View source for Anāgāmi

{{italic title}}
{{Short description|3rd of the four stages of enlightment in Buddhism}}
{{Buddhist term
| fontsize=100%
| title=Anāgāmin
|pi=Anāgāmī
|pi-Latn=
|sa=अनागामिन्
|sa-Latn=Anāgāmin
|zh=不還 or 阿那含
|zh-Latn=bùhuán or  Ānàhán
|ja=不還 or 阿那含
|ja-Latn=fugen or anagon
|ko=불환 or 아나함
|ko-Latn=bulhwan or anaham
|th= อนาคามี
|th-Latn= anakhami
|bo= <big><big>ཕྱིར་མི་འོང་བ་<br>[[wylie_transliteration|Wylie]]: phyir mi 'ong ba<br>[[THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription|THL]]: chir mi ongwa</big></big>
|vi=Bất hoàn or A-na-hàm
|en=Non-returner
}}
{{Buddhism|terse=1}}
[[File:Tibetan Buddhist Monk in natural light reading sacred texts in 2006.jpg|alt=Anagami|thumb|Anagami]]
In [[Buddhism]], an '''''anāgāmin''''' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Pāli]]: ''anāgāmī'', lit. "non-returning")<ref>Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), pp. 31, 95, entries for "Anāgāmin" (retrieved 17 November 2018 at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=An%C4%81g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes) and "Āgāmin" (at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=%C4%80g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes).</ref> is a partially [[bodhi|enlightened]] person who has cut off the first five [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetters]] that bind the ordinary mind. ''Anāgāmins'' are the third of the [[four stages of enlightenment|four aspirants]].

The ''anāgāmin'' is not reborn into the human world after death, but into the heaven of the [[Buddhist cosmology#Pure Abodes|Pure Abodes]], where only ''anāgāmins'' reside. There they attain full enlightenment ([[arhat|arahant]]ship).

==Requisites for becoming an ''anāgāmin''==
An ''anāgāmin'' is free from the lowest five chains or fetters (Sanskrit: {{IAST|pañcāvarabhāgīya-saṃyojana}}; Pali: ''pañcorambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni''; 五下分結) which are as follows:
# Belief in [[Ātman (Buddhism)|ātman]] or self (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|[[Fetter_(Buddhism)#Identity_view_.28sakk.C4.81ya-di.E1.B9.AD.E1.B9.ADhi.29|satkāya-dṛṣṭi]]}}'' or ''svakāya-dṛṣṭi''; Pāli: ''sakkāya-diṭṭhi''; 有身見)
# Attachment to rites and rituals (Sanskrit: ''[[Fetter_(Buddhism)#Attachment_to_rites_and_rituals_.28s.C4.ABlabbata-par.C4.81m.C4.81so.29|śīlavrata-parāmarśa-dṛṣṭi]]''; Pāli: ''sīlabbata-parāmāsa-diṭṭhi''; 戒禁取見)
# Skeptical doubt (Sanskrit: ''[[vicikitsa|vicikitsā]]''; Pali: ''vicikicchā''; 疑)
# Sensuous craving (''kāmarāga''; 欲貪)
# Ill will or aversion (''vyāpāda'' or ''byāpāda''; 瞋恚)<ref>{{cite web|title=Byāpāda|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3399.pali|publisher=[[Pali Text Society]] Pali-English Dictionary|access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref>

The remaining five higher fetters (Sanskrit: ''pañca-ūrdhvabhāgiya-saṃyojana''; Pali: ''pañcuddhambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni''; 五上分結) from which an anāgāmin is not yet free are:
# Craving for fine-material existence (the first 4 [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|jhana]]s) (''rūparāga''; 色貪)
# Craving for immaterial existence (the last 4 jhanas) (''arūparāga''; 無色貪)
# Conceit or pride (''[[māna]]''; 慢)
# Restlessness (Sanskrit: ''[[auddhatya]]''; Pali: ''uddhacca''; 掉挙)
# Ignorance (Sanskrit: [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avidyā]]; Pali: ''avijjā''; 無明)

''Kāmarāga'' and ''vyāpāda'', which they are free from, can also be interpreted as craving for becoming and non-becoming, respectively.

