View source for Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar

{{Short description|Diwan of Mysore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Diwan Bahadur]] [[Sir]]
| name = Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar 
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] [[Knight Bachelor|Kt]]
| image = Ramaswamy_Mudaliar.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar in 1934
| order1 = 24th [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Diwan of the Mysore Kingdom]]
| term_start1 = August 1946| term_end1 = November, 1949| monarch1 = [[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur]]
| primeminister1 =  
| predecessor1 = [[N. Madhava Rao]]
| successor1 = ''Position disestablished''
| order2 = 1st [[President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council|President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)]]<ref name="un.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/|title=UN Economic and Social Council|website=www.un.org}}</ref>
| term_start2 = 23 January 1946
| term_end2 = 23 January 1947
| governor_general2 = 
| governor2 = 
| monarch2 = 
| primeminister2 =  
| predecessor2 =  None
| successor2 = Jan Papanek
| order3 = Member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]]
| term_start3 = 1942
| term_end3 = 1945
| governor_general3 = 
| governor3 = 
| monarch3 = [[George VI]]
| primeminister3 = [[Winston Churchill]]
| predecessor3 =  
| successor3 = War Cabinet disbanded
| order4 = Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council
| term_start4 = 1939
| term_end4 = 1942
| governor_general4 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| governor4 = 
| monarch4 = [[George VI of the United Kingdom]]
| primeminister4 = 
| predecessor4 =  
| successor4 = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|10|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kurnool]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1976|07|17|1887|10|14}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
| occupation = [[Diplomat]]
| spouse = 
}}

[[Diwan Bahadur]] '''Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] [[Knight Bachelor|Kt]]<ref name="kcsi_1">{{cite book | title=An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord| last=Whitaker| first=Joseph| year=1964| pages=286| publisher=J. Whitaker}}</ref><ref name="kcsi_2">{{cite book | title=The International Who's who | year=1956| pages=656| publisher=Europa Publications Ltd.}}</ref> (14 October 1887 – 17 July 1976) was an Indian [[lawyer]], [[diplomat]] and [[politician|statesman]] who served as a senior leader of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and in various administrative and bureaucratic posts in pre-independence and independent India.

Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar was born on 14 October 1887 in the town of Kurnool and had his schooling in Kurnool. He graduated from the [[Madras Christian College]] and studied law at the [[Madras Law College]]. On completion of his studies, he practised as a lawyer before joining the Justice Party and entering politics. Mudaliar was nominated to the Madras Legislative Council  in 1920 and served from 1920 to 1926 and as a member of the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] from 1931 to 1934, losing to [[S. Satyamurti]] in the 1934 elections. He served as a member of the Imperial Legislative Council from 1939 to 1941, as a part of [[Winston Churchill]]'s war cabinet from 1942 to 1945 and as the Indian representative in the [[Pacific War Council]]. He was India's delegate to the San Francisco Conference and served as the first president of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]].<ref name="un.org"/> He also served as the last [[Dewan|diwan]] of Mysore kingdom and occupied the seat from 1946 to 1949.

==Early life==
Ramasamy Mudaliar was born on 14 October 1887 in [[Kurnool]] in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking Tuluva Vellala<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-twin-stars-of-Arcot/article12556630.ece |title=The twin stars of Arcot |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=T. Ramakrishnan |date=October 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Padmini |first=R.|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/84526/8/padmini_chapter4.pdf|title=History and origin of Thuluva Vellala|publisher=Madras University|year=2001|isbn=|location=Madras|pages=148}}</ref> Mudaliar family. He was the eldest of a pair of [[twins]], the other being [[A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar|Arcot Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar]].<ref name="thehindu_double">{{cite news|last=Muthiah |first=S. |title=Achievements in double |date=13 October 2003 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/13/stories/2003101300210300.htm |work=The Hindu: Metro Plus |access-date=2008-11-04 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807071512/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/13/stories/2003101300210300.htm |archive-date=7 August 2007 }}</ref> He studied at Municipal High School, [[Kurnool]], and graduated in arts from [[Madras Christian College]].<ref name="thehindu_double" /> On graduation, Mudaliar studied law and was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council]].<ref name="thehindu_double" /> Uncle to World War II veteran Commander V.S.P. Mudaliar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.in/news/2005/may/24spec1.htm |title=The amazing war veteran |access-date=2013-10-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013402/http://www.rediff.in/news/2005/may/24spec1.htm |archive-date=2013-10-05 }}</ref> <!-- File photo of Ramasamy mudaliar along with Krishnamachari two representative in imperial war cabinet.<ref>http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/sir-ramaswami-mudaliar-and-sir-v-t-krishnamachari-indian-news-photo/138601582?Language=en-GB</ref> -->

==Justice Party==
Ramasamy Mudaliar was a part of the Justice Party ever since its inception in 1917 and served as its general secretary.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp152">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 152</ref> In July 1918, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar went to England along with [[T. M. Nair|Dr. T. M. Nair]] and [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]] as a part of the Justice Party delegation to argue in favour of communal representation and give evidence before the Reforms Committee.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp69">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 69</ref> The evidence was taken just before Dr. Nair's death on 17 July 1919.

