View source for Air India Express Flight 812

{{short description|2010 plane crash in Mangalore, India}}
{{distinguish|Air India Flight 182}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = Bajpe plane crash (37).jpg
| image_upright = 
| alt = 
| caption = Wreckage at the crash site
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{Start date|2010|05|22|df=y}}
| summary = Runway overrun due to [[pilot error]], pilot fatigue
| site = Near [[Mangalore International Airport]], [[Mangalore]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|56|48|N|074|52|25|E|region:IN-KA_type:event|display=it}}
| aircraft_type = [[Boeing 737 Next Generation#737-800|Boeing 737-8NG(SFP)]]
| operator = [[Air India Express]]
| IATA = IX812
| ICAO = AXB812
| callsign = Express India 812
| tail_number = [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100522-0 VT-AXV]
| origin = [[Dubai International Airport]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| destination = [[Mangalore International Airport]], [[Mangalore]], India
| occupants = 166
| passengers = 160
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 158
| injuries = 8
| survivors = 8
}}
'''Air India Express Flight 812''' was a scheduled [[international flight]] from [[Dubai]] to [[Mangalore]]. On 22 May 2010, the [[Boeing 737-800]] passenger jet operating the flight, crashed on landing at Mangalore. The captain had continued an [[unstabilized approach|unstabilised approach]], despite three calls from the [[First officer (aeronautics)|first officer]] to initiate a "go-around", resulting in the aircraft overshooting the runway, falling down a hillside, and bursting into flames. Of the 160 passengers and six crew members on board, 158 were killed (all crew members and 152 passengers); only eight survived. This was the first fatal accident involving Air India Express.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=Air India Express|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=8718|access-date=2020-12-02|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>

==Aircraft and crew==
[[File:Air India Express Boeing 737-800 SDS-1.jpg|thumb|VT-AXV, the aircraft involved in the accident, in 2008]]
The accident involved a [[Boeing 737|Boeing&nbsp;737-8NG(SFP)]], one of the few 737s with a short-field performance  package to use for landing in airports with short runways, with the [[aircraft registration]] VT-AXV and manufacturer's serial number 36333, line number 2481.<ref name=cnnibn/> The aircraft first flew on 20 December 2007 with the Boeing test registration N1787B and was delivered to Air India Express in January 2008.<ref name="ASN220510">{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100522-0|title=Accident description|last=Ranter|first=Harro|date=27 April 2011|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111082544/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100522-0|archive-date=11 January 2012|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/Boeing/737/36333,VT-AXV-Air-India-Express.php|title=VT-AXV Air India Express Boeing 737-8NG(WL) – cn 36333 / ln 2481|work=Planespotters.net|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> The crew consisted of Captain Zlatko Glušica, First Officer Harbinder Singh Ahluwalia, and four flight attendants.<ref name="AI Media Release 1">{{cite web|date=22 May 2010|title=Air India Express IX-812 Accident – Press Release 5|url=http://www.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/2010-ai-express-ix-812-accident5.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407053327/http://www.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/2010-ai-express-ix-812-accident5.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2015|url-status=live|access-date=22 May 2010|publisher=[[Air India]]}}</ref><ref name="crew list">{{cite web|url=http://www.airindiaexpress.in/FreeREZ/ADS_WEB/TA/images/ListOfCrew.htm |title=List of Crew |access-date=22 May 2010 |publisher=[[Air India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185058/http://airindiaexpress.in/FreeREZ/ADS_WEB/TA/images/ListOfCrew.htm |archive-date=19 March 2012  }}</ref> Glušica, aged 55, was a British and Serbian national with over 10,000 hours of flying and over 7,500 hours of command experience (including 2,440 hours on the Boeing 737), and Ahluwalia, aged 40, was a former employee of [[Jet Airways]] who joined [[Air India Express]] in 2009, having logged 3,620 flight hours with 3,319 of them on the Boeing 737.<ref name="India Plane Crash Kills at Least 160 People">{{cite news|author=Bonnett, Tom|date=22 May 2010|title=India Plane Overshoots Runway: 158 Dead|publisher=[[Sky News]]|url=http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/15636434|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908060134/http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/15636434|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="crew list" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/we-had-no-hope-to-survive-but-we-survived/115929-3.html?from=tn |title=We had no hope of surviving' |author=Staff Writer |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=22 May 2010 |date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012044229/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/we-had-no-hope-to-survive-but-we-survived/115929-3.html?from=tn |archive-date= 12 October 2012  }}</ref> Both pilots were based in Mangalore.

==Flight==
The flight departed [[Dubai International Airport]] at 01:06 [[Gulf Standard Time|GST]] (21:06 [[UTC]]).<ref name="COI">{{cite web|date=31 October 2010|title=Report on Accident To Air India Express Boeing 737 800 Aircraft VT-AXV on 22 May 2010 at Mangalore|url=http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-AXV.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227044218/http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-AXV.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2012|publisher=Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Civil Aviation}}</ref>{{Rp|1}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Hradecky|first=Simon|date=26 April 2011|title=Crash: Air India Express B738 at Mangalore on 22 May 2010, overran runway on landing|work=The Aviation Herald|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=42bd5e46/0002&opt=0|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref> It crashed upon landing at [[Mangalore International Airport]] at 06:05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (00:35 [[UTC]]).<ref name="COI" />{{Rp|5}} Situated in a hilly area, the airport is one of seven Indian airports designated as a "critical airfield" by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]], whose rules at critical airfields prohibit "supervised takeoffs and landings" i.e. only the captain (not the first officer) may pilot an aircraft during takeoff and landing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgca.nic.in/rules/aero-ind.htm |title=Aeronautical Information Circulars |publisher=Dgca.nic.in |access-date=10 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920020510/http://dgca.nic.in/rules/aero-ind.htm |archive-date=20 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgca.nic.in/aic/aic09_07.pdf |title=NEW DELHI-110003 |publisher=Government of India, Aeronautical information Services |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180225/http://dgca.nic.in/aic/aic09_07.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="india5962329">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/state-news/mangalore-airport-tests-pilot-s-skills-krishna_628509.html |title=Mangalore airport tests pilot's skills: Krishna |work=[[Zee News]] |location=India |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114115812/http://zeenews.india.com/news/state-news/mangalore-airport-tests-pilot-s-skills-krishna_628509.html |archive-date= 14 January 2017  }}</ref><ref name="Difficult runway">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121600490100.htm |title=Hi-fliers on a high |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 December 2006 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65yzLAHIW?url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/12/16/stories/2006121600490100.htm |archive-date= 7 March 2012  }}</ref> Both pilots had previous experience with this airport; Captain Glušica had landed at Mangalore 16 times, while First Officer Ahluwalia had flown to the airport 66 times.<ref name="COI" />{{Rp|1}} The airport is one of three airports in India having [[Tabletop runway|table top runway]]s (the others being [[Calicut International Airport|Kozhikode]] and [[Lengpui Airport|Lengpui]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-23/news/28485450_1_foreign-pilots-kanu-gohain-safety-norms |title=Indian skies are safe for flying: Kanu Gohain, Ex-Director General, DGCA |date=23 May 2010 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |location=India |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812034536/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-23/news/28485450_1_foreign-pilots-kanu-gohain-safety-norms |archive-date= 12 August 2011  }}</ref> that require heightened awareness and a very precise landing approach.<ref name="Tabletop">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/23/stories/2010052356181100.htm |title=Tabletop runway creates an optical illusion, says pilot |date=23 May 2010 |access-date=23 May 2010 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107121854/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/23/stories/2010052356181100.htm |archive-date= 7 November 2012  }}</ref>

