View source for Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878

{{Infobox treaty
| name                    = Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878
| long_name               =
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| type                    =
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| date_drafted            =
| date_signed             = {{Start date|1878|12|26}}
| location_signed         = [[Lisbon]]
| date_sealed             =
| date_effective          = {{Start date|1880|01|15}}
| condition_effective     =
| amendment               =
| date_expiration         = {{End date|1892|01|14}}
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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Anglo-Portuguese|United Kingdom|Portugal}}

The '''Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878''' was an economic agreement between [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] regarding their trade and a railway between their colonies in India. This treaty was in keeping with the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] that dated back to the 14th century.

==Aims==
Portugal wanted to end [[Portuguese India]]'s trade isolation, in order to expand its economy. This would be through a [[Customs Union]] with [[British Raj|British India]], and the construction of a railway line. Portugal offered Britain a monopoly on Goan salt production in return. Goan salt was considered to be a threat to the [[History of the British salt tax in India|salt monopoly]] exercised by the colonial government in British India.

==Main features==
The main features of the treaty were:<ref name="TucaramThesis1999">
{{Cite thesis
 |last=Nagvenkar
 |first=Harischandra Tucaram
 |title=Salt and the Goan Economy: A Study of Goa's salt industry and salt trade in the 19th and 20th centuries during the Portuguese rule
 |date=1999
 |degree=PhD in Economics
 |publisher=Goa University
 |language=en-US
 |pages=196–250
 |hdl=10603/31915
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Danvers|first=Frederick Charles |author-link=Frederic Charles Danvers |title=The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwOV-eenKy0C&pg=PA476|year=1894|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0391-2|page=476}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* Reciprocal freedom of commerce, navigation and transit between the two Indias;
* Abolition of all custom duties on the frontier lines between [[British India]] and [[Portuguese India]];
* Uniformity of customs duties in the two territories on goods imported and exported by sea with, however, special stipulations with regard to salt, spirits and opium;
* Introduction into Portuguese India of the system of excise on spirituous liquours, including toddy, sanctioned by law in the Bombay Presidency;
* Prohibition of the export from Portuguese India of opium, or its cultivation or manufacture, except on account of the British Government;
* Monopoly power of the Bombay Presidency Government in British India on the manufacture of salt and its trade in Portuguese India, with the powers granted to the British India Government to limit the manufacture of salt and suppress if necessary, the salt works therein; and
* Mutual agreement for the construction of a railway line from the town of New Hubli to the port of Mormugao and its extension from New Hubli to Bellari.

==Effects==
The treaty had the following effects:
* It impoverished the native Goan peasants.<ref name="PortugalHistDevpt2000">
{{Cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC
 |title=Goa and Portugal: History and Development
 |last=Borges
 |first=Charles
 |last2=Pereira
 |first2=Oscar Guilherme
 |last3=Stubbe
 |first3=Hannes
 |publisher=Concept Publication Company
 |year=2000
 |isbn=8170228670
 |location=New Delhi
 |pages=144–145
}}</ref>
* It resulted in the connection of Goa to British India by rail through the [[West of India Portuguese Railway]], and the construction and development of the [[Mormugao Port Trust|Mormugao Port]].
* British India was granted a monopoly of the salt trade in Goa.
* The contraction of the Goan economy due to the treaty caused a large scale emigration of Goans to British India, mostly to [[Bombay]].<ref name="TeresaImpact1990">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Albuquerque
 |first1=Teresa
 |author-link=Teresa Albuquerque
 |title=The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 - Its Impact on the People of Goa
 |date=September 1990
 |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg98414.html
 |journal=Indica
 | volume = 27
 | issue = 2
 |pages = 117
 |publisher=Heras Institute, St. Xavier's College, Bombay
}}</ref><ref name="MMLThesis2002">
{{Cite thesis
 |last=DaCosta
 |first=Murelle Maria Leonildes
 |title=History of Trade and Commerce in Goa 1878-1961
 |date=2002
 |degree=PhD in History
 |publisher=Goa University
 |url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/handle/unigoa/3900
 |language=en-US
 |pages=219–242
}}</ref><ref name="BhatTrends2005">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Bhat
 |first1=N. Shyam
 |title=TRENDS IN GOA'S TRADE AND COMMERCE : 1878 -1961
 |url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/1768/Indo-Portuguese_Hist_Global_Trends_2005_397.pdf
 |journal=Indo-Portuguese History: Global Trends
 |date=2005
 |pages=397–409
}}</ref>


==Termination==
Due to the ill-effects of the treaty on Goan industry, there was pressure on the Portuguese to terminate the treaty. The government of British India also did not obtain substantial benefit from the treaty. This led to the termination of the treaty in 1892 due to non-renewal of the treaty by the parties.<ref name="TucaramThesis1999" />

==See also==

* [[Mormugao Port Trust]]
* [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373]]
* [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
 |last1=Bhat
 |first1=N. Shyam
 |title=Trade in Portuguese Goa: The Nineteenth Century Scenario
 |url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/1284/61_Proc_Indian_Hist_Congress_2001_864.pdf
 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
 |date=2000
 |volume=61
 |pages=864–870
 |jstor=44148160
}}
* Silveira Pereira, Hugo. "O tratado luso-britânico de 1878: história de um acordo tecnodiplomático em três atos." ['The 1878 Portuguese-British treaty: history of a technodiplomatic accord in three acts'] ''Revista de Historía da Sociedade e da Cultura'' (2017), Vol. 17, pp229-252. 

* {{cite book
 |last1=Sturt
 |first1=W.N.
 |title=Denunciation of the Anglo-Portuguese (Goa) treaty of 1878: conditions of renewal
 |date=28 Feb 1891
 |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/90b9c210-a6be-454f-bd5f-0ce30adc8615
}}

[[Category:Portugal–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Anglo-Portuguese treaties]]