Ramasamy Mudaliar rose in stature gradually and began to be regarded as the "brain of the Justice Party".<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp153">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 153</ref> He assisted in coordinating between non-Brahmins in different parts of India and organizing non-Brahmin conferences.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp153" /> Mudaliar was a prominent orator and was known for his inspiring speeches.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp153" />

In the elections to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] held on 8 November 1926, the Justice Party lost the elections, winning just 21 of the 98 seats in the council.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp189">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 189</ref> Mudaliar was one of the many who met with failure in the elections. Mudaliar took a temporary retirement from politics and replaced P. N. Raman Pillai as the editor of ''Justice'', the mouthpiece of the Justice Party.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp153" /> Under Mudaliar, there was a tremendous growth in circulation, and the ''Justice'' became widely popular.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp153" /> On 1 March 1929, Mudaliar appeared before the [[Simon Commission]] along with Sir A. T. Paneerselvam, another important leader of the Justice Party, to provide evidence on behalf of the Justice Party.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp153" /> Mudaliar served as the mayor of Madras from 1928 to 1930. In 1935, Mudaliar resigned as the chief editor of ''Justice'' following his appointment to the Tariff Board.<ref name="eneyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp153" />  Mudaliar was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the 1937 [[Coronation of the British Monarch|Coronation Honours List]], by which time he was a member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34365 |supp=y|pages=688–689|date=29 January 1937}}</ref>  He received the [[accolade]] at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 25 February 1937.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34375|page=1324|date=26 February 1937}}</ref>

==All India Non-Brahmin Movement==
Mudaliar maintained friendly relations with [[Shahu Maharaj]] and non-Brahmin leaders from [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[North India]] and helped in coordinating between and uniting leaders from different parts of India and in organising non-Brahmin conferences.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp48">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 48</ref>  Mudaliar was a participant in the [[Satara (city)|Satara]]  non-Brahmin Conference held on 18 December 1922.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp48" /> [[Rajaram II]] presided over this conference.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp48" /> He also participated in the All-India Non-Brahmin Conference held at Belgaum on 26 December 1924 where Mudaliar's oratory was appreciated. At the Seventh Non-Brahmin Conference held on 8 February 1925, he appealed for unity amongst non-Brahmins.<ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp48" /><ref name="encyclopediaofpoliticalpartiesp49">[[#Encyclopedia of Political Parties|Encyclopedia of Political Parties]], Pg 49</ref>

Following the death of [[Theagaroya Chetty|Sir P. T. Theagaroya Chetty]] in 1925, Ramasamy Mudaliar functioned as the sole link between Shahu Maharaj's [[Satya Shodhak Samaj]] and the Justice Party. He assisted the Raja of Panagal in organising an All-India Non-Brahmin Confederation at Victoria Hall, Madras on 19 December 1925. Mudaliar supported the candidature of B. V. Jadhav who was eventually appointed president. On 26 December 1925, he organised a second conference at Amaravati. The conference comprised two sessions. The Maharaja of Kolhapur presided over the first while the [[Raja of Panagal]] presided over the second. In the second session of the Conference, Mudaliar said:

{{quotation|It was too late in the day for me to defend what was the Non-Brahmin movement. When its activities had spread from Bombay to Madras, from the Vindhya mountains to Cape Comorin, its very extent and the lightning rapidity with which its principles have pervaded the country will be the best justification of the Movement}}

Mudaliar's utterances at this conference became the target of ''[[The Hindu]]'', which criticised him by saying that "the Speaker was desiring to produce an effect in another province, forced him to draw rather freely on his imagination".

==As member of the War Cabinet==
[[File:British Overseas Airways Corporation and Qantas, 1940-1945. CH7068.jpg|thumb|[[Poole, Dorset]], [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]], the Maharajah Jam Sahib of Nawanagar and Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar arrived from India for talks with the War Cabinet (between 1940 and 1945).]]