''Anāgāmins'' are at an intermediate stage between the ''[[sakadagami|sakṛdāgāmin]]'' and the ''[[arhat]]''. An arhat enjoys complete freedom from the ten [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetter]]s, while an ''anāgāmin's'' mind remains very pure.

==Five types of ''anāgāmin''==
The Pali ''[[Puggalapannatti]]'' and the Sanskrit texts ''[[Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra]]'' and the ''[[Sarvastivada#Abhidharma|Sarvāstivādin-Vaibhaṣika Abhidharma]]'' both describe five classes of ''anāgāmin''. When an ''anāgāmin'' is reborn in the [[Pure Abodes]], one of the five following scenarios will occur:<ref>{{cite web |title=Anagamin, aka: Anāgāmin, Anāgamin; 4 Definition(s) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/anagamin |website=Wisdom Library |access-date=2019-10-25 |date=2019-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anāgāmī |url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/a/anagami.htm |website=Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names |access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>
# He will attain arhatship immediately after rebirth or within the first half of his life in the Pure Abodes. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna within the first half of the life" (Sanskrit: ''antarāparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''antarā-parinibbāyī'').
# He will attain arhatship within the latter half of his life in the Pure Abodes or at the moment of death. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna after crossing half the life-time" (Sanskrit: ''upapadyaparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''upahacca-parinibbāyī'').
# He exerts himself to the point of attaining arhatship. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna with exertion" (Sanskrit: ''sābhisaṃskāraparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''sasankhāra-parinibbāyī'').
# He does not exert himself, yet attains arhatship. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna without exertion" (Sanskrit: ''anabhisaṃskāraparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''asankhāra-parinibbāyī'').
# He traverses the five heavens of the Pure Abodes in order from lowest to highest before attaining arhatship. Such a being is called "one who passes up-stream to the highest gods" (Sanskrit: ''ūrdhvasrotas''; Pali: ''uddhamsota-akanittha-gāmī'')."

==''Anāgāmins'' in literature==
Several figures who appear in the literature achieve the state of an ''anāgāmin''. Some of these people include:
* The Brahmin [[Bāvarī]]
* The householder [[Uggata]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buswell Jr |first1=Robert E. |last2=Lopez Jr. |first2=Donald S. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400848058 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&q=%22B%C4%81var%C4%AB%22+%22an%C4%81g%C4%81min%22&pg=PA24}}</ref>
* The wandering ascetic [[Subhadda]]
* The monk [[Pukkusāti]]
* The nun [[Nandā]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mingun Sayadaw |title=The Great Chronicle of Buddhas |date=1990 |publisher=Tipitaka Nikaya Sasana Organization |location=Myanmar |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-great-chronicle-of-buddhas/d/doc364668.html |chapter=40}}</ref>
* The laywoman [[Matikamata]]
* The layman [[Citta (disciple)|Citta]]

* The layman [[Visākha]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tin |first1=Daw Mya |title=The Dhammapada: Verses & Stories |date=2019 |publisher=Pariyatti Publishing |isbn=9781681721200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ-DDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Vis%C4%81kha+%22+%22an%C4%81g%C4%81mi%22&pg=PA489}}</ref>
* The householder [[Sandhāna]]
* The Brahman [[Uṇṇābha]]
* An unnamed lay follower of the [[Kassapa Buddha|Kāśyapa Buddha]]<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Karashima |editor1-first=Seishi |editor2-last=Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya |editor2-first=Margarita I. |title=The Avadāna Anthology from Merv, Turkmenistan |journal=Buddhist Manuscripts from Central Asia: The St. Petersburg Sanskrit Fragments (STPSF) |date=2015 |volume=1 |url=http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/content/pdf/karashima/Mervavadana_in_StPSF_I.pdf |access-date=2019-10-25 |publisher=The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences; The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology; Soka University |location=Tokyo}}</ref>

==See also== 
* [[Four stages of enlightenment]]
* [[Fetter (Buddhism)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[Thomas Rhys Davids]] & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). ''The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary''. Chipstead: [[Pali Text Society]]. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. 

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist titles]]
[[Category:Buddhist stages of enlightenment]]