |issn=1539-8706}}</ref> They report needing to wear clothing that covers their bodies in order to "make them feel safe". Public officials and commentators in India often claim that women who wear "skimpy" clothing and go around partying with other guys "invite these attacks" and thus cannot claim it is rape.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lodhia |first=Sharmila |date=2015-05-01 |title=From "living corpse" to India's daughter: Exploring the social, political and legal landscape of the 2012 Delhi gang rape |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539515000667 |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |language=en |volume=50 |pages=89–101 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2015.03.007 |s2cid=141527164 |issn=0277-5395|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In reality, the majority of women actually do not wear Western clothing in public because of the fear of provoking sexual assault.<ref name=":0" />

The discussion surrounding women's attire "provoking assault" is described as [[victim blaming]] by government officials, social commentators, men, and even other women.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> As society and the Indian government have not been able to successfully address the root of the issue, women resort to strategies to feel safe. Some of these "strategies" include ignoring sexual commentary, avoiding direct eye-contact with men, dressing more modestly, and "refrain[ing] from going out at night".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nieder |first1=Christina |last2=Muck |first2=Christoph |last3=Kärtner |first3=Joscha |date=November 2019 |title=Sexual Violence Against Women in India: Daily Life and Coping Strategies of Young Women in Delhi |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077801218824056 |journal=Violence Against Women |language=en |volume=25 |issue=14 |pages=1717–1738 |doi=10.1177/1077801218824056 |pmid=30714855 |s2cid=73432109 |issn=1077-8012 |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510070000/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077801218824056 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This has escalated to women avoiding public spaces altogether including public transportation, feeding into the expectation that women should stay at home and that they belong there. Critics claim that these avoidance tactics are just a band-aid solution to a much deeper issue relating in victim-blaming and lack of accountability for men in Indian society.

A poll in October 2017, the first of its kind in the world, which was published by [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]], found that Delhi was the fourth most dangerous city in the world for women and it was also the worst city in the world for women when it came to sexual violence, rape and harassment.<ref>{{cite news | last = Canton | first = Naomi | title = Sexual attacks: Delhi worst in world, says poll | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sexual-attacks-Delhi-worst-in-world-says-poll/articleshow/61095531.cms | work = [[The Times of India]] | date = 16 October 2017 | access-date = 16 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017004111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sexual-attacks-Delhi-worst-in-world-says-poll/articleshow/61095531.cms | archive-date = 17 October 2017 | url-status = live}}</ref>

In response to incident, [[Safecity]], a non-profit organisation and free website, was developed by the [[Red Dot Foundation]] and launched in 2012. The website allows users to make anonymous reports of incidents of gender-based harassment, abuse, and violence, and creates maps of these reports which are publicly available to be viewed and downloaded.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SafeCity |url=https://webapp.safecity.in/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=webapp.safecity.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-16 |title="Bedrock of Safety: The 'Nirbhaya' incident was the trigger that made D'Silva take up women's issues" |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/elsa-marie-dsilva-founder-and-chief-executive-red-dot-foundation-safecity-internet-platform-womens-safety-82105-2017-09-16 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> Safecity has used this data to increase public awareness of [[sexual harassment]], abuse, and violence, and advocate for improvements in public safety measures to prevent sexual violence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ceccato |first=Vania |date=2017-09-01 |title=Women’s victimisation and safety in transit environments |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0024-5 |journal=Crime Prevention and Community Safety |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=163–167 |doi=10.1057/s41300-017-0024-5 |issn=1743-4629}}</ref>

