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'''''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan''''' (in [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Battaglione India libera'' - "Free India Battalion") was a foreign legion unit formed in [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] under the ''Raggruppamento Centri Militari'' in July 1942. The unit, raised initially as ''Centro I'', was headed by [[Mohammad Iqbal Shedai]]<ref name=bor407>Borra R. ''Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian National Army, and the war of India's liberation.'' J Hist Rev.Winter, 1982; vol. 03 no. 4: p. 407.</ref> &ndash; a long term Indian resident of [[Rome]] &ndash; and was formed of Indian ex-[[prisoners-of-war]] from [[British India]].<ref name=lun90>Lundari. ''I Paracadutisti Italiani 1937-45''. p. 90</ref>

Raised along with units dedicated to [[Tunisia]] (''Centro T'') and the [[Arab]]s (''Centro A''), it was tasked to intelligence gathering and [[sabotage]] operations behind enemy lines.  A part of ''Centro I'' was renamed ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan''  in August 1942 when the ''Raggruppamento Centri Militari'' itself was redesignated as ''Raggruppamento Frecce Rosse'' ("Red Arrows group").<ref name=lun99>Lundari. ''I Paracadutisti Italiani 1937-45''. p. 99</ref> By the time of its disbandment in November 1942, ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' came to be between three hundred and fifty<ref name=bor407/> and four hundred strong.<ref name=lun90/>

Units of the ''Raggruppamento Frecce Rosse'' were intended to infiltrate on the ground, from [[submarine]]s and by [[parachute]]. Accordingly, a further unit was raised within the ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' to form the ''plotone paracadutisti'' ("parachute platoon"). The chosen troops were sent for [[paratroop]] combat training to the parachute school at [[Tarquinia]].<ref name=lun99/>

==Uniform==
The soldiers of the ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' wore standard [[Italy|Italian]] military uniforms. However &ndash; unlike the troops of the German-raised ''[[Legion Freies Indien]]'', who had peaked [[field cap]]s &ndash; all the troops of the ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' wore a [[turban]] of the colour of the Italian ''Sahariana'' [[tunic]]. Additionally, the troops wore on their tunics collar patches with three vertical stripes in the [[saffron (colour)|saffron]], [[white]] and [[green]] (reflecting the colours of the [[Indian National Congress]] that was at the time the focus of the [[Indian Independence Movement|nationalist movement]]).  Italians serving in the ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' were distinguished by stars on the collar patches that was not worn by the Indian troops. The Tarquinia detachment sent for parachute training wore their own collar patches above paratroop-pattern patches, as well as the paratroop badge depicting an open yellow parachute embroidered in rayon thread on the left upper arm.<ref name=lun99/>

==Structure==
According to the order of battle of the Italian ''Raggruppamento Centri Militari'' in May 1942, the unit had the following under its control: ''comando'' ("headquarters") commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Massimo Invrea; ''Centro T'' consisting of Italians from Tunisia; ''Centro A'' consisting of Italians from Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Arabia; plus Arabs and Sudanese ex-prisoners-of-war and lastly; ''Centro I'' consisting of Italians from India and Persia and Indian ex-prisoners-of-war. In all, the ''Raggruppamento Centri Militari'' collected together approximately 1,200 Italians, 400 Indians and 200 Arabs. In August 1942 the ''Raggruppamento'' was renamed ''Raggruppamento Frecce Rosse'' ("Red Arrows group") a name chosen by the commanding officer in memory of his service with the Italian ''Divisione Frecce Nere'' ("Black Arrows Division") of the Italian ''[[Corpo Truppe Volontarie]]'' ("Corps of Volunteer Troops") in the Spanish Civil War. The three ''Centri Militari'' received new designations at the same time.

According to the order of battle of the Italian ''Raggruppamento Frecce Rosse'' in August 1942, the following units comprised the force structure: ''comando'' ("headquarters"), ''Battaglione d'Assalto Tunisia'' ("Tunisia Assault Battalion"), which was formerly ''Centro T''; ''Gruppo Italo-Arabo'' ("Italo-Arab Group"), formerly ''Centro A''; and ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' ("Free Indian Battalion"), formerly ''Centro I''.

The ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' was created out of ''Centro I'' using both the ex-Indian Army personnel (the Indian Army was under British operational command) and Italians previously resident in India and Persia (Iran).<ref name=FG>{{cite web|url=http://www.feldgrau.com/azadhind.html|title=Indian Volunteers in the German ''Wehrmacht''|publisher=Feldgrau.com|accessdate=2012-02-07}}</ref>

The order of battle of the ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' in August 1942 was:<ref name=lun99/>
*''Compagnia fucilieri'' ("motorized rifle company")
*''Compagnia mitraglieri'' ("motorized [[machine gun]] company")
*''Plotone paracadutisti'' ("parachute platoon")
*Overseas Italian platoon

==Disbandment==
Despite their investment in training the Indians in infiltration combat, the Italians considered the Indian troops of ''Battaglione Azad Hindoustan'' to be of doubtful loyalty and this view was confirmed when the Indians mutinied on learning of the Axis defeat at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]] in November 1942. Following this the battalion was disbanded and the Indians returned to their prisoner-of-war camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.feldgrau.com/azadhind.html|title=Indian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII|publisher=|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian National Army]]
*[[Indian Legion]]
*[[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]]

==References==
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[[Category:Military units and formations of Italy in World War II|Azad]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:National liberation armies]]
[[Category:Disbanded armies]]
[[Category:Expatriate units and formations]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1942]]
[[Category:Collaboration with the Axis Powers]]