Shortly before the [[Second World War]] broke out in 1939, Ramaswamy Mudaliar was appointed member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]].<ref name="transfer_of_power">{{cite book | title=Transfer of Power in India| last=Menon| first=V. P.| year=1998| pages=143| publisher=Orient Blackswan| isbn=978-81-250-0884-2}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34625|page=3194|date=12 May 1939}}</ref> In June 1942, he was knighted again as a [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]. In July 1942, Ramasamy Mudaliar was appointed to Prime Minister Winston Churchill's War Cabinet, one of the two Indians nominated to the post, with equal rights and privileges as representatives from Britain's dominions.<ref name="gettyimages.co.uk">http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/sir-ramaswami-mudaliar-and-sir-v-t-krishnamachari-indian-news-photo/138601582?Language=en-GB</ref><ref name="time_warcabinet">{{cite news | title= Britain's Gambit | date=13 July 1942 | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884537,00.html?iid=chix-sphere | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121026054458/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884537,00.html?iid=chix-sphere | url-status =dead | archive-date =26 October 2012 | magazine =[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | access-date = 2008-11-02}}</ref>

== Doctor of Civil Law ==
Oxford University conferred him the title, [[Doctor of Civil Law]], appreciating his contributions during the Second World War.<ref>நகரத்தூதன் (City Herald) , 22-7-1945,  Page.5</ref>

==As president of ECOSOC==

Mudaliar served as India's delegate to the [[United Nations]] at the [[San Francisco Conference]] between 25 April and 26 June 1945, where he chaired the committee that discussed economic and social problems.<ref name="sanfranciscoconference1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section898/Section1444_5890.htm|title=50 Years of SEARO in South East Asia: 1948–1957, the Second Decade|access-date=2008-11-04|publisher=World Health Organization |work=About SEARO| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081108113836/http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section898/Section1444_5890.htm| archive-date= 8 November 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Mudaliar was elected as the First President of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] during its session at Church House, [[London]], on 23 January 1946.<ref name="un.org"/><ref name="ecosoc_president_1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/about/|title=Background Information|access-date=2008-11-04|publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Council| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081030065235/http://www.un.org/ecosoc/about/| archive-date= 30 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="listofpresidentsecosoc">{{cite web|title=List of Presidents of ECOSOC |publisher=United Nations |url=http://lib-unique.un.org/LIB/UNIQUE.nsf/469ec189d7b0537c85256adf004f7d7b/d4e1e91dd2e5ed1485256b9100671ca0?OpenDocument |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113082821/http://lib-unique.un.org/LIB/UNIQUE.nsf/469ec189d7b0537c85256adf004f7d7b/d4e1e91dd2e5ed1485256b9100671ca0?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-13 }}</ref>  Under his presidency, the Economic and Social Council passed a resolution in February 1946 calling for an international health conference.<ref name="internationalhealthconference1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section898/Section1444_5872.htm#International_Health_Conference|title=Pre WHO Years|access-date=2008-11-04|publisher=World Health Organization|work=About SEARO| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081108113721/http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section898/Section1444_5872.htm| archive-date= 8 November 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> At the health conference which was eventually held on 19 June 1946, inaugurated by Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, the [[World Health Organization]] came into being and the constitution for the new organisation was read out and approved by delegates from 61 nations.<ref name="internationalhealthconference2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section898/Section1444_5872.htm|title=The emergence of the World Health Organization:Pre WHO Years|access-date=2008-11-04|publisher=World Health Organization|work=About SEARO| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081108113721/http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section898/Section1444_5872.htm| archive-date= 8 November 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref> On the expiry of his one-year term, he returned to India and took over as the Chief Minister of [[Mysore kingdom|Mysore]].