==Crash==
After touching down on the {{convert|8033|ft|m|adj=on}} [[Runway naming|runway 24]], the plane overran and crashed down the hill at its far end.<ref name="India Plane Crash Kills at Least 160 People" /> The final conversations between [[air traffic control]] (ATC) and the pilot prior to the landing showed no indication of distress.<ref name="India Plane Crash Kills at Least 160 People" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-atc-had-no-inkling-of-a-disaster/116125-3.html?from=tn |title=Last conversation between ATC and IX 812 – India News – IBNLive |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012044422/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mangalore-atc-had-no-inkling-of-a-disaster/116125-3.html?from=tn |archive-date= 12 October 2012  }}</ref>

The then-[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation Minister]], [[Praful Patel]], said that the aircraft was following an [[instrument landing system]] (ILS) approach for landing on the newer, longer runway, which was commissioned in 2006. The pilot reported to ATC that it was 'established' on an ILS approach about {{Convert|4.3|mi|km}} from touchdown; landing clearance was then given at {{convert|2000|ft|m}} from touchdown. The aircraft concluded its ILS approach on runway 24, touching down {{convert|5200|ft|m}} from the start of the runway, leaving {{convert|2800|ft|m}} in which to stop.<ref name="COI" />{{Rp|viii}} It overran the runway and ploughed through a {{Convert|90|m|ft|adj=on}} sand arrestor bed, which did not stop it. As the aircraft passed the arrestor bed, its starboard wing collided with the concrete socket of the ILS localiser antenna; it finally plunged over the edge of the table-top about {{convert|790|ft|m}} beyond the end of the runway and down the steep hillside, coming to a stop {{Convert|660|to|980|ft|m}} past the top of the slope.<ref name="cliff">{{cite news|date=22 May 2010|title=India plane crash kills scores; 8 survive|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/37286182/|access-date=11 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406063823/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/37286182/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|TDZ – Touch Down Zone v/s touch down point. By definition, the touchdown ''zone'' normally extends over the first {{convert|3000|ft|m}} of runway and the pilot aims to touch down at a point that is well within the limits of the zone, typically around the {{convert|1000|ft|m}} mark for a B737. The zone gives leeway to account for variations in physical conditions such as adverse winds, optical illusions due to day/night/rain/sloping terrain, equipment malfunctions, piloting technique, etc. One of the demands of a critical airfield is to land accurately, as close as possible to the planned touchdown point.|group=Note}}

Television footage from shortly after the crash showed the remains of the aircraft on fire and lying on its belly with smoke rising from the wreckage.<ref name="AFP">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i1dlQDP_pQtNmq9iTHt-___JAyGA |title=More than 60 feared dead after India plane crash |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=9 February 2012 |author=Chand, Naseeb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525123019/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i1dlQDP_pQtNmq9iTHt-___JAyGA |archive-date=25 May 2010 }}</ref> The minister also stated that weather conditions were normal with a visibility of {{Convert|3.7|mi|km}}, and said wind conditions were calm with no rain at the time of the crash. A drizzle started only after the accident.<ref name="India plane 'crashes on landing'">{{cite news|date=22 May 2010|title=India plane crash in Mangalore leaves nearly 160 dead|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/10141297.stm|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525122914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/10141297.stm|url-status=live|archive-date=25 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article992447.ece?ref=archive |title=158 killed in Mangalore air crash; 8 survive |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=10 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66A8O9PZd?url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article992447.ece?ref=archive |archive-date=14 March 2012  }}</ref><ref name="cnn search">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/05/23/india.plane.crash/index.html?hpt=T2 |title=Air India's flight data recorder sought |publisher=CNN |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66A8WeZfa?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/05/23/india.plane.crash/index.html?hpt=T2 |archive-date=14 March 2012  }}</ref>

