View source for Ancient Tamil music

{{Short description|Music genre}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Yaarl.jpg|thumb|210px|''[[yazh|Yaazh]]'', Ancient Tamil music instrument]]
{{TNhistory}}
{{Indian classical music}}
{{Sangam literature}}
The '''ancient Tamil music''' is the historical predecessor of the [[Carnatic music]] during the [[Sangam period]] spanning from 500 BCE to 200 CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajagopal|first=Geetha|title=Music rituals in the temples of South India, Volume 1|year=2009|publisher=D. K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0538-7|pages=111–112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgVPAQAAIAAJ&q=pannisai}}</ref>

Many poems of the classical [[Sangam literature]] were set to music. There are various references to this ancient musical tradition found in the ancient Sangam books such as ''[[Ettuthokai]]'' and ''[[Pattupattu]]''. The early narrative poem ''[[Cilappatikaram]]'', belonging to the post-Sangam period (5th or 6th century) also mentions various forms of music practiced by the Tamil people.

Music was an integral part of the compositions of the Tamil Saiva saints such as [[Appar]], [[Siva Prakasar]], [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]] and [[Manikkavasagar]] during the [[Hindu]] revival period between the 6th and the 10th century.

==Sangam music==

The Sangam age grammatical work ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'' mentions the various music pertaining to the five [[Sangam landscape|landscapes]] (''thinai'') of the Sangam literature. The five landscapes are associated with a particular mood of the poem and to give colour to these moods, each had a musical mood (''[[pann]]''), a melodic instrument (''[[yazh|yaazh]]'') and a percussion instrument (''parai''). For example, the ''neithal'' thinai, which dealt with the incidents around the seashore and the theme of elopement, had the musical mood of ''sevvazhi'', ''Vilari yaazh'' as the musical instrument and the ''navayapambai'' for the percussion. ''Tolkappiyam'' also mentions the musical form known as  ''Paattu Vannam'' and various types of songs like ''Asiriapattu'', ''Neduven pattu'', ''Adivarai'', ''Seer'', ''Ahaval Osai'' and ''Vellosai'', which are classified on the basis of the musical quality, metrical structure etc.  Most of the Sangam age poetry used one or more of these meters in their compositions. Poems of the ''Ettuthohai'' anthology, such as the ''[[Natrinai]]'', ''[[Paripaatal]]'' and ''[[Kaliththokai]]'' are extensively musical in nature and use various ''panns'' to create the mood.<ref name="carnatica.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnatica.net/tmusic.htm|title=Tamil Music|website=www.carnatica.net|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>

===Musical instruments===

Poems of the Sangam literature contain numerous mentions of the various musical instruments such as the ''Seerkazhi'', a stringed instrument of the [[Veena]] type and various percussion instruments such as ''murasu'' or ''muzham''. ''Pattupaatu'' contains a description of the ''[[yazh]]'', a stringed instrument. There were two types of ''yaazh'', ''Periyaazh'' or the 'large yaazh' contained 21 strings, whereas its more compact companion ''Siriyaazh'' had only seven strings. Two other types of ''yaazhs'', ''Makarayaazh'' with 19 strings and ''Sakottuyaazh'' with seven strings are also mentioned in ''[[Pattuppattu]]''. However, we have no further information on their actual appearance, mode of playing and the kind of melody generated by these instruments.

The [[flute]] was the most popular wind instrument during the Sangam period. ''[[Perumpanarruppatai]]'', one of the ''Pattupattu'' anthologies, describes the process of making the flute. The holes in the bamboo tube were bored using red-hot embers. The flute is also mentioned in the ''[[Kurincippattu]]'' as the instrument on which the shepherds played the ''ambal pann''. Among the other wind instruments were the ''Pili'', a small trumpet and ''Kanvidutumbu'' a larger flute), perhaps producing lower octaves. The flute also acted as a drone providing a constant pitch for vocalists and other instruments 'as long as the trunk of an elephant'.

The ''Murasu'', or the drum was the most popular percussion instrument. During festivals, the sound of Murasu conveyed joy and gaiety. ''Muzhavu'', another percussion instrument accompanied singers. The drum was also used as the war-drum, calling people to arms. ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' mentions that the ''murasu'' was one of the prized possessions captured from the defeated enemy in the battlefield.  ''[[Malaipatukatam]]'' describes the method of constructing and tuning the ''murasu''. The sides were covered with skin, which were kept in position by leather straps. ''Malaipatukatam'' also mentions other percussion instruments such as ''udukkai'', a palm-sized drum, ''Muzhavu'', ''Siruparai'' and ''Tattai''. The sound ''tattai'' resembled the croaking of a frog. This was a crude folk instrument made using a bamboo stick. Numerous slits were made across the stick and sound was produced on it by striking it on a stone or any other hard surface. In the ''Kurincippattu'' peasant women use ''tattai'' to scare the birds from the paddy field.
A well-known percussion instrument is the ''mridangam'' (mathangam). It's a double headed drum used to accompany the ''veena'' (Yaazh) and the ''flute'' among other instruments.