=== Nirbhaya Trust ===
In December 2013, the family of the victim along with social entrepreneur Sarvesh Kumar Tiwari established the Nirbhaya Trust,<ref name="nirbhayatr">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/india/45254541_1_prayer-meeting-juvenile-justice-board-juvenile-home |title=Trust to be set up to help rape victims: Nirbhaya's mother |date=16 December 2013 |access-date=21 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202120907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-16/india/45254541_1_prayer-meeting-juvenile-justice-board-juvenile-home |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> an institute formed to assist women who have experienced violence to find shelter and legal assistance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/300818/nirbhaya-jyoti-trust-honours-women-for-inspiration-and-excellence-in-w.html|title=Nirbhaya Jyoti Trust honours women for inspiration and excellence in work|date=30 August 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111105906/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/in-other-news/300818/nirbhaya-jyoti-trust-honours-women-for-inspiration-and-excellence-in-w.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the fact that Indian laws do not allow the publishing of a rape victim's name, it was named ''Nirbhaya'' which means ''fearless'' in Hindi, after the name used by the media. The victim's father stated, "So many people supported us, so... we want [to] help those girls who have no one."<ref name="ayrlater">{{cite web|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/a-year-later-family-of-delhi-gang-rape-victim-press-for-full-justice/|title=A Year Later, Family of Delhi Gang Rape Victim Press for 'Full Justice'|first=Betwa|last=Sharma|date=16 December 2013|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912064508/http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/16/a-year-later-family-of-delhi-gang-rape-victim-press-for-full-justice/|archive-date=12 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Women of India Summit ===
Inspired by the protests and international attention, women's rights activists organized the first [[The Women of India Leadership Summit|Women of India Leadership Summit]], later renamed the Women of India Summit, in 2013. It is an annual summit that gathers activists together in order to develop strategies that empower women, especially in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], so that Delhi is no longer known as the "rape capital of the world."<ref>{{Cite press release |last=Summit |first=Women of India Leadership |title=Join the Movement With 'Women of India Leadership Summit - 2014' - Invest in Yourself This September |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/join-the-movement-with-women-of-india-leadership-summit---2014---invest-in-yourself-this-september-274852251.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180129/https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/join-the-movement-with-women-of-india-leadership-summit---2014---invest-in-yourself-this-september-274852251.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Artistic depictions of ''Nirbhaya'' ==
=== BBC Storyville: ''India's Daughter'' ===
{{Main|India's Daughter}}

''[[India's Daughter]]'' (2015) is a documentary film directed and produced by [[Leslee Udwin]], and is part of the [[BBC]]'s ongoing ''[[Storyville (TV series)|Storyville]]'' series.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bbc-airs-nirbhaya-documentary-indias-daughter-in-uk-744394|title=After India's Ban, Nirbhaya Documentary 'India's Daughter' Aired by BBC|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708153303/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bbc-airs-nirbhaya-documentary-indias-daughter-in-uk-744394|archive-date=8 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=SoulFilmMaker>{{cite news|title=Interview with Delhi gang rapist left 'stain on my soul', says British film maker|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11446337/Interview-with-Delhi-gang-rapist-left-stain-on-my-soul-says-British-film-maker.html|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306062952/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11446337/Interview-with-Delhi-gang-rapist-left-stain-on-my-soul-says-British-film-maker.html|archive-date=6 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It was scheduled to be broadcast on [[International Women's Day]], 8 March 2015,<ref name=clearance>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-daughter-required-clearances-were-taken-744072 | title=India's Daughter: Required Clearances Were Taken by Documentary Maker | work=[[NDTV]] | date=4 March 2015 | access-date=4 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304105513/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-daughter-required-clearances-were-taken-744072 | archive-date=4 March 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> in India on [[NDTV 24x7]] and in [[UK]] on [[BBC Four]].<!-- , whilst being simultaneously broadcast in [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]] and [[Canada]]. --><ref name=Onsunday>{{cite news | url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/ndtv-24x7-to-air-nirbhaya-doc-on-sunday-2015 | title=NDTV 24×7 & BBC to air 'Nirbhaya' film on Sunday | work=[[NDTV 24x7]] | date=3 March 2015 | access-date=4 March 2015 | last=Baddhan | first=Raj | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307223859/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/ndtv-24x7-to-air-nirbhaya-doc-on-sunday-2015 | archive-date=7 March 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref><!-- {{what|was it broadcast?}} --> On 1 March it was revealed that the filmmakers had interviewed one of the rapists while he was being held in the Tihar jail.<ref name=PrisonInterview>{{cite news|title=Delhi bus rapist blames his victim in prison interview|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11443462/Delhi-bus-rapist-blames-his-victim-in-prison-interview.html|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305095553/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/11443462/Delhi-bus-rapist-blames-his-victim-in-prison-interview.html|archive-date=5 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ThisStory>{{cite news|title=This story must be told, says filmmaker who interviewed Dec 16 rapist|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/filmmaker-accused-of-giving-platform-to-rapist-after-interview-with-december-16-convict/article1-1322618.aspx|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305164522/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/filmmaker-accused-of-giving-platform-to-rapist-after-interview-with-december-16-convict/article1-1322618.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon, the news was picked up by Indian [[news media|media outlets]].<ref name=ThisStory /><ref name=DuringRape>{{cite news|title=During Rape the Girl Shouldn't Fight Back, Says December 16 Convict|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/msn-mail-today/story/delhi-december-16-gang-rape-mukesh-singh-bbc-interview-242744-2015-02-13|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=6 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305162106/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-december-16-gang-rape-mukesh-singh-bbc-interview/1/421930.html|archive-date=5 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian government blocked its broadcast in India by obtaining a court order on 4 March. The BBC said it would comply with the order and did not broadcast the film in India.<ref name="aired">{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bbc-airs-nirbhaya-documentary-indias-daughter-in-uk-744394 | title=After India's Ban, Nirbhaya Documentary 'India's Daughter' Aired by BBC | work=[[NDTV]] | date=5 March 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | last=Bhatt | first=Abhinav | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308173103/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bbc-airs-nirbhaya-documentary-indias-daughter-in-uk-744394 | archive-date=8 March 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> In the UK however, the BBC moved the transmission forward to 4 March, and it was shown on that date.<ref name=BBCForward>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/mar/04/indias-daughter-bbc-delhi-rape-documentary-uk-india-ban | title=India's Daughter: BBC brings forward airing of Delhi rape documentary | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=4 March 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305141920/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/mar/04/indias-daughter-bbc-delhi-rape-documentary-uk-india-ban | archive-date=5 March 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> The film was also uploaded on [[YouTube]] and soon went [[viral video|viral]] with various shares on social media. On 5 March, the Indian government directed YouTube to block the video in India and YouTube complied with the order.<ref name=YoutubeBlock>{{cite news|title=India asks YouTube to block banned rape film|url=https://news.yahoo.com/delhi-rape-victims-father-urges-viewing-documentary-080939613.html|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[Yahoo News]]|date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162209/https://news.yahoo.com/delhi-rape-victims-father-urges-viewing-documentary-080939613.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=YoutubeBlocks>{{cite news|title=YouTube blocks BBC's Nirbhaya documentary video|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/532286/youtube-blocks-access-to-bbc-documentary-nirbhaya-in-india.html|access-date=6 March 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308091117/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/532286/youtube-blocks-access-to-bbc-documentary-nirbhaya-in-india.html|archive-date=8 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film has generated a great deal of controversy in both India and worldwide.<ref name="YoutubeBlock" /><ref name="ndtv.com" /><ref name="Heartfelt Tribute to Nirbhaya 'Wo Desh Ki Beti'">{{cite web | url=http://nirbhaya.shraddhanjali.in/ | title=Heartfelt Tribute to Nirbhaya 'Wo Desh Ki Beti' | publisher=Sunil Kumar Verma, D.Phil. (University of Oxford, U.K.) | access-date=18 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306221822/http://nirbhaya.shraddhanjali.in/ | archive-date=6 March 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref>

