View source for Anti-Brahminism

{{Short description|Opposition to Brahminism}}
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{{Citation style|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Anti-Brahminism''' is a term used in opposition to [[caste system|caste]] based [[Hierarchy|hierarchal]] social order which places [[Brahmins]] at its highest position.{{sfn|Rao|2009|p=49}}<ref name=Bhargava/> Initial expressions of Anti-Brahminism emerged from instances of pre-colonial opposition to the [[caste system in India]], ideological influences during the colonial period,{{sfn|Novetzke|2011}} and from a colonialist Protestant Christian understanding of religion in the 19th century, which viewed "[[Brahminism]]" as a corrupted religion imposed on the Indian population.{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}}

[[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] and some Hindu Reformists structured their criticism along similar lines following the 19th century criticism of "Brahminism,"{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}} opposing the dominant position Brahmins had acquired by the time of British rule in the 19th century.

However, anti-Brahminism has also manifested as an anti-Brahmin sentiment, notably during the [[Dravidian movement]] and the [[Self-Respect Movement]] in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century among some followers of [[Periyar]].

==Definitions==
"Brahminism" refers both to the historical [[Brahminism|Brahmanical tradition and ideology]] of the late [[Vedic period]] (ca.1100-500 BCE), as to
{{blockquote|...a sociopolitical ideology that encodes a memory of an ideal past and a vision of society in the future, one in which Brahmins occupy the highest place [...] their superior position in society and their superior knowledge stems from birth. This makes them naturally, intrinsically superior to all other humans [...] Brahmanism then is the most perfect form of conservatism, a status quoist ideology par excellence, entirely suitable to elites who wish to perpetuate their social status, power and privilege.<ref name=Bhargava/>}}

"Anti-Brahminism" or "Non-Brahminism" is a movement in opposition to caste based discrimination and hierarchical social order which places [[Brahmins]] at its highest position.{{sfn|Rao|2009|p=49}}<ref name=Bhargava/> [[B. R. Ambedkar]] stated:
{{blockquote|By Brahmanism, I do not mean the power, privileges and interests of Brahmins as a community. That is not the sense in which I am using the word. By Brahmanism, I mean the negation of the spirit of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Police action over actor Chetan Kumar's remarks sparks row in Karnataka|website=The Hindu|last=Bharadwaj|first=K. V. Aditya|date=July 2, 2021|location=Bengaluru, Karnataka|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/police-action-over-actor-chetan-kumars-remarks-sparks-row-in-karnataka/article35100813.ece|archive-date=July 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702134021/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/police-action-over-actor-chetan-kumars-remarks-sparks-row-in-karnataka/article35100813.ece}}</ref>}}

==History==

===Pre-Colonial times===
According to Novetzke, initial expressions of Anti-Brahminism emerged from instances of pre-colonial opposition to the caste system, ideological influences during the colonial period.{{sfn|Novetzke|2011}}

=== 19th century colonialism ===
{{expand section|date=July 2021}}

According to Gelders and Delders, the structure of present-day anti-Brahminism has its roots in 19th century India and colonial views on the position and influence of Brahmins. 19th century colonial rulers viewed India's culture as corrupt and degenerate, and its population irrational. In this view, derived from a Protestant Christian understanding of religion, rooted in the Protestant opposition against the Catholic Church, the original "God-given religion" was corrupted by (Catholic) priests, which was extended by comparison to the Brahmins in India, and the Brahmin-dominated type of [[Hinduism]], for which the term "[[Brahminism]]" was used, was supposedly imposed on the Indian population.{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}}

===20th century===
In the late 19th and early 20th century, with the rise of nationalist and rationalist movements, criticism against Brahminism came from both Brahmins and from low-caste Hindu communities. Ambedkar along with Hindu Reformists, structured their criticism along similar lines following the 19th century criticism of "Brahminism."{{sfn|Gelders|Delders|2003}}

According to Beteille, in [[Tamil Nadu]] the traditional position of Brahmins had been enforced with the beginning of British rule, profiting from western education and turning to an urban lifestyle.{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=209}} They monopolized the new urban jobs and entered the [[Indian Civil Service]], gaining strongholds in government and bureaucracy,{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=209}} and also dominated the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=210}} This widened the gap between Brahmins and non-Brahmins, but opposition quickly mounted.{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=210}} Anti-Brahminism became organized with the formation of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] in late 1916 in Tamil Nadu. This party was composed of non-Brahmins (who were typically part of either the [[feudal]] castes, land-owning agricultural castes, or merchant castes) and was committed to enhancing the opportunities for non-Brahmins.{{sfn|Clothey|2006}} With the dawn of the 20th century, and the rapid penetration of western education and western ideas, there was a rise in consciousness amongst the lower castes who felt that rights which were legitimately theirs were being denied to them.{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=210}} In 1920, when the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] came to power, Brahmins occupied about 70 percent of the high level posts in the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Superiority in Numbers|date=April 22, 2006|website=Tehelka|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne042206superiority.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918002111/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=Ne042206superiority.asp|archive-date=September 18, 2012}}</ref> After reservation was introduced by the Justice Party, it reversed this trend, allowing non-Brahmins to rise in the government of the [[Madras Presidency]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} In the 1930s, anti-Brahmanism was disseminated among the masses by the [[Self-Respect Movement]].{{sfn|Béteille|1969|p=211}}

One of the most prominent proponents of Anti-Brahminism was [[Dalit]] leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. Another prominent proponent was Dravidian leader [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Periyar called on both Brahmins and non-Brahmins to shun Brahminism.{{sfn|Omvedt|2006|p=95}} However, Ramaswamy did make incendiary statements towards the encouragement of violence against the Brahmin community: "''Pambaium parpanaium partha parpanai adi''" — If you see a snake and a Brahmin, beat the Brahmin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Jacob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73msCkfD5V8C&dq=brahmin+snake+periyar&pg=PA64 |title=Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order |date=1987 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-86132-136-0 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghafoor |first=Dr Fazal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI8qEAAAQBAJ&dq=brahmin+snake+periyar&pg=PT67 |title=Treading the Beaten Path: A Journey Through India |date=2021-04-21 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63745-397-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorringe |first=Hugo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19RjDwAAQBAJ&dq=periyar+snake&pg=PT109 |title=Untouchable Citizens: Dalit Movements and Democratization in Tamil Nadu |date=2005-01-07 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5280-305-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ramasamy also claimed, on several occasions, that to eliminate the caste system, driving away the Brahmins was crucial.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kandasamy |first1=W. B. Vasantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTrzAAAAQBAJ&q=periyar+eradicate+brahmins&pg=PA287 |title=Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability |last2=Smarandache |first2=Florentin |last3=Kandasamy |first3=K. |date=2005 |publisher=Infinite Study |isbn=978-1-931233-00-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Questioning Periyar Is Necessary for Forging a Progressive Anti-Caste Politics |url=https://thewire.in/caste/periyar-anti-caste-politics |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

In October 1957, he supposedly called upon his followers to kill Brahmins and set fire to their houses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |url=http://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW2-39 |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru |series=Second Series |year=1984 |volume=39 |pages=383 |language=English}}</ref> On 3 November 1957, Dravidar Kazhagam held a convention in Thanjavur under Ramasamy's leadership and demanded that the Government of India delete provisions from the Constitution dealing with religious freedom (which, they believed, gave protection to the caste system and particularly to Brahmins), and if they failed to do so the copies of the Constitution would be burnt, and portraits and statues of Mahatma Gandhi would be broken; if it produced no results, the Dravidar Kazhagam members would be asked to kill Brahmins and burn their residential localities. These statements prompted the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to write to [[K. Kamaraj]] who was the [[Chief minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Madras State (Tamil Nadu)]] at that time, urging him to deal with this matter without delay.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nehru |first=Jawaharlal |url=http://archive.org/details/HindSwaraj-Nehru-SW2-40 |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru |series=Second Series |year=1984 |volume=40 |pages=387 |language=English}}</ref> The Dravidian nationalist's call to "kill Tamil Brahmins" at a 1973 speech in Karaikudi is still echoed in the 21st century by regional parties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-09 |title=DMK spokesperson supports Periyar's call for 'killing Brahmins'; Subramanian Swamy moves EC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-spokesperson-supports-periyar-s-call-for-killing-brahmins-subramanian-swamy-moves-ec-1116752.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ambedkarism]]
* [[Self-Respect Movement]]
* [[Caste-related violence in India]]
* [[Reserved political positions in India]]
* [[Caste politics]]
* [[Reservation in India]]

== References ==
<references>
<!-- Bhargava -->
<ref name=Bhargava>{{Cite news|last=Bhargava|first=Rajeev|author-link=Rajeev Bhargava|date=2019-07-23|title=What does it mean to oppose Brahmanism?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/what-does-it-mean-to-oppose-brahmanism/article28658412.ece|access-date=2021-07-23|issn=0971-751X|quote=Anyone who consents to, endorses or justifies this hierarchical order, regardless of his caste, creed or gender, is then a ‘Brahmanist’.}}</ref>
</references>

==Sources==

;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}
<!-- B -->
* {{Citation | last =Béteille | first =André  | year =1969 | title =Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village | publisher =University of California Press}}
<!-- C -->
* {{Citation | last =Clothey | first =Fred W. | year =2006 | title =Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora | publisher =Univ of South Carolina Press}} 
<!-- G -->
* {{Citation | last1 =Gelders | first1 =Raf | last2 =Delders | first2 =Willem | year =2003 | title =Mantras of Anti-Brahmanism: Colonial Experience of Indian Intellectuals | journal =Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=43 |pages=4611–4617 | doi = | jstor =4414197 | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262123666}}
<!-- N -->
* {{Cite journal|last=Novetzke|first=Christian Lee|date=2011-03-23|title=The Brahmin double: the Brahminical construction of anti-Brahminism and anti-caste sentiment in the religious cultures of precolonial Maharashtra|journal=South Asian History and Culture|volume=2|issue=2|pages=232–252|doi=10.1080/19472498.2011.553494|s2cid=144806307|issn=1947-2498|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2011.553494|url-access=subscription}}
<!-- O -->
* {{Cite book| last =Omvedt | first =Gail | year =2006 | title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity | publisher =Orient Longman | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kCwpXZlKqL0C|isbn=978-81-250-2895-6|access-date=17 January 2018}}
<!-- R -->
* {{Cite book | last =Rao | first =Anupama | year =2009 | title =The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India | publisher =[[University of California Press]] | isbn =978-0-520-25761-0 | language =en}}
<!-- S -->
* {{cite book |last1=Schomer |first1=Karine |first2=W. H. |last2=McLeod |title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India |year=1987 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120802773}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Irschik |first= Eugene|date=1969 |title= Politics and Social Conflict in South India, the Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929.|url= https://archive.org/details/PoliticsAndSocialConflictInSouthIndia|publisher= University of California Press}}

== External links ==
* ''[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/punes-endless-identity-wars/734020/ Pune’s endless identity wars]'' by Rakshit Sonawane, ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 6 January 2011.
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/may/23franc.htm Editorial by Francois Gautier on anti-Brahmanism]

{{Reservation in India}}
{{Discrimination}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Brahminism}}
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism| ]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]