View source for Burma campaign 1944 1945

{{Short description|South-East Asian Theatre of World War II}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Burma campaign 1944–1945
| partof            = the [[Burma campaign]] during [[World War II]]
| image             = File:British soldiers patrol Burmese town Bahe.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = Two British soldiers patrol the ruins of [[Bahe]], in Central Burma.
| date              = November 1944 – 7 August 1945
| place             = Burma
| result            = [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
*End of the [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese occupation]] 
* The disbandment of the [[Indian National Army|INA]]
* Combat continues until September 13
| territory         = Burma returned to [[British rule in Burma|British control]]
| casus             = 
| combatant1        = '''[[Allies of World War II|Allies]]'''<br>{{clist|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|{{flag|British Empire}}}}
|{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
|{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=India}}
|{{flagdeco|Burma|1937}} [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
|{{flagdeco|Nepal|old}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Whelpton|first1=John|title=A History of Nepal|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-52180026-6|page=67|edition=4th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 44142873|title = Nepal and the World Warii|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume = 53|pages = 580–585|last1 = Singh|first1 = S. B.|year = 1992}}</ref>
|{{flagdeco|Gambia|colonial}} [[Gambia Colony and Protectorate|Gambia]]
|{{flag|Gold Coast}}
|{{flagdeco|Kenya|colonial}} [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]
|{{flagdeco|Nigeria|colonial}} [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria|Nigeria]]<ref name="aljazeera.com">The Burma Boy, Al Jazeera Documentary, [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeracorrespondent/2011/08/2011828135228487172.html Barnaby Phillips follows the life of one of the forgotten heroes of World War II], Al Jazeera Correspondent Last Modified: 22 July 2012 07:21,</ref>
|{{nowrap|{{flag|Northern Rhodesia}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}}}
|{{flag|Nyasaland}}
|{{flagdeco|Uganda|colonial}} [[Uganda Protectorate|Uganda]]}}
{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–49)}} [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]]
* {{flag|United States|1912}}
* {{nowrap|[[File:Flag of the AFPFL.svg|23px|border]] [[Burma National Army#Change of sides|Patriotic Burmese Forces]]}}
*'''Medical support:'''
* {{flag|Belgian Congo}}
}}
| combatant2        = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]'''
<br>{{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
* {{flagicon|Burma|1943}} [[State of Burma]]
* {{flagicon|India|1931}} [[Azad Hind]]
{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[History of Thailand (1932–1973)|Thailand]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Louis Mountbatten]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[William Slim]]
* {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–49)}} [[Wei Lihuang]]
* [[File:Flag of the AFPFL.svg|23px|border]] [[Aung San]]
  }}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Heitarō Kimura]]
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Masaki Honda]]
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Shōzō Sakurai]]
* {{nowrap|{{flagicon|India|1931}} [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]}}
* {{flagicon|Burma|1943}} [[Ba Maw]]
}}
| strength1         = {{unbulleted list
  |
  }}
| strength2         = {{unbulleted list
  |
  }}
| casualties1       = {{unbulleted list
  |22,262 (British Commonwealth)
  |102 tanks destroyed<ref>[http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16635coll14/id/56035 "Survey of Allied tank casualties in World War II"], Technical Memorandum ORO-T-117, Department of the Army, Washington D.C.,Table 1.</ref>
  }}
| casualties2       = {{unbulleted list
  |31,119{{efn|Not counting casualties fighting Americans and Chinese}}
  }}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Burma}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific War}}
{{Campaignbox World War II}}
}}
The '''Burma campaign''' in the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]] of [[World War II]] was fought primarily by [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Chinese]] and [[United States]] forces<ref>{{cite video |year=1944 |title=Video: Campaign in Burma, 1944/04/24 (1944) |url=https://archive.org/details/1944-04-24_Campaign_in_Burma |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=February 22, 2022}}</ref> against the forces of [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]], who were assisted to some degree by [[Thailand]], the [[Burmese National Army]] and the [[Indian National Army]]. The British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from the [[United Kingdom]], [[British Raj|British India]] and [[Africa]].

Partly because [[monsoon]] rains made effective campaigning possible only for about half of the year, the Burma campaign was almost the longest campaign of the war. During the campaigning season of 1942, the Japanese had conquered Burma, driving British, Indian and Chinese forces from the country and forcing the British administration to flee into India. After scoring some defensive successes during 1943, they then attempted to forestall Allied offensives in 1944 by launching an invasion of India ([[Operation U-Go]]). This failed with disastrous losses.

During the next campaigning season beginning in December 1944, the Allies launched several offensives into Burma. American and Chinese forces advancing from northernmost Burma linked up with armies of the Chinese Republic advancing into [[Yunnan]], which allowed the Allies to complete the [[Burma Road]] in the last months of the war. In the coastal province of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], Allied amphibious landings secured vital offshore islands and inflicted heavy casualties, although the Japanese maintained some positions until the end of the campaign. In Central Burma however, the Allies crossed the [[Ayeyarwady River|Irrawaddy River]] and defeated the main Japanese armies in the theatre. Allied formations then followed up with an advance on [[Yangon|Rangoon]], the capital and principal port. Japanese rearguards delayed them until the monsoon struck but an Allied airborne and amphibious attack secured the city, which the Japanese had abandoned.