List of Musical instruments used by ancient [[Tamil people]] was listed in [[Tirumurai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient music instruments mentioned in thirumurai |script-title=ta:திருமுறை குறிப்பிடும் இசைக்கருவிகள் |url=http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/mis-thi-isai-karuvi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214203/http://www.shaivam.org/siddhanta/mis-thi-isai-karuvi.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |website=Shaivam}}</ref> dated between 6th and 11th century CE and include Akuli, Idakkai, Ilayam, [[Udukkai]], Yezhil, Kathirikkai, Kandai, Karathalam, Kallalaku, Kalavadam, Kavil, Kazhal, Kalam, Kinai, Kinkini, Kilai, Kinnaram, Kudamuzha, Kuzhal, Kaiyalaku, Kokkarai, Kodukotti, Kottu, Kombu, Sangu, Sachari, Sanchalam, Salari, Siranthai, Silambu, Sinam, Thagunicham, Thakai, Thadari, Thattazhi, Thathalagam, Thandu, [[Miruthangam|Thannumai]], Thamarugam, Thaarai, Thaalam, Thuthiri, Thunthubi, Thudi, Thuriyam, Thimilai, Thondagam, Naral Surisangu, Padagam, Padutham, Panilam, Pambai, Palliyam, Parandai, Parai, Paani, Paandil, Pidavam, Perigai, [[Melam|Mathalam]], Mani, Maruvam, [[Murasu]], Muravam, Murugiyam, Murudu, Muzhavu, Monthai, Yaazl, Vangiyam, Vattanai, Vayir, [[Veena]]i, Veelai, and Venkural.
[[File:Wiki-mridangam.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|210px|[[Miruthangam|''Thannumai'']]]]

===Musical notations===
In Tamil music, the [[Swara|sargam]] "sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni" of the Indian classical music were known by their Tamil names ''Kural (குரல்)'', ''Tuttam (துத்தம்)'', ''Kaikilai (கைக்கிளை)'', ''Uzhai (உழை)'', ''Ili (இளை)'', ''Vilari (விளரி)'' and ''Taram (தாரம்)''. There are notations for the notes in different octaves. For example, ''Kurai Tuttam'' and ''Nirai Tuttam'' refer to the ''ri'' (''rishabha'') note in the lower and upper octaves respectively.<ref name="carnatica.net"/>

===Moods===

''[[Raga]]'', which defines the mood of the Indian classical music was described by the ''[[Pann]]''. Specific ''panns'' were sung during worship and during religious and royal ceremonies. ''Maduraikanchi'' refers to women singing ''Sevvazhi pann'' to invoke the mercy of God during childbirth. In ''Tolkappiyam'', the five landscapes of the Sangam literature had an associated ''Pann'', each describing the mood of the song associated with that landscape.

The Sangam landscape was classified into five regions to describe the mood of the poem and to describe the intangibles of human emotions. While describing life and romance, the poets employed the background of the natural landscape and used the ''pann'' specific to that landscape to provide the mood. The ''neithal'' landscape, which is employed to convey the grief of separation of lovers had the associated ''sevvazhi pann'' expressing pathos.

==Post-Sangam music==

{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote="The south Indian music system, which was indeed Tamil Pannisai, was erroneously named, for the first time, Karnataka sangeetham in the 12th century by a western-Chalukya king, Someswara Bhuloka Mamalla, in his ‘Manasoullasam', a monumental work that dealt with all the subjects under the sun, including music. In no other language in India, there existed at that time Sahityas (musical compositions) as they did in Tamil. Though most of the music manuals written from the 9th century onwards were in Sanskrit, the source materials for them — like the varieties of ‘ragas' ( pann) they had mentioned in their works — were all associated with the Tamil literary works, like ‘Silappadikaram', ‘Thevaram', and ‘Nalayira Divya Prabhandam'.."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Call-it-by-any-name-it-is-lsquoTamil-Isai/article15123803.ece | title= Call it by any name, it is 'Tamil Isai' | date= 1 February 2011 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Indira | last=Parthasarathy | access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref> |source= - Tamil scholar, '''Mu. Arunachalam''' in his book '''''Tamizh Isai Ilakkiya Varalaaru'''''.}}