==Victims==
Apart from the six crew members,  160 passengers were on board at the time of the crash.<ref name="passengers">{{cite news
|url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article435569.ece
|title =List of passengers on Air India Express flight |date =22 May 2010 |access-date =22 May 2010 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815065342/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article435569.ece |url-status =dead
|archive-date =15 August 2010}}</ref>
Although 169 names were on the original passenger list, nine did not board the flight.<ref name=ASN220510/> All the bodies were recovered from the wreckage.<ref name="hindu435516">{{cite web|url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article435516.ece |title=158 killed as plane crashes at Mangalore |last=Mondal |first=Sudipto |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=22 May 2010 |date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815034933/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article435516.ece |archive-date=15 August 2010  }}</ref> [[Karnataka]] Home Minister [[V. S. Acharya]] said eight people were initially reported to have survived, although one later died of his injuries<ref name="cnnibn">{{cite news|date=22 May 2010|title=AI plane crashes in Mangalore, 158 dead|website=[[IBN Live]]|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ai-plane-crashes-in-mangalore-casualties-feared/115923-3.html?from=tn|url-status=dead|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012044014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ai-plane-crashes-in-mangalore-casualties-feared/115923-3.html?from=tn|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>—this was, however, refuted by an Air India spokesman, who confirmed that all initial survivors were alive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wireupdate.com/wires/5394/eight-survive-air-india-express-flight-812-crash-in-mangalore-158-others-die-2/ |title=Eight survive Air India Express Flight 812 crash in Mangalore, 158 others die |publisher=Wireupdate.com |author=Mines, Javier |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=28 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529235354/http://wireupdate.com/wires/5394/eight-survive-air-india-express-flight-812-crash-in-mangalore-158-others-die-2/ |archive-date=29 May 2012  }}</ref> The confusion arose after firefighters rescued a young girl who died on the way to hospital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/158-die-8-survive-in-air-india-plane-crash/115964-3.html|title=158 killed in air crash; 25 bodies unidentified|date=23 May 2010|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=12 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012085611/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/158-die-8-survive-in-air-india-plane-crash/115964-3.html|archive-date=12 October 2012|publisher=CNN}}</ref> The airport manager at Mangalore, Peter Abraham, confirmed that difficulties existed when trying to reach the plane.<ref name="150 killed as Air India plane crashes in Mangalore">{{cite news|date=22 May 2010|title=Plane crash in Mangalore kills 158, eight survive|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=India|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/150-killed-as-Air-India-plane-crashes-in-Mangalore/Article1-546915.aspx|access-date=22 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017213332/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/150-killed-as-Air-India-plane-crashes-in-Mangalore/Article1-546915.aspx|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestreamingx.com/mangalore-plane-crash-survivors-stories-05222370.html |title=Mangalore Plane Crash: Survivors' stories |publisher=Livestreamingx.com |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321044634/http://www.livestreamingx.com/mangalore-plane-crash-survivors-stories-05222370.html |archive-date=21 March 2012  }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Nationality
! colspan=2|Fatalities
! colspan="2" |Survivors
! rowspan="2" style="width:70px;"|Total
|-
! style="width:70px;"|Passengers
! style="width:70px;"|Crew
!Passengers
!Crew
|-
| Bangladesh
| 0
| 0
|1<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Mangalore-crash-Parents-of-Bangla-survivor-granted-Indian-visa/articleshow/5964608.cms|title=Mangalore crash: Parents of Bangla survivor granted Indian visa|date=23 May 2010|access-date=24 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704171247/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Mangalore-crash-Parents-of-Bangla-survivor-granted-Indian-visa/articleshow/5964608.cms|archive-date=4 July 2010|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|0
| 1
|-
| India
| 152
| 5
|7
|0
| 164
|-
| Serbia 
| 0
| 1{{#tag:ref|The captain had British-Serbian dual citizenship<ref name="India Plane Crash Kills at Least 160 People"/><ref name="crew list" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/we-had-no-hope-to-survive-but-we-survived/115929-3.html?from=tn |title=We had no hope of surviving' |author=Staff Writer |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=22 May 2010 |date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012044229/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/we-had-no-hope-to-survive-but-we-survived/115929-3.html?from=tn |archive-date= 12 October 2012}}</ref>|group=Note}}
|0
|0
| 1
|-
| '''Total'''
| 152<ref name="aix812pax">{{cite web|title=List of passengers on board IX-812|url=http://www.airindiaexpress.in/FreeREZ/ADS_WEB/TA/images/list_of_passengers.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185019/http://airindiaexpress.in/FreeREZ/ADS_WEB/TA/images/list_of_passengers.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref>
| 6
|8<ref name="airindiasurvlist">{{cite web|date=23 May 2010|title=Probe ordered into Air India plane crash; 158 dead, 8 survivors|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/probe-ordered-into-air-india-plane-crash-158-dead-8-survivors_628415.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113151311/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/probe-ordered-into-air-india-plane-crash-158-dead-8-survivors_628415.html|archive-date=13 January 2017|access-date=23 May 2010|publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref name="daij77862">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=77862&n_tit=Mangalore|title=Mangalore: The Lucky 8 who Survived...|date=23 May 2010|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110062144/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=77862&n_tit=Mangalore+:+The+Lucky+8+who+Survived|archive-date=10 November 2011|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref>
|0
| 166
|}

On 27 July 2010, the names of all the victims were inscribed on a memorial installed near the crash site,<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=82049 
 |title=Mangalore: Memorial Comes Up at AIE Crash Site – Due Recognition for 158 Victims 
 |date=5 October 2010 
 |access-date=5 October 2010 
 |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011073229/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=82049
 |archive-date=11 October 2012
}}</ref> which was destroyed by vandals on 5 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=86974 
 |title=Mangalore: Unknown Miscreants Demolish Air Crash Victims' Memorial 
 |date=5 October 2010 
 |access-date=5 October 2010 
 |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011073238/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=86974
 |archive-date=11 October 2012
}}</ref>

==Rescue and response==
[[File:Bajpe plane crash (52).jpg|thumb|Members of the public services were assisted by local volunteers in a joint rescue operation at the scene of the crash.]]
"The plane broke in two", said one survivor, "and a dense black smoke invaded the cabin. I jumped out through an opening in the window. Six other passengers followed me. We fled, with the help of the inhabitants of the nearby village".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Mangalore,-survivor-tells-of-air-disaster-18488.html|title=Mangalore, survivor tells of air disaster |publisher=Asia News |date=24 May 2010|first=Nirmala  |last= Carvalho |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref> Local villagers were among the first on the scene to help,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/heroes-of-mangalore-air-crash-27344 |title=Heroes of Mangalore air crash |date=22 May 2010 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113232011/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/heroes-of-mangalore-air-crash-27344 |archive-date=13 January 2017  }}</ref> while an estimated 15 fire trucks, 20 ambulances, and 100 rescue workers were immediately allocated to rescue operations.<ref name="150 killed as Air India plane crashes in Mangalore"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/21/world/la-fg-india-crash-20100522 |title=Air India plane crashes, killing at least 160 people |date=22 May 2010 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=22 May 2010 |first=Mark |last=Magnier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024072735/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/21/world/la-fg-india-crash-20100522 |archive-date=24 October 2012  }}</ref> The Karnataka Western Range Inspector General of Police, Gopal Hosur, said that eight to ten people had been moved to hospitals and that the [[Karnataka Police]] force, bomb squad, [[Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services]], Karnataka State Reserve Police and all hospitals were working together to help out. The [[Central Industrial Security Force]]  sent 150 personnel to Mangalore to help in the relief and rescue operations.<ref name="India Plane Crash Kills at Least 160 People"/> Bodies of all of the deceased were recovered from the crash site on the day of the crash,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/air-india-on-mangalore-air-crash-27084.php |title=Mangalore air crash: All 158 bodies recovered |date=22 May 2010 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128182010/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/air-india-on-mangalore-air-crash-27084.php |archive-date=28 January 2011  }}</ref> with relatives of the deceased receiving 87 of the bodies.<ref name="AI Media Release 6">{{cite news|url=http://www.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/2010-ai-express-ix-812-accident6.aspx |title=Air India Express IX-812 Accident – Press Release 6 |date=23 May 2010 |work=[[Air India]] |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006003525/http://www.airindia.in/SBCMS/Webpages/2010-ai-express-ix-812-accident6.aspx |archive-date=6 October 2012  }}</ref>