Because India does not permit a rape victim's name to be published, the victim was called "''Nirbhaya''", which means fearless, because of her efforts to fight off her rapists and her insistence on making a detailed statement to the police before she died. However, following the death of their daughter, the parents were quoted in several media articles as saying they had no objections to using their daughter's name.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20925164 | title=India rape: Father 'wants victim named' | work=BBC News | date=6 January 2015 | access-date=3 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503032128/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-20925164 | archive-date=3 May 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> In the film the father states he is "happy" to reveal her name, Jyoti Singh, and on 5 March the father was quoted as saying he thought "everyone should watch the documentary, which showed 'the bitter truth' about attitudes to women in India".<ref name="Yahoo News">{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/delhi-rape-victims-father-urges-viewing-documentary-080939613.html | title=India asks YouTube to block banned rape film | publisher=Yahoo News | date=5 March 2015 | access-date=3 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162209/https://news.yahoo.com/delhi-rape-victims-father-urges-viewing-documentary-080939613.html | archive-date=2 April 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> Even still, on 6 March, the news outlet ''[[The Hindu]]'' ran an article "Father objects to revealing gangrape victim's name in 'India's Daughter'" in which they quoted the father as saying that he planned to take legal action because her name was used.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/victims-father-objects-to-revealing-daughters-name-in-documentary/article6962480.ece#comments | title=Father objects to revealing gangrape victim's name in 'India's Daughter | work=The Hindu| date=6 March 2015 | access-date=3 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611110009/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/victims-father-objects-to-revealing-daughters-name-in-documentary/article6962480.ece#comments | archive-date=11 June 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's director and producer Leslee Udwin said that it was the courage and bravery shown by the unprecedented numbers of men and women who protested the rape and murder that inspired her to make the film. Speaking in an interview, Udwin said:

<blockquote>Courageous and impassioned ordinary men and women of India braved the December freeze to protest in unprecedented numbers, withstanding an onslaught of teargas shells, lathi charges [baton charges] and water cannons<!-- corrected from "canons" per MOS:SIC -->, to make their cry of "enough is enough" heard. In this regard, India led the world by example. In my lifetime, I can't recall any other country standing up with such commitment and determination for women's rights.<ref name="Huffington Post">{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/03/03/delhi-bus-rapist-interview-bbc_n_6789994.html | title=India Gang Rape Convict Blames Victim Jyoti Singh For Her Own Rape And Death | work=Huffington Post| date=3 March 2015 | access-date=23 March 2015 | author=Barrell, Ryan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322221732/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/03/03/delhi-bus-rapist-interview-bbc_n_6789994.html | archive-date=22 March 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

In reference to the actual film, Nirbhaya's father, Badrinath Singh, said that ''India's Daughter'' "holds up a mirror to society", and that the screening of the film holds a significance in the sense "that the struggle that my daughter was part of continues." Singh has also said that since the death of his daughter "every girl on the street is [now] like a daughter" to him and his wife, and that people in general need to understand that their sons need to be taught to respect women. Speaking on 5 March, Singh said:

{{Blockquote|My wife and I brought up our children with the sole intention of making them good citizens. I can proudly say that we have achieved that. Our daughter has shown society its true face. She has changed the lives of many young girls. She remains an inspiration even after her death. She fought back those devils. We are proud of our daughter.|Badrinath Singh<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-05/news/59808153_1_death-sentences-daughter-documentary | title=Ban Wasn't Needed. For Truth to Be Known, Filth Has to Come Out, Says Nirbhaya's Father Badrinath Singh | work=The Economic Times| date=5 March 2015 | access-date=14 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308153147/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-05/news/59808153_1_death-sentences-daughter-documentary | archive-date=8 March 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

=== ''Anatomy of Violence'' by Deepa Mehta===
{{Main|Anatomy of Violence}}

Indian-Canadian filmmaker [[Deepa Mehta]]'s 2016 film ''Anatomy of Violence'' was also based on the incident, exploring the social conditions and lack of mental and sexual education in Indian society that made it possible.<ref name=globe>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/awards-and-festivals/tiff/anatomy-of-violence-examines-the-men-involved-in-the-delhi-attack/article31773993/ "Anatomy of Violence examines the men involved in the Delhi attack"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419160424/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/awards-and-festivals/tiff/anatomy-of-violence-examines-the-men-involved-in-the-delhi-attack/article31773993/ |date=19 April 2017 }}. ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 8 September 2016. On 9 July 2018, the petition filed by the convicts in Supreme Court to reduce their death sentence to life imprisonment but SC upheld its earlier decision. The summary of the case is as follows: "The men convicted of raping and torturing a medical student on a moving bus in Delhi in 2012 will hang, the Supreme Court ruled today, confirming its earlier decision and rejecting the request of three of four convicts for their sentence to be reduced to a life term." The convicts were executed by the state on 20 March 2020.</ref>

=== ''Crime Patrol'': "A Nation Awakens" ===
{{Main|A Nation Awakens}}

"A Nation Awakens" is the 296th and 297th special two-part episode of the fourth season of the [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]] television series ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' (which features real crime stories) and the 546th and 547th episodes overall. Originally aired in two parts on 21 September and 22 September 2013, the episodes were written by Subramanian S. Iyer and director by R. Amit Kumar Jha. The principal photography of the episodes was held in [[Mumbai]], [[India]] and was commenced in the first week of January 2013. The episode was hosted by [[Anup Soni]] and role of head police inspector was played by [[Sanjeev Tyagi (actor)|Sanjeev Tyagi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='No intention to sensationalise the Delhi gang rape' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/no-intention-to-sensationalise-the-delhi-gang-rape/20130921.htm |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330112024/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/no-intention-to-sensationalise-the-delhi-gang-rape/20130921.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-12 |title=Delhi gang rape case to feature on Crime Patrol |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/delhi-gang-rape-case-to-feature-on-crime-patrol/story-sJbgc2Z8JbO3yAD0yzrqbM.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330112019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/delhi-gang-rape-case-to-feature-on-crime-patrol/story-sJbgc2Z8JbO3yAD0yzrqbM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Netflix series ''Delhi Crime'' ===
[[Richie Mehta]], a Canadian filmmaker, made a seven-part [[web television]] series titled ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' in 2019. It was based on the aftermath and the subsequent manhunt of the perpetrators of the case. Starring [[Shefali Shah]], [[Rasika Duggal]] and [[Adil Hussain]], the series was released on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-story-review-shefali-shah-rasika-dugal-5628043/|title=Delhi Crime review: Crime and Punishment|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|work=The Indian Express|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316052458/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/delhi-crime-story-review-shefali-shah-rasika-dugal-5628043/|url-status=live}}</ref> This 7-episode series won the ''[[International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series|Best Drama Series]]'' at the [[48th International Emmy Awards]].

=== Literary works ===
[[File:WDKB-SKVerma-Voice.ogg|thumb|Wo desh ki beti' (The daughter of the Nation), poems written and narrated by [[Sunil Kumar Verma]], depicting the national pain at the gang rape of its daughters]]

The comic book ''[[Priya's Shakti]]'' was inspired by the Nirbhaya case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.priyashakti.com/about/|title=About Priya's Shakti|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407163108/http://www.priyashakti.com/about/|archive-date=7 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themarknews.com/2015/03/31/a-different-kind-of-superhero-fighting-sexual-violence-in-india/|title=A different kind of superhero: fighting sexual violence in India|date=31 March 2015|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404023150/http://www.themarknews.com/2015/03/31/a-different-kind-of-superhero-fighting-sexual-violence-in-india/|archive-date=4 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The protagonist fights against gender-based sexual violence in India and around the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/priyas-shakti-rape-survivor-augmented-reality-comic-ram-devineni-dan-goldman/article6689200.ece|title=More power to the pencil|author=Susanna myrtle lazarus|work=The hindu|date=16 December 2014|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303125717/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/priyas-shakti-rape-survivor-augmented-reality-comic-ram-devineni-dan-goldman/article6689200.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/priyas-shakti-magical-comic-book-new-heroine-rape-ridden-india-1842785.html|title=Priya's Shakti: A magical comic book has a new heroine for rape-ridden India|first=Deepanjana|last=Pal|publisher=Firstpost|date=10 December 2014|access-date=4 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014705/http://www.firstpost.com/living/priyas-shakti-magical-comic-book-new-heroine-rape-ridden-india-1842785.html|archive-date=29 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

A book on the Nirbhaya case titled ''Courting Injustice: The Nirbhaya Case and its Aftermath'' was authored by [[Rajesh Talwar]], and published by Hay House in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hayhouse.co.in/BookDetails.aspx?Id=IW2jC0tBldU%3D|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140921045148/http://www.hayhouse.co.in/BookDetails.aspx?Id=IW2jC0tBldU=|url-status=dead|title=Hay House India|date=21 September 2014|archive-date=21 September 2014|publisher=Hay House India |access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>

On 5 September 2014, Bandaru Dattareya, a member of Parliament and [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] National Vice President, inaugurated "Wo Desh Ki Beti" (Nation's Daughter),<ref>{{cite web|title=Wo Desh Ki Beti: An exhibition of poetry and art|url=http://wo-desh-ki-beti.in|access-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411182721/http://wo-desh-ki-beti.in/|archive-date=11 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> a social event at [[Hyderabad]] showcasing a collection of sixteen poems<ref>{{cite web|title=Heartfelt Tribute to Nirbhaya 'Wo Desh Ki Beti'|url=http://nirbhaya.shraddhanjali.in/|website=Nirbhaya: Wo Desh Ki Beti|access-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093856/http://nirbhaya.shraddhanjali.in/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> authored by [[Sunil Kumar Verma]] which depicted the pain of a nation at the gang rape of its daughters.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Charu|title=This is not art, this is pain|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/this-is-not-art-this-is-pain/movie-review/41858495.cms|access-date=30 December 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 September 2014|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/this-is-not-art-this-is-pain/articleshow/41858495.cms?|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wo Desh Ki Beti (वो देश की बेटी...!): showcasing the poetry of Dr. SK Verma at LaMakaan Hyderabad |url=http://www.abshyderabad.org/events.html |website=www.abshyderabad.org |publisher=Association of British Scholars |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221165136/http://www.abshyderabad.org/events.html |archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref>

=== Art ===
Several artists have been inspired to create artworks based on Nirbhaya's story.<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Bijoyeta|title=Tackling sexual violence through art|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/12/28/tackling-sexual-violence-through-art|access-date=9 January 2022|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045635/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/12/28/tackling-sexual-violence-through-art|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2014, artists from all over the country came together to hold an art exhibition about Nirbhaya and sexual assault in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Artistes around the country put up art exhibition inspired by Nirbhaya rape case in Delhi – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/artistes-around-the-country-put-up-art-exhibition-inspired-by-nirbhaya-rape-case-in-delhi/articleshow/20225665.cms|access-date=9 January 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Tuli|first1=Aanchal|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/artistes-around-the-country-put-up-art-exhibition-inspired-by-nirbhaya-rape-case-in-delhi/articleshow/20225665.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Contemporary scroll painter, Kalam Patua created a painting titled ''Nirbhaya'' that was exhibited in The 8th Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nirbhaya – Kalam Patua|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/nirbhaya-kalam-patua/BAHJyMePj3VTFA|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045649/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/nirbhaya-kalam-patua/BAHJyMePj3VTFA|url-status=live}}</ref> Feminist artist [[Pritika Chowdhry]] has created several artworks reimagining Nirbhaya as a superheroine.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 December 2021|title=Reimagining Nirbhaya: An artist's ode to December 16 victim|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/reimagining-nirbhaya-an-artist-s-ode-to-december-16-victim-101639635292805.html|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109092611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/reimagining-nirbhaya-an-artist-s-ode-to-december-16-victim-101639635292805.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To depict the large number of rape victims every year, she has created a Nirbhaya superheroine, an Anonymous Nirbhaya mask, and more art projects to advocate against sexual assault through art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nirbhaya Art {{!}} Pritika Chowdhry|url=https://www.pritikachowdhry.com/nirbhaya-art|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Pritika Chowdhry Art|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045637/https://www.pritikachowdhry.com/nirbhaya-art|url-status=live}}</ref> Polish-American artist Monica Weiss has created an art memorial for Nirbhaya.<ref>{{cite web|title=NIRBHAYA|url=https://www.monikaweiss.net/nirbhaya|access-date=9 January 2022|publisher=Monika Weiss|language=en-US|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045654/https://www.monikaweiss.net/nirbhaya|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Law|Crime}}

=== General ===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[2023 Delhi hit-and-run case]]
* [[Capital punishment in India]]
* [[Dekh Le]], a viral video released on the first anniversary of the incident
* ''[[Delhi Crime]]'', Indian drama series based on the incident
* ''[[India's Daughter]]'', documentary about the incident
* [[It's Your Fault (video)|''It's Your Fault'' (video)]]
* [[Nirbhaya Fund]]
* [[Nirbheek]], revolver named in tribute of the victim
* ''[[Nirbhoya]]'', a Bengali film based on the incident
* ''[[Priya's Shakti]]''
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[Sexism in India]]
* [[Slut-shaming]]
* [[Victim blaming]]
* [[Women in India]]
{{Div col end}}

=== Rape crimes ===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Mathura rape case]], a 1972 custodial rape
* [[1990 Bantala rape case]], a 1990 rape-murder case
* [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]], a 1996 rape-murder case
* [[Ajmer rape case|1992 Ajmer serial gang rapes case]]
* [[Prathibha Srikanth Murthy]], a 2005 rape-murder case
* [[Soumya murder case]], a 2011 rape-murder case
* [[2013 Mumbai gang rape]]
* [[2014 Badaun gang rape]]
* [[Murder of Özgecan Aslan]] – psychology student murdered in a bus in February 2015
* [[Aruna Shanbaug case]] – left in [[vegetative state]] after assault in November 1973, died May 2015
* [[Nadia nun rape case]]
* [[2017 Unnao rape case]]
* [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder]]
* [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikinews| Five accused of Delhi gang rape and murder plead not guilty}}
* [http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fmay2001/f010520012.html Fast-track courts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103155302/http://stopcrimeagainstwomen.in/incident/16th_december_case/timeline Timeline of the incident]

{{Rape in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi gang rape and murder 2012}}
[[Category:2010s in Delhi|Gang rape and murder]]
[[Category:2010s trials]]
[[Category:2012 murders in India]]
[[Category:21st-century executions by India]]
[[Category:December 2012 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:December 2012 in India]]
[[Category:Capital murder cases]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Kidnappings in India]]
[[Category:Kidnapping in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Murder committed by minors]]
[[Category:Murder in Delhi|2012 gang rape and murder]]
[[Category:Murder trials]]
[[Category:Rape in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:Women in Delhi]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]