===Evolution of ''panns''===
{{main | Pann}}
The post-Sangam period, between the third and the fifth centuries CE, Tamil music evolved to a different level of sophistication. ''Cilappatikaram'', written around the fifth century CE, describes music based on logical, systematic and scientific calculations in the arrangements of the dancers on the stage to represent the notes and ''panns''. ''Cilappatikaram'' contains several chapters dedicated to music and dance, of which the most famous is the ''kanal vari'' which is a duet between the hero [[Kovalan]] and his lady-love [[Madavi]]. ''Cilappatikaram'' contains musical terminology such as, ''azhaku'' and ''matthirai'' referring to the musical pitch and the smallest fraction of an audible sound distinguishable by the human ear. From these evolved the scales. One of the first scales employed by the ancient Tamils was the ''mullaippann'', a [[pentatonic]] scale composed of the notes ''sa ri ga pa  da'' equivalent to C, D, E, G and A in the western notations. These fully [[harmonic]] [[musical scale|scales]],  constitutes the ''raga'' ''[[Mohanam]]'' in the [[Carnatic music]] style. These scales can also be found in many eastern music systems such as the [[Chinese musicology|Chinese traditional music]].	

''Mullaippann'' further evolved into ''Sempaalai'', a  scale based on seven notes. The ancient Tamils also derived new ''panns'' by the process of modal shift of tonic and by the process of reallocating the pitch and beat of the notes. ''Cilappatikaram'' has an example of this in the chapter ''Arangetrukadai'',  where the ''Pann Mercharupalai'' is changed to derive a new ''Pann''. The four original ''panns'' of ''maruthappann'', ''kurinchippann'', ''sevvazhi'' and ''sadari'' thus evolved into 103 ''panns'' with varying characterisations. Some of the ''panns'' and their equivalent Carnatic ragas were:

* ''Panchamam'' – ''[[Ahiri]]''
* ''Pazham Panchuram'' -  ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Sankarabharanam]]''
* ''Meharahkkurinchi'' -  ''Neelampari''
* ''Pazhanthakka Ragam''  - ''[[Arabhi]]''
* ''Kurinchi'' -   ''[[Malahari]]''
* ''Natta Ragam'' – ''[[Kamavardhini|Panthuvarali]]''
* ''Inthalam'' -  ''Nathanamakriya''
* ''Thakkesi'' -  ''[[Kambhoji]]''
* ''Kausikam'' -  ''[[Bhairavi (ragam)|Bhairavi]]''
* ''Nattappadai'' – ''[[Gambhiranata|Gambheeranaattai]]''

===Tamil Modal System===

The Important Modes of Tamil Music are grouped as Seven Great Modes (Ezh Perum Paalai). From them, 2 Modes are removed and remaining 5 are employed in
Tolkappiam, there they are mentioned as Yaazh instead of Paalai or Pann which is meant to denote Musical Scale or Raaga. Also the 5 Small
Modes of Tamil are derived from those 5 Great Modes. All of them are listed below, along with their Western and Carnatic equivalents :- 
(This doesn't mean that these Systems predate Tamil Music System.).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tamil Modal system
|-
! 7 Great Modes / Heptatonics !! 5 Tinai Tolkappiam Yāḻ !! Eq. Carnatic Raga !! 7 Western Modes !! Western Scales !! 5 Small Modes / Pentatonics Yāḻiṉ pakuti !! Eq. Carnatic Raga !! Eq. Western Scales
|-
| SemPaalai || Mullai || Harikambodhi || Mixolydian ||  || MullaitheemPaaNi || Mohanam || Major Pentatonic
|-
| PadumalaipPaalai || Kurinji || Natabairavi || Aeolian || Minor Scale || Sendhurutti || Madhyamavati || Egyptian_Suspended
|-
| SevvazhipPaalai || --- || Todi with 2 Ma || Locrian ||  || --- || --- || ---
|-
| ArumPaalai || Paalai || Sankarabaranam || Ionian || Major Scale || Konrai || Suddha Saveri || Blues Major 
|-
| KOdipPaalai || Marudham || Karaharapriya || Dorian ||  || Aambal || Suddha Dhanyasi || Minor Pentatonic
|-
| ViLaripPaalai || Neidhal || Todi || Phrygian ||  || Indhalam || Hindolam || Blues Minor
|-
| MerchemPaalai || --- || Kalyani || Lydian ||  || --- || --- || ---
|}

(Note:- Yāḻ denotes a 7-Note Heptatonic Scale and Yāḻiṉ pakuti denotes a 5-Note Pentatonic Scale)

The 7 Mode Set is self generative, with the 1st Mode, if we apply a method called Kural Thiribu or PannupPeyarttal (which is Tonic Shift, or Rotation), we will get the
rest of 6 Modes. The Last mode will yield back the 1st Mode, its Cyclic in same order. Same applies for the 5 Pentatonic Scale set, too. The English Term 'Tonic Shift'
is 1st coined by one Mr. VPK sundaram who was an important Tamil-Music Theorist and author of several Books and Articles in this topic. He coined the term in his book,
Pancha Marabu, in 1991(Page 3).