In a final operation just before the end of the war, Japanese forces which had been isolated in Southern Burma attempted to [[Battle of the Sittang Bend|escape across]] the [[Sittang River]], suffering heavy casualties.

==Background==

===Allied plans===
As the monsoon rains ended late in 1944, the Allies were preparing to launch large-scale offensives into Japanese-occupied Burma. The main Allied headquarters for the British, Indians and Americans in the theatre of war was [[South East Asia Command]], based at [[Kandy]] in [[Ceylon]] and commanded by Admiral [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]]. The command had considered three major plans as far back as July 1944.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=368–369}}
* Plan "X": The main effort was to be made by the American-led [[Northern Combat Area Command]], with support from the British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]]. Starting from [[Mogaung]] and [[Myitkyina]] which had been captured in mid-1944, the NCAC would link up with the [[Chinese Expeditionary Force]] of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] attacking from [[Yunnan]] province under General [[Wei Lihuang]] about [[Lashio]]. The aim was to complete the [[Ledo Road]], which would link [[Assam]] in north-east India with Yunnan, supplementing [[The Hump]] airlift which delivered aid and war material to China.
* Plan "Y": The major effort was to be made by Fourteenth Army, across the [[Chindwin River]] into Central Burma, with the aim of capturing Mandalay and linking up with the NCAC and Yunnan Chinese around [[Maymyo]], about {{convert|20|mi|km}} east of Mandalay
* Plan "Z": Under this plan, which would later be developed into [[Operation Dracula]], the main effort would be an amphibious and airborne attack on [[Rangoon]], the capital and principal port of Burma. If successful, this would isolate the Japanese in Burma from their lines of communication and force them to evacuate the country.

When these plans were studied, it was found that the resources required for Plan "Z" (landing craft, [[aircraft carrier]] groups etc.) would probably not be made available until the war in Europe was won. Mountbatten nevertheless proposed to attempt Plans "Y" and "Z" simultaneously but Plan "Y" was adopted and renamed [[Operation Capital]]. Under this, Fourteenth Army (supported by 221 Group RAF) would make the major offensive into Central Burma, where the terrain and road network favoured the British and Indian armoured and motorised formations. The NCAC and Yunnan Chinese (supported by the United States [[10th Air Force#World War II|Tenth]] and [[14th Air Force#Fourteenth Air Force|Fourteenth]] Air Forces) would make subsidiary advances to Lashio, while the [[XV Corps (British India)|XV Corps]] (supported by 224 Group RAF) would seize the coastal province of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], securing or constructing airfields which could be used to supply Fourteenth Army.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=368}}

===Japanese plans===
[[File:Burma topo en.jpg|thumb|Geography of Burma]]
In the aftermath of their defeats the previous year, the Japanese had made major changes in their command. The most important was the appointment of Lieutenant General [[Hyotaro Kimura]] to command [[Burma Area Army]], succeeding General [[Masakazu Kawabe]]. Kimura was primarily a logistician who had previously been [[List of Japanese government and military commanders of World War II#Vice-Minister of War|Vice-Minister of War]] and it was hoped that he could use the natural and industrial resources of Burma to make his army self-sufficient. Nevertheless, the [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]], which had overall control of all Japanese land forces in Southern Asia and much of the Pacific Ocean and was commanded by Field Marshal [[Hisaichi Terauchi]], found 60,000 reinforcements for Kimura's army, with equipment for three infantry divisions and 500 lorries and 2000 pack animals for the lines of communication. Allied air attacks strangled the Japanese communications via the [[Burma Railway]] and the port of [[Yangon|Rangoon]] and only 30,000 of the intended reinforcements reached Burma. Under pressure of events in the Pacific, Terauchi even withdrew some units from Burma during the campaign.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=391}}

Although the Allies expected that the Japanese would fight as far forward as possible, on the Chindwin, Kimura recognised that most of the Japanese units in Burma were weakened by heavy casualties during the previous year and were short of equipment. To avoid fighting at a disadvantage on the Chindwin or in the [[Shwebo]] plain between the Chindwin and [[Ayeyarwady River|Irrawaddy River]] where the terrain provided comparatively few obstacles to the British and Indian armoured and motorised units, he withdrew [[Fifteenth Army (Japan)|Fifteenth Army]] behind the Irrawaddy, which they would defend against the British Fourteenth Army (Operation BAN). The [[Twenty-Eighth Army (Japan)|Twenty-Eighth Army]] was to continue to defend the Arakan and lower Irrawaddy valley (Operation KAN), while [[Thirty-Third Army (Japan)|Thirty-Third Army]] would attempt to prevent the completion