After the rapid establishment of a special emergency information service,<ref name="India Plane Crash Kills at Least 160 People"/> Praful Patel, the then-Indian [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister for Civil Aviation]], arrived from New Delhi to be at the scene<ref name="India Plane Crash Kills at Least 160 People"/> and the one-year-in-office celebrations of the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA government]]'s second tenure were postponed.<ref name="150 killed as Air India plane crashes in Mangalore"/> Patel was soon followed by Karnataka Chief Minister [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] and Kerala Chief Minister [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] to take control of the situation. The chairperson of the governing UPA, [[Sonia Gandhi]], issued a message of grief and wished a "speedy recovery" to all.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4345685.cms |title=At least 158 dead in Mangalore plane crash |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=1 March 2012 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525104500/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4345685.cms |archive-date= 25 May 2010  }}</ref> Patel took moral responsibility for the accident and offered to resign his post, an offer rejected by the then-Prime Minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/05/23/stories/2010052352090300.htm |title=Praful Patel Meets PM, Offers to Resign |newspaper=[[Hindu Business Line]] |date=23 May 2010 |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/668k8ki5V?url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/05/23/stories/2010052352090300.htm |archive-date=13 March 2012  }}</ref> Many countries and organisations expressed sorrow and condolences to the people of India over the crash.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jerzy Buzek Sends Condolences Following Plane Crash in India |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/president/view/en/press/press_release/2010/2010-May/press_release-2010-May-18.html |date=22 May 2010 |work=EU Monitor |access-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/668kFDJFT?url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/president/view/en/press/press_release/2010/2010-May/press_release-2010-May-18.html |archive-date=13 March 2012  }}</ref>

The accident was predicted to cost the insurers and their [[Reinsurance|reinsurers]] ₹350 crore to ₹400 crore (₹3.5 billion to ₹4 billion).<!--rupee amounts should be expressed in both Indian and Western ways--><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Biz/India-Business/Mangalore-crash-Insurers-may-have-to-shell-out-Rs-400-crore/articleshow/5966428.cms |title=Mangalore crash: Insurers may have to shell out Rs 400 crore |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102110625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Biz/India-Business/Mangalore-crash-Insurers-may-have-to-shell-out-Rs-400-crore/articleshow/5966428.cms |archive-date=2 November 2012  }}</ref> Air India's insurer, a consortium led by [[Reliance General Insurance]] and comprising [[Bajaj Allianz General Insurance|Bajaj Allianz]], [[IFFCO|Iffco-Tokio]], and [[HDFC ERGO General Insurance Company|HDFC Ergo]], paid out US$20 million<!--The insurance company payouts are in U.S. dollars, so the originals should be in USD and converted *to* rupees. Also note that rupee amounts should be expressed in both Indian and Western ways--> (about ₹90 crore or ₹900 million) in settlement of the hull loss,<ref name="Insurance1">{{cite news
 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-11/india/28278218_1_mangalore-crash-passenger-liability-hdfc-ergo
 |title=AI to get $20&nbsp;million towards Mangalore crash insurance claims 
 |date=11 August 2010 
 |access-date=11 August 2010 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811100748/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-11/india/28278218_1_mangalore-crash-passenger-liability-hdfc-ergo
 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
 |archive-date=11 August 2011
}}</ref><ref name="Insurance2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-17/india/28320134_1_mangalore-crash-assessment-by-legal-firms-airline-and-insurers |title=Mangalore crash: AI gets $50m insurance claim |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=17 August 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103045246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-17/india/28320134_1_mangalore-crash-assessment-by-legal-firms-airline-and-insurers |archive-date=3 November 2012  }}</ref> and by August 2010, the airline had already received $50 million U.S. dollars (about ₹230 [[crore]] or ₹2.3 billion), that is 60 per cent of the estimated $70 million<!--20 Million to be received the week plus 50 million it already received is 70 million--> (about ₹320 crore<!--90 crore plus 230 crore is 320 crore--> or ₹3.2 billion).<ref name="Insurance1"/>

==Investigation==
Initial investigations revealed that the plane landed at least {{convert|5200|ft|m}} beyond the usual touchdown point on Mangalore's new {{convert|8000|ft|m|adj=on}} runway 24.<ref name = "cnnibn"/><ref name=AH42bd5e46>{{cite news|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=42bd5e46&opt=0 |title=Crash: Air India Express B738 at Mangalore on May&nbsp;22nd 2010, overran runway at landing |work=The Aviation Herald |first=Simon |last=Hradecky |date=3 August 2010|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> A team of airline officials, staff and officials from the [[Airports Authority of India]] and officers of the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] were rushed to the scene to investigate the accident and assist with rescue efforts.<ref name="AI Media Release 1"/> [[Boeing]] also announced that a team would be sent to provide technical assistance following a request from Indian authorities.<ref name="Boeing statement">{{cite web
|url =http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1219
|title =Boeing statement on Air India Express accident
|date=21 May 2010
|access-date =1 June 2010
|author=Proulx, Jim
|publisher=[[Boeing]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100525070002/http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1219| archive-date= 25 May 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> The Directorate General of Civil Aviation ordered an inquiry into the crash, which began the same day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/10142391.stm |title=Air India jet crash investigation begins in Mangalore |work=[[BBC News]] |date=22 May 2010 |access-date=22 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525115912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/10142391.stm |archive-date= 25 May 2010  }}</ref> The US [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) also assisted the investigation by sending a team of specialists including a senior air safety investigator, a flight operations specialist, an aircraft systems specialist and technical advisers for Boeing and the [[Federal Aviation Administration]].<ref name="cnn search"/>