===Musical instruments===
''Cilappatikaram'' makes reference to five types of instruments: ''Tolkaruvi'' (lit. 'skin instruments' = percussion), ''Tulaikaruvi'' (lit. 'holed instruments' = wind instruments),  ''Narambukaruvi'' (stringed instruments), ''Midatrukaruvi'' (vocalists) and ''Kanchakaruvi'' (gongs and cymbals). The flute and the ''yaazh'' were the most popular instruments, while there were numerous kinds of percussion instruments suited for various occasions. ''Cilappatikaram'' also contains detailed instructions on the art of tuning and playing the ''yaazh''.

==Devotional period==
<!-- Missing image removed: [[File:Child Saint Sambandar.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Thirugnana Sambanthar]] -->
Between the fifth and the sixth centuries the Tamil literature was dominated by a moralistic age during which a number of literary works of didactic nature were produced. These poets did not attach much importance to music in their compositions, being more concerned with ethics and morals of the people. However the underlying musical culture was not forgotten. For example, ''[[Tirukkural]]'' contains numerous allusions to music and the enjoyment of music. One famous example is the ''kural'' compares unfavourably the sweetness of the flute and the ''yaazh'' with the voice of children.

===Tevaram===
{{main|Tevaram}}

Tamil music revived with the advent of the Saiva and [[Vaishnava]] saints who composed thousands of hymns in popular language to spread their faith among common people. Saivite [[nayanmar]]s such as Appar, Thirugnana Sambanthar and [[Sundarar]] used the ancient ''panns'' to enable people to sing them in Temples. The Saiva ''[[Tevaram]]s'' and the Vaishna ''[[Naalayira Divyap Prabhandham]]s'' were instrumental in the revival and the popularisation of Tamil music.	In addition to the ''panns'' for the melody, the ''Tevaram'' poems used '''santham''' (rhythm) such as ''thaana-thana-thaanaa-thanaa'' in their lyrics, providing a complete musical experience to the listener.

The traditional of religious singing continued for many centuries during which singers known as ''Othuvars'' sang the ''Tevaram'' songs in temples. The musical knowledge and skills were orally passed on through generations.
[[File:Thiruppugazh - Umbartharu - Hamsadhwani.wav|thumb|Thiruppugazh - Umbartharu]]

===Thiruppugazh===

{{main |Thiruppugazh}}

In the fifteenth century poet Arunagirinathar composed a series of poems known as ''[[Thiruppugazh]]''. Arunagirinathar represents a remarkable blend of Tamil literary genius, a high degree of devotion to Murugan and a musical expertise. Arunagirinathar was one of the first poet to set all his compositions to reverberating music in the style of "Santham" which means setting the verses within a certain length to conform with rhythm (''thala''). Arunagirinathar was the pioneer in the art of setting his poems to the sweet sounds of music.  Just like the seven octaves in music, Arunagirinathar, is known as a ''santhakkavi'' – musical poet, uses certain repetitive phrases rhythmically to achieve movement and colour in his poems. By combining the Tamil hard or soft consonants and long  or short  vowels in different ways, Arunagirinathar produces hundreds of compound rhythmic words such as, ''tatta'', ''taatta'', ''tantha'', ''thaantha'', ''thaiya'', ''thanna'', ''thaana'', ''thanana'', etc. At the beginning of each poem in the ''Thiruppugazh'', Arunagirinathar gives the rhythm notations.

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Parai - music instrument of south india.jpg
File:Uduku.JPG
File:Yaaz.jpg
File:"Tamil music troop".jpg
File:A tamil thappu.ogv|[[Parai Attam|Parai attam]]
File:A Sound from thappu- Tamilnadu.ogv|[[Parai Attam|Parai attam]]
File:Thannumai.jpg
File:Sangu.jpg
File:Parai attam.jpg
File:Venai.jpg
File:Thalam.jpg
File:Nadduvanka Thalam.jpg
File:A Drum instrument Thappu.JPG
File:Semakkalam.jpg
File:Thadduk kazhi.JPG
File:புல்லாங்குழல்.jpg
File:Semakkalam 2.jpg
File:Murasu.svg
File:A close-up of Pambai 1.JPG
File:Muzavu.jpg
File:திருவிழாவில் பறை.JPG
File:நாதசுரம்.JPG
File:Flat drum-India-TamilWord.18.2.jpg
File:7 mouthed pot (musical instrument).JPG
File:தமிழர் இசைக் கருவி 7.jpg
File:A depiction of Silambakattai.JPG
File:Thaarai Thappattai.jpeg
File:A closup of Urumi.JPG
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Sangam literature]]
* [[Tamil literature]]
* [[Tamil music]]
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Carnatic music]]
* [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Naattupurapaattu]]
* [[Pancha Marapu]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.tamilnation.org TamilNation]

{{Ancient music}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Tamil Music}}
[[Category:Tamil music]]
[[Category:Music history of India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sangam period]]