View source for Abhogi

{{more citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name          = Abhogi
| synonym       = 
| image_name    = 
| image_alt     = 
| mela          = 22nd, [[Kharaharapriya]]{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
| chakra        = 
| type          = Audava–Audava{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
| arohanam      = {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|S'}}{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
| avarohanam    = {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|G2|R2|S}}{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
| jeeva         = {{svaraC|G2}}{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
| chhaya        = {{svaraC|D2}}{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
| nyasa         = 
| vishesha      = 
| equivalent    = Abhogi Kanada
| similar       = 
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Abhogi''' ({{IAST|Ābhōgi}}) is a [[raga]] in [[Carnatic music]] and has been adapted to [[Hindustani music]].{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}} It is a pentatonic scale, an ''audava'' raga.<ref name="Chaudhuri 2021 p. 52">{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=A. |title=Finding the Raga: An Improvisation on Indian Music |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-571-37076-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3oeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 |access-date=26 May 2021 |page=52}}</ref> It is a derived scale (''[[janya]]'' raga), as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes). ''Ābhōgi'' has been borrowed from Carnatic music into [[Hindustani music]] and is also quite popular in the latter.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref>

== Theory ==
[[File:Abhogi scale.svg|300px|thumb|''Ābhōgi'' scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]
[[File:Abhogi.wav|thumb|Arohanam and Avarohanam for Abhogi]]
The Carnatic raga Abhogi is a symmetric pentatonic scale that does not contain ''panchamam'' and ''nishadam''. It is called an ''audava-audava'' raga,<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> as it has 5 notes in both ascending and descending scales. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is as follows:

* [[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|S'|foot=yes}}
* [[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|D2|M1|G2|R2|S|foot=yes}}

The notes used are ''shadjam, chathusruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam and chathusruthi dhaivatham''. ''Ābhōgi'' is considered a ''janya'' raga of ''[[Kharaharapriya]]'', the 22nd ''[[Melakarta]]'' raga, though it can be derived from ''[[Gourimanohari]]'' too, by dropping both ''panchamam'' and ''nishadam''.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

=== ''Graha bhedam'' ===
[[Graha bhedam]] is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam. Abhogi's notes, when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields another pentatonic rāgam, ''[[Valaji]]''.  For more details and illustration of this concept refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Abhogi|Graha bhedam on Ābhōgi]]''.

According to P.Moutal, the raga [[Kalavati]] is a transposition of Abhogi.<ref>P.Moutal, p. 462</ref>

=== Scale similarities ===
* ''[[Sriranjani]]'' is a rāgam which has ''kaishiki nishadam'' in both ascending and descending scales in addition to the notes in ''Ābhōgi''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'}} : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|M1|G2|R2|S}}
* ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]'' is a rāgam which has the ''panchamam'' in place of the ''gandharam''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'}} : {{svaraC|S'|D2|P|M1|R2|S}}

== Notable compositions ==
Abhogi is a raga used for compositions in a medium to fast tempo. It has been used by many composers in classical music and film music. Notable traditional compositions in Abhogi include:

* ''Nannu brova nee kinta tāmasamā'' in [[Adi tala]] by [[Thyagaraja]]{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
* ''Śri Lakṣhmi varāham'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
* ''Sabhāpatikku veru daivam'', in [[Rupaka]] tala by [[Gopalakrishna Bharati]]{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
* ''Neekepudu'' in Khanḍa Tripuṭa tala by [[Mysore Sadashiva Rao]]{{sfn|OEMI:A}}
* ''Evvari bodhana'', a popular ''[[varnam]]'' by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* ''Manasu nilpa'' by [[Thyagaraja]]{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* ''Nekkurugi unnai'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* ''Sri Mahaganapathe'' by [[N S Ramachandran]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59xGAAAAMAAJ |title=Carnatic music compositions: an index |date=1994 |publisher=CBH Publications |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Manujudai Putti'' by [[Annamacharya]]{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

== In Hindustani music ==
{{Infobox raga
| name          = Abhogi Kanada
| image_name    = 
| image_alt     = 
| thaat         = [[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]]{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
| type          = Audava–Audava
| time          = Early night, 9–12{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
| season        = 
| arohana       = {{svaraH|S|R|g|m|D|S'}}{{sfn|OEMI:AK}}
| avarohana     = {{ubl|{{svaraH|S'|D|m|g|m|R|S}}|{{svaraH|S'|D|m|g|R|S}}}}
| vadi          = 
| samavadi      = 
| pakad         = 
| chalan        = 
| synonym       = Abhogi
| equivalent    = 
| similar       = [[Bageshri]]{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
}}
The Carnatic raga was incorporated relatively recently into [[Hindustani classical music]] where it is known as '''Abhogi Kanada''' ({{IAST3|Abhogi Kānaḍā}}) or simply, '''Abhogi'''. The ''Kanada'' indicates its origin as a member of the [[Kanada (raga group)|Kanada group]]. Abhogi Kanada is assigned to the [[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]] [[thaat]].{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}{{sfn|OEMI:AK}}

The Carnatic and Hindustani Abhogis have almost identical arohanas and avarohanas. However, one major differences is that the Carnatic raga uses the Kanada [[vakra (music)|vakra]] (out of sequence) phrase {{svaraC|G2|M1|R2|S|foot=yes}} in a straight manner.{{sfn|OEMI:A}}

=== Theory ===
Pa and Ni are omitted. Also Re is often omitted in ascent. Flat Ga is often approached from Ma in ascent and has a slight oscillation to show the typical [[Kanada Raga group|Kanada]]. In descent often the typical [[Kanada Raga group|Kanada]] phrase {{svaraH|g|M|R|S}} is used.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

* [[Arohana]] (order of ascending notes in the scale): {{svaraH|S|R|g|m|D|S'|foot=yes}}{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
* [[Avarohana]] (order of descending notes in the scale): {{svaraH|S'|D|m|g|R|S|foot=yes}} or {{svaraH|S'|D|m|g|R|S|foot=yes}}{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
* [[Vadi (music)|Vadi]]: {{svaraH|S}}{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* [[Samavadi]]: {{svaraH|m}}{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* Jeeva Swaras: {{svaraH|g}} and {{svaraH|D}}{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
* Pakad or Chalan: <u>G</u>MDS SDRSDMD_ D_SR<u>G</u>RS D_RSDM <u>G</u>MMDDSDRSD_M <u>G</u>MD_M<u>G</u><u>G</u>RR_ <u>G</u>RSd Rd_S
* Samay (Time): Night, approximately 9PM-12AM.
* [[Thaat]]: [[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]]

Related ragas: [[Bageshree]]. However, Bageshree also includes flat Ni and a limited use of Pa, which gives a different flavour.{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}

== Compositions ==
Hindustani compositions of note in Abhogi Kanada include:{{sfn|OEMI:AK}}

* ''Par gaya chahai sab koi'' in Ektal by [[Raidas]]
* ''Jayati siri radhike'' in Jhaptal by Gadadhar Bhatt
* ''Ek barajori kare saiyya'' in Jhumratal

=== Important recordings ===
* [[Amir Khan (singer)|Amir Khan]], Ragas Bilaskhani Todi and Abhogi, [[HMV]]/[[All India Radio|AIR]] [[LP record|LP (long-playing record)]], EMI-ECLP2765

== Film songs ==
=== In Tamil language ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Song
! Movie
! Composer
! Singer
|-
| Thangaratham Vanthathu
| [[Kalai Kovil]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Naan Indri Yaar Vaaruvaar(Ragamalika:Abhogi,Valaji)
| [[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]
| [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| Kangalin Vaarthaigal
| [[Kalathur Kannamma]]
| [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| [[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Vanakkam Palamurai Sonnen
| [[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]
| rowspan="2" | [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Mangayaril Maharani
| [[Avalukendru Oru Manam]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Inraiku Yen Indha
| [[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| Kalai Nera
| [[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]
| rowspan="2" | [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Kuk Kuk Koo Ena
| [[Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye]]
| [[Devendran]]
|-
| Chandhiranai Thottadhu Yaar
| [[Ratchagan]]
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
| Konjam Neram
| [[Chandramukhi]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Asha Bhonsle]]
|-
| Vaa Sagi Vaa Sagi
| [[Arasiyal]]
| [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
|-
| Maname
| [[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]
| [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]
| Pradeep
|-
| Kannane
| [[Kanni Raasi]]
| [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
| [[K. S. Chithra]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Film Songs based on Ragas]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |title=The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas |date=1999 |publisher=Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music |isbn=978-0-9543976-0-9 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCnoMgEACAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |title=Ābhōgi Rāga (Kar), The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565098-3 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-0058 |access-date=6 October 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:A}} |language=en|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |title=Abhogi Kānaḍā Rāga (Hin), The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565098-3 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-0057 |access-date=6 October 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:AK}} |language=en|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Citation |last=Moutal |first=Patrick |title=Hindustāni Rāga-s Index |year=1991 |place=New Dehli |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd |id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-215-0525-7}}}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Charulatha |title=A Raga's Journey – Arresting Abhogi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-arresting-abhogi/article2954010.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 March 2012 |language=en-IN}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]
[[Category:Janya Ragas (kharaharapriya)]]
[[Category:Janya Ragas]]