==As Diwan of Mysore==

Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar was appointed as the dewan in 1946.<ref name="diwanofmysore1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Mahisur|title=Diwans of Mysore|access-date=2008-11-04|publisher=worldstatesman.org|work=Princely States of India K–Z| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081024205524/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html| archive-date= 24 October 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> He succeeded Dewan [[N. Madhava Rao]]. He presided over a very turbulent period. On 3 June 1947, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], the last [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] made a public declaration about the acceptance by the Indian Leaders for partition of India in to two Independent dominion. This announcement had a tremendous impact on the Indian States. Early in June 1947, the Dewan convened a Press Conference, at Bangalore, and announced that the Mysore Government had taken a decision to accede to the New dominion of India and to send its representatives to the Indian Constituent assembly.  Thereafter British parliament passed the  Indian Independence Act, 1947  on 15 July 1947 and the Bill received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947. This act provided for the creation of independent dominion of India and Pakistan on 15 Aug 1947. This act also  freed the Indian states from the suzerainty of British Government. There were a lot of misgivings about the lapse of suzerainty and the resultant freedom given to the over 560 Indian States. Indian leaders drafted an Instrument of Accession asking the Rulers to accede to the dominion government on three subjects of Defence, Communication and External affairs. Maharaja of Mysore executed the Instrument of accession on 9 Aug 1947 and the same was accepted by the Governor General of India on 16 Aug 1947. But this also gave impetus to the local congress leaders to  renew their demand for a Responsible Government. This led to an agitation known as " Mysore Chalo". There appears to be an obfuscation of facts among the agitating public that Mysore Maharaja on the  advice of the Dewan and his secretary Sir T. Thamboo Chetty was refusing to join the Indian Union. The truth of the matter was India was not a Union then. India had just become an Independent Dominion. Maharaja of Mysore was one of the earliest to sign the Instrument of accession. Maharaja soon on 24 Sept 1947 gave his assent to setting up of a Responsible Government  and on 25 Oct 1947, Mr. K.C. Reddy became the First Chief Minister with a cabinet of nine ministers. But Dewan continued to remain asa link between the Cabinet and the Maharaja. But as Maharaja accepted the recommendation of the Constituent assembly of Mysore to accept the Constitution of India for the state of Mysore  and become a Part-B state in the soon to be formed Republic of India, and issued a proclamation to this effect on 25 Nov 1949. With this the post of Dewan was also abolished. During his tenure as Diwan of Mysore, Mudaliar organised a number of Tamil music concerts in the Mysore kingdom in order to raise money for the restoration of Carnatic musician [[Tyagaraja]]'s samadhi or tomb at [[Tiruvaiyaru]].<ref name="thehindu_20031027">{{cite news|title=When the postman knocked|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/27/stories/2003102700090300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031128232504/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/10/27/stories/2003102700090300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2003|author=S. Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 October 2003}}</ref>
Mr. Ramasamy Mudaliar was sent by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as head of the Indian Delegation to New York to argue India's case in The  Security Council when Hyderabad appealed to it against Accession to India and eloquently argued the case for India and Security council decided in favour of India.

==Later years==

Mudaliar was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1954 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1970.<ref name="hindusthanyrbookp259">{{cite book|title=Hindustan year-book and who's who, Volume 38|pages=259|author=M. C. Sarkar|year=1970}}</ref> The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) was established on 5 January 1955 and Sir Mr. Arcot Ramaswami Mudaliar was elected as the first Chairman of ICICI Ltd. In his later years, Mudaliar served as the Chairman of the India Steamship Company and of the Tube Investments of India, until his death in 1976; helped AMM group setup TI cycle of India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/cycling-into-the-future/article29150.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. | last=Muthiah | title=Cycling into the future | date=5 October 2009}}</ref> AMM group runs Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar higher secondary school in Ambattur in remembrance of him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srmschool.org/AboutUs.html|title=Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar School - About Us|website=www.srmschool.org}}</ref>  [[A.R.L.M. Matriculation Higher Secondary School]] is run by his family in his remembrance. His sons are based out of United States.

==Religious beliefs==

Despite his violent tirades against ''Varnashrama dharma''  and Hindu scriptures in his writings and editorials in the ''Justice'', Ramasamy Mudaliar was known to be a staunch Vaishnavite. He regularly sported the Vaishnavite ''namam''. Once while offered beef during a visit to England, he refused it with horror.<ref name="kingscounsellorp142">{{cite book|title=King's counsellor: abdication and war : the diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles|pages=142|isbn=978-0-297-85155-4|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson| year=2006|author=Sir Alan Lascelles, Duff Hart-Davis}}</ref>

==Works==

* {{cite book|title=Searchlight on Council debates: speeches in the Madras Legislative Council|year=1960|publisher=Orient Longman}}
* {{cite book|title=Mirror of the year: a collection of Sir A. Ramaswami Mudaliar's editorials in Justice, 1927|publisher=[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]|year=1987|author=Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties| last=Ralhan| first=O. P. | year=2002| publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD| isbn=978-81-7488-865-5|ref=Encyclopedia of Political Parties}}

{{United Nations|state=collapsed}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mudaliar, Ramasamy}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Administrators in the princely states of India]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Diwans of Mysore]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]]
[[Category:United Nations Economic and Social Council]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
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[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
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[[Category:People from Kurnool]]
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