Captain Glušica was given clearance to land, but he suddenly aborted the attempted landing. The aircraft's throttle handle was found in the forward position, suggesting that the pilot had attempted to abort the landing and take off again.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-11772562 |title=Air India plane crash: 'Sleepy' pilot blamed |date=17 November 2010 |access-date=11 March 2012 |location=London |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222094602/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-11772562 |archive-date=22 February 2012  }}</ref> The co-pilot Ahluwalia had warned his commander three times to go around instead of landing; the first of these warnings had come {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} before the runway threshold.<ref name="COI" />{{Rp|4–5}}<ref name="co-pilot warning ignored">{{cite news
 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-31/mangalore/28308823_1_cvr-mangalore-crash-cockpit
 |title=Mangalore crash: Captain ignored co-pilot's plea to abort landing 
 |date=31 May 2010 
 |access-date=1 June 2010 
 |first1=Saurabh 
 |last1=Sinha 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-31/mangalore/28308823_1_cvr-mangalore-crash-cockpit
 |work=[[The Times of India]]
 |archive-date=11 August 2011
}}</ref>

The [[cockpit voice recorder]] (CVR) was recovered on 23 May,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article436563.ece |title=CVR affected by fire but will yield data: DGCA |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=24 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218133906/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article436563.ece |archive-date=18 December 2013  }}</ref> and the [[flight data recorder]] (FDR) two days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/10151638.stm |title=India crash investigators recover data recorder |date=25 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/665SkAWvN?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/10151638.stm |archive-date=11 March 2012  }}</ref> The recorders were sent to New Delhi by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation for data acquisition and analysis<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/mangalore-air-crash-black-box-found/142966 |title=Mangalore air crash: Black Box found |date=23 May 2010 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914165336/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/mangalore-air-crash-black-box-found/142966 |archive-date=14 September 2011  }}</ref> and subsequently to the US NTSB for investigation.<ref name="CVRtoUS">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/72013/black-box-cvr-go-us.html |title=Black box, CVR to go to US |author=Nandy, Chandan |date=27 May 2010 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714032236/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/72013/black-box-cvr-go-us.html |archive-date= 14 July 2012  }}</ref> DGCA official Zaidi claimed "better data protection" while unnamed officials mentioned heavy damage to the devices.<ref name="CVRtoUS" /> In direct response to the accident, the Government of India decided to set up an independent air accident enquiry board called the [[Civil Aviation Authority (India)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA) that would function independently of the DGCA.<ref name="CAA">{{cite news|date=25 June 2010|title=Govt to set up authority to probe air accidents|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/77540/govt-set-up-authority-probe.html|url-status=dead|access-date=26 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015205921/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/77540/govt-set-up-authority-probe.html|archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> Effectively this meant that the DGCA would be the regulator and the CAA the investigator.<ref name="CAA"/> The Director General of the DGCA said that it would be set up thorough [[Act of Parliament|legislation]], and would comply with the recommendations of the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]].<ref name="CAA"/>

The enquiry report submitted by the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation Ministry]] said that Glušica slept for over 90 minutes during the flight. According to the NTSB, it was the first instance of snoring recorded on a CVR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pilot-error-behind-mangalore-air-crash-report/135177-3.html?from=tn |title=Pilot error behind Mangalore crash: Report |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=11 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013184920/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pilot-error-behind-mangalore-air-crash-report/135177-3.html?from=tn |archive-date= 13 October 2012  }}</ref> Analysis of the accident revealed that had the pilot "deployed detent reverse thrust and applied maximum manual braking at touchdown", the aircraft could have stopped within the paved overrun area of the runway. However, the captain had exacerbated the long landing by attempting a go-around following deployment of the thrust reversers.<ref name=FG355945>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/overrun-air-india-737-could-have-stopped-despite-late-355945/ |title=Overrun Air India 737 could have stopped despite late landing |first=David |last=Kaminski-Morrow |work=Flight International |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=26 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104194036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/overrun-air-india-737-could-have-stopped-despite-late-355945/ |archive-date=4 November 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 May 2011|title=ASN Aviation Safety Database results|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?sorteer=datekey&cat=%1&field=typecode&var=103%&lang=&page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127155621/http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?sorteer=datekey&cat=%1&field=typecode&var=103%&lang=&page=2|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2011|website=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>

==Court of Inquiry==
On 3 June 2010, the government of India appointed the former Vice Chief of Air Staff, Air Marshal Bhushan Nilkanth Gokhale, as head of a [[Public inquiry|court of inquiry]] to investigate the air crash.<ref name="coi1">{{cite news
 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-03/india/28286257_1_mangalore-crash-marshal-bhushan-nilkanth-gokhale-inquiry
 |title=Court of inquiry to investigate Mangalore crash 
 |date=3 June 2010 
 |access-date=4 June 2010 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811071706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-03/india/28286257_1_mangalore-crash-marshal-bhushan-nilkanth-gokhale-inquiry
 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
 |archive-date= 11 August 2011
}}</ref> The "Gokhale Inquiry" was to investigate the reasons behind the crash<ref name="coi1"/> and submit its findings by 31 August 2010, a deadline later extended by a month to 30 September 2010.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=83278&n_tit=Mangalore: 
 |title=Mangalore: Crash Committee Gets One-month Extension, Further Delay Likely 
 |date=13 August 2010 
 |access-date=20 August 2010 
 |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]] 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010145602/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=83278&n_tit=Mangalore:+Crash+Committee+Gets+One-month+Extension,+Further+Delay+Likely
 |archive-date=10 October 2012
}}</ref> The government also appointed four experts to this court of inquiry to assist in the investigation.<ref name="coi1"/> The Court of Inquiry started its investigations by visiting the crash site on 7 June 2010,<ref name="coi2">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_ix-812-black-box-is-in-fine-shape-probe-head_1393344 
 |title=IX-812 black box is in fine shape: Probe head 
 |date=8 June 2010 
 |access-date=8 June 2010 
 |author=Raghuram, M. 
 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926020154/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_ix-812-black-box-is-in-fine-shape-probe-head_1393344
 |archive-date= 26 September 2012
}}</ref> and visited all eight crash survivors to gather information.<ref name="coi2"/>

On 17 August 2010, the court of inquiry began a three-day public hearing in Mangalore to interview airport officials and witnesses.<ref name="coi3">{{cite news
 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-17/mangalore/28323080_1_asphyxiation-fire-officer-passengers
 |title=Crash victims were asphyxiated 
 |date=17 August 2010 
 |access-date=18 August 2010 
 |author=Raghuram, M. 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103045332/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-17/mangalore/28323080_1_asphyxiation-fire-officer-passengers
 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
 |archive-date= 3 November 2012
}}</ref> On day one, airport and airline officials deposed that the aircraft had approached at an altitude higher than usual, and that it had landed beyond the landing zone (LDZ). They also mentioned that the airport's radar was operational from 20 May 2010.<ref name="coi4">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/18/stories/2010081859210100.htm
 |title=Court of Inquiry in air crash begins hearing 
 |date=17 August 2010 
 |access-date=18 August 2010 
 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] 
 |location=Chennai, India 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107224740/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/18/stories/2010081859210100.htm
 |archive-date= 7 November 2012
}}</ref> The airport chief fire officer testified that crash tenders had taken four minutes to reach the aircraft<ref name="coi3"/> because the road leading away from the airport perimeter to the crash site was very narrow and undulating. On day two, a transcript of the cockpit to ATC conversation was released,<ref name="coi5">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/89772/co-pilots-cries-went-vain.html 
 |title=Co-pilot's cries went in vain 
 |date=18 August 2010 
 |access-date=19 August 2010 
 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015210509/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/89772/co-pilots-cries-went-vain.html
 |archive-date= 15 October 2012
}}</ref> which indicated that the co-pilot had suggested a "go-around" after the pilot informed ATC that it was 'clear to land'.<ref name="coi5"/>

Doctors who conducted ''post mortem'' examinations on the bodies recovered recorded that most victims had died of burns.<ref name="coi6">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.bellevision.com/Bv/index.php?action=newsdiggest_print&type=498 
 |title=Many aircrash victims died of burns, say doctors 
 |date=18 August 2010 
 |access-date=19 August 2010 
 |publisher=BelleVision 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellevision.com%2FBv%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dnewsdiggest_print%26type%3D498&date=2012-03-01
 |archive-date=1 March 2012
}}</ref> On day four Air India's flight safety officer informed the inquiry that the aircraft's thrust lever and thrust reverse levers were both in the forward position,<ref name="coi7">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/90050/mlore-crash-pilot-may-have.html 
 |title=M'lore crash: Pilot may have tried to take off 
 |date=20 August 2010 
 |access-date=20 August 2010 
 |author=Fernandes, Ronald 
 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016033516/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/90050/mlore-crash-pilot-may-have.html
 |archive-date=16 October 2012
}}</ref> possibly indicating that the pilot intended to go around. The inquiry panel stated that information from the FDR would be released at the next hearing of the court of inquiry in New Delhi on 3 September 2010,<ref name="coi7"/> and that of the CVR soon after. The court of inquiry would submit its report on 30 September 2010.<ref name="coi7"/>

On 8 September 2010, details from the CVR and FDR were presented to the court of inquiry. The CVR analysis revealed that one of the pilots was asleep in the cockpit.<ref name="coi8">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=85162 
 |title=Mangalore Crash: Pilot Was Asleep before Crash: Black Box Data 
 |date=8 September 2010 
 |access-date=8 September 2010 
 |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65locaKF2?url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=85162
 |archive-date=27 February 2012
}}</ref> For 110 minutes, the CVR had picked up no conversation from the pilots, with the report adding that the sound of nasal snoring and deep breathing could be heard during this recording.<ref name="coi8"/> The FDR analysis indicated that the flight started its final descent at an altitude of {{Convert|4400|ft|m}}, instead of the normal {{Convert|2000|ft|m}}. The aircraft also touched down at the {{Convert|4638|ft|m|adj=on}} mark on the runway instead of the {{Convert|1000|ft|m|adj=on}} mark,<ref name="coi8"/> whereupon the pilot then tried to take off with just {{Convert|800|ft|m}} of the runway remaining, which resulted in the crash. Both pilots had been aware of the wrong flight path since they are both heard saying, "Flight is taking wrong path and wrong side", while the aircraft's instruments had given repeated warnings of this.<ref name="coi8"/>

On 16 November 2010, five months after the court of inquiry was constituted, it submitted its report with input from the NTSB and Boeing, and stated that the cause of this accident was the captain's failure to discontinue the unstabilised approach despite three calls from the first officer to 'go around' and warnings from the enhanced ground proximity warning system. Additional factors included the captain's prolonged sleep during flight, which could have led to [[sleep inertia]] and impaired judgment, and the aircraft being given descent clearance closer to the airport than normal due to the unserviceability of the Mangalore Area Control Radar. The flight crew did not plan the descent properly and was high on approach.<ref name="COI" /><ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mangalore-crash-Pilot-nodded-off/H1-Article1-627183.aspx 
 |title=Mangalore crash: Pilot nodded off 
 |date=16 November 2010 
 |access-date=17 November 2010 
 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120233138/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mangalore-crash-Pilot-nodded-off/H1-Article1-627183.aspx
 |archive-date=20 January 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/113369/probe-panel-confirms-pilot-error.html 
 |title=Probe panel confirms pilot error caused M'lore crash 
 |date=16 November 2010 
 |access-date=26 April 2011 
 |author=Hradecky, Simon 
 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629012755/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/113369/probe-panel-confirms-pilot-error.html
 |archive-date=29 June 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=42bd5e46/0002 |title=Crash: Air India Express B738 at Mangalore on 22 May 2010, overran runway on landing |work=The Aviation Herald |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref>

{{As of|2013|01}}, the DGCA, AAI, Ministry of Aviation, and the government of India have not implemented the recommendations of the 812 crash inquiry committee. Work on runway lengthening has not started. The 812 Foundation, a Mangalore-based trust, has filed criminal charges for negligence against regulatory authorities and the airline. The regulatory authority and other organisations named in the petition are thinking of seeking anticipatory bail for their top officials, as the petition seeks nonbailable arrest warrants against those responsible.<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RFbChDnGPBCnPijXEtGrFK/Mangalore-air-crash-panel-formed-to-implement-preventive-st.html Mangalore air crash: panel formed to implement preventive steps] Live Mint.com</ref>

==Compensation==
The then-Prime Minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]], announced ₹2 [[lakh]]<!--rupee amounts should be expressed in both Indian and Western ways--> or {{INRConvert|200000|-1|year=2010}} for the families of the dead and {{INRConvert|50|k|-1}} for the injured to be allocated from the [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]].<ref name="Compensation">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/kin-of-crash-victims-to-get-up-to-rs-76-lakh-compensation-27182.php 
 |title=Kin of crash victims to get up to Rs 76 lakh compensation 
 |date=22 May 2010 
 |access-date=9 September 2010 
 |publisher=[[NDTV]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202011704/http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/kin-of-crash-victims-to-get-up-to-rs-76-lakh-compensation-27182.php
 |archive-date=2 February 2011
}}</ref> Karnataka Chief Minister [[B. S. Yeddyurappa|Yeddyurappa]] had also announced compensation of {{INRConvert|200000|-1|year=2010}} to the families of the dead.<ref name="CompensationK">{{cite news
 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-22/bangalore/28316034_1_karnataka-govt-lakh-compensation-cabinet-meeting
 |title=Karnataka govt announces compensation 
 |date=22 May 2010 
 |access-date=9 September 2010 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-22/bangalore/28316034_1_karnataka-govt-lakh-compensation-cabinet-meeting
 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
 |archive-date=11 August 2011
}}</ref> In addition to this, the Civil Aviation Ministry advised that the airline will provide up to ₹72 lakh  or {{INRConvert|7.2|m|-1|year=2010}} to family members of each victim as per the provisions of the Indian Carriage by Air (Amendment) Act which follows the [[Montreal Convention]].<ref name="Compensation"/><ref name="Carriage_by_Air">{{cite news|url=http://www.airindia.co.in/yatrik/concarr.htm |title=General Conditions of Carriage |publisher=[[Air India]] |access-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213202421/http://www.airindia.co.in/yatrik/concarr.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012  }}</ref>

The airline announced interim compensation of ₹10 lakh or {{INRConvert|1|m|-1|year=2010}} for passengers above 12 years of age, ₹5 lakh or {{INRConvert|500000|-1}} for passengers below 12 years of age, and ₹2 lakh or {{INRConvert|200000|-1|year=2010}} for every injured passenger. This compensation is over and above the ex-gratia payment announced by the Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=62033 
 |title=Air India Announces Interim Compensation for Mangalore Air Tragedy Victims 
 |date=23 May 2010 
 |access-date=12 June 2010 
 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616055931/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=62033
 |archive-date=16 June 2012
}}</ref> Additionally, Air India has said it would offer jobs to the survivors.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article437000.ece 
 |title=Air India offers jobs to crash survivors 
 |date=23 May 2010 
 |access-date=12 June 2010 
 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65P39jUJS?url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/karnataka/article437000.ece
 |archive-date=12 February 2012
}}</ref> As of 11 June 2010, ₹17 crore or {{INRConvert|170|m|0|year=2010}} had been distributed as compensation to the families of the victims and to the eight survivors.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rs17-crore-relief-paid-to-families-of-mangalore-crash-victims_1395008 
 |title=Rs 17 crore relief paid to families of Mangalore crash victims 
 |date=11 June 2010 
 |access-date=12 June 2010 
 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926020532/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rs17-crore-relief-paid-to-families-of-mangalore-crash-victims_1395008
 |archive-date=26 September 2012
}}</ref> Victims' families have become increasingly vocal as to the inequitable nature of compensation paid out by Air India,<ref name="ToI Comp1">{{cite news
 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/DYFI-joins-crash-victimscause/articleshow/6520948.cms 
 |title=DYFI joins crash victims'cause 
 |date=8 September 2010 
 |access-date=9 September 2010 
 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093132/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/DYFI-joins-crash-victimscause/articleshow/6520948.cms
 |archive-date=3 November 2012
}}</ref><ref name="DH Comp1">{{cite news
 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95132/air-crash-victims-kin-stage.html 
 |title=Air crash victims' kin stage stir against meagre compensation 
 |date=8 September 2010 
 |access-date=9 September 2010 
 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] 
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629003809/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95132/air-crash-victims-kin-stage.html
 |archive-date=29 June 2011
}}</ref> and also of the alleged hostile attitude of the airline's counsel.<ref name="ToI Comp1"/>

Members of the [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]] along with Kasargod [[Parliament of India|MP]] P Karunkaran staged a protest on 8 September 2010 at the airline's office in Mangalore, where they submitted a memorandum to officials demanding that families of the victims receive early and equitable settlements of compensation due. They also demanded the settlement process be made more transparent by opening it to the media rather than holding sessions [[in camera]].<ref name="ToI Comp1" />

On 20 July 2011, based on the petition filed by one of the victims, the Kerala High Court ruled that Air India was liable to pay a no-fault liability of one lakh (1,00,000) [[special drawing rights|SDR]] or the Indian rupee equivalent of ₹75 lakh or {{INRConvert|7.5|m|-1|year=2010}}. In its ruling, the court noted that India was a signatory to the Montreal Convention: "It is clear that the intention of lawmakers was to bring about a parity in the matter of payment of compensation to the passengers, irrespective of class of travel, while providing for a 'two-tier system' of compensation as adopted in Montreal convention."<ref name="ToI Comp2">{{cite news
 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manglore-AI-crash-victims-to-get-Rs-75-lakh-each/articleshow/9296231.cms 
 |title=Mangalore AI crash victims to get Rs 75 lakh each 
 |date=20 July 2011 
 |access-date=20 July 2011 
 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] 
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820232335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Manglore-AI-crash-victims-to-get-Rs-75-lakh-each/articleshow/9296231.cms
 |archive-date=20 August 2018
}}</ref> The court further ruled that this was over and above any other compensation to which the petitioners are entitled.<ref name="ToI Comp2"/> Air India appealed this order in the Kerala High Court, and on 25 August 2011, the division bench stayed the single bench order on compensation of ₹75 lakh or {{INRConvert|7.5|m|-1|year=2010}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Stay-on-Rs-75-lakh-compensation-to-Mangalore-crash-victims/Article1-737416.aspx |title=Stay on Rs 75 lakh compensation to Mangalore crash victims |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003121/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Stay-on-Rs-75-lakh-compensation-to-Mangalore-crash-victims/Article1-737416.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2012  }}</ref> However, on 5 September 2011, the Kerala High Court ordered Air India to pay an interim compensation of ₹10 lakh or {{INRConvert|1|m|-1|year=2010}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/give-rs-10-lakh-mangalore-crash-victim-hc-tells-air-india-759 |title=Give Rs 10 lakh to Mangalore crash victim: HC tells Air India |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012013953/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/give-rs-10-lakh-mangalore-crash-victim-hc-tells-air-india-759 |archive-date=12 October 2012  }}</ref>

==Memorial==
The district administration on 27 May 2010 had buried the remains of 12 unidentified and unclaimed victims at a plot on the banks of the Phalguni river belonging to the [[New Mangalore Port Trust|NMPT]] on Tannirbhavi Road, just after the exit of Kulur Bridge.<ref>[https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=321282 Mangaluru: Five years since air crash - A remembrance] DaijiWorld.com 22 May 2015</ref> A memorial for the victims of the disaster was built by NMPT and the AAI on this site along with a park,<ref name=HinduMemorial>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangaluru-air-crash-victims-remembered/article23963105.ece Mangaluru air crash victims remembered] The Hindu 23 May 2018</ref> and was opened for the annual memorial service on 22 May 2018 the 8th anniversary of the crash.<ref>[https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/mangaluru-air-crash-victims-remembered-on-eighth-anniversary Mangaluru air crash victims remembered on eighth anniversary] News Karnataka 22 May 2018</ref>  This memorial replaces the one built soon after the crash near the crash site on 27 July 2010, but demolished by persons unknown a few months later.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/mangalore-air-crash-memorial-demolished-8328#photo-100600 Mangalore air crash memorial demolished] NDTV 5 October 2010</ref>

The inscription on the memorial reads 
{{Blockquote
|text=“ಈ ಸ್ಮಾರಕವನ್ನು ದಿನಾಂಕ 22-05-2010 ರಂದು ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ IX 812 ವಿಮಾನ ಪತನಗೊಂಡು ಮರಣ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಕರು ಹಾಗು ಸಿಂಬಂದಿಯವರ ನೆನಪಿಗಾಗಿ ಹೃತ್ಪೂರ್ವಕವಾಗಿ ಸಮರ್ಪಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ”}}
in Kannada on the left panel and 
{{Blockquote
|text=“This memorial is dedicated in the fond and loving memory of demised passengers and crew of flight IX 812 which crashed at Mangalore International Airport on 22-05-2010”}}
in English on the right panel.<ref>[https://www.mangalorean.com/ix-812-air-crash-victims-remembered-on-8th-anniversary-at-memorial-park-in-kuloor/ IX-812 Air Crash Victims Remembered on 8th Anniversary at Memorial Park in Kuloor] Mangalorean.com 22 May 2018</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The events of the crash featured in a series two episode of ''Aircrash Confidential'', titled "Pilot Fatigue".<ref>{{Citation|last=Hewland|first=Harry|title=Pilot Fatigue|date=2012-02-27|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2190260/|type=Documentary|others=David Dawkins, Theo Devaney, Paul Sugars, Anthony Webster|publisher=WMR Productions|access-date=2020-12-05}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons}}
* [[Air India Express Flight 1344]] is another Boeing 737-8NG(SFP)  that overshot the runway when landing at [[Calicut International Airport]] in 2020.
* [[Air France Flight 358]] is an [[Airbus A340]], which overshot the runway when landing at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] in 2005.
* [[American Airlines Flight 1420]], a [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80]], overshot the runway during a landing at [[Little Rock International Airport]] in 1999.
* [[Lion Air Flight 583]], also an  MD-80, overshot the runway during a landing at [[Adisumarmo International Airport]] in 2004.
* [[Indian Airlines#Incidents and accidents|Indian Airlines Flight 557]] overshot runway 27 at the same airport in 1981.
* [[TAM Airlines Flight 3054]], an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A320-233]], overshot the runway while landing at [[Congonhas Airport]] in 2007; with a total of 199 fatalities, this was the deadliest plane crash in Brazil and the deadliest crash of an A320 in history.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{ external media
| align  = right
| width  =
| image1 = [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?regsearch=VT-AXV Photos of VT-AXV at Airliners.net]}}
* [http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-AXV.pdf Accident Report] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120227044218/http://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-AXV.pdf Archive]). [http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1680.pdf Alternate #2] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20111013200343/http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1680.pdf Archive]). Report on Accident To Air India Express Boeing 737-800 Aircraft VT-AXV on 22 May 2010 at Mangalore by the Court Air Marshal Bn Gokhale, Pvsm, Avsm, Vm (Retd) Former Vice Chief of Air Staff, Indian Air Force, [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]], [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]. [http://civilaviation.gov.in/aaib/ADDITIONAL%20RECOMMENDATIONS.pdf Additional recommendations] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140316021207/http://civilaviation.gov.in/aaib/ADDITIONAL%20RECOMMENDATIONS.pdf Archive])
* [http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/WebPages/AIE-Flight-IX812-Accident.aspx Air India Express Flight IX812] – [[Air India]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081239/http://home.airindia.in/SBCMS/WebPages/AIE-Flight-IX812-Accident.aspx Archive])
* [http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1219 Boeing Statement on Air India Express Accident]
* [http://www.civilaviation.nic.in/mangloreCrashCOI.html Ministry of Civil Aviation Court of Enquiry] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20100811094446/http://www.civilaviation.nic.in/mangloreCrashCOI.html Archive])

{{Commons category|Air India Express Flight 812}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2010}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{Disasters in India in 2010}}
{{Air India}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Next Generation]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Air India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving runway overruns]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka (1947–present)]]
[[Category:May 2010 events in India]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:2010 in India]]
[[Category:Air India accidents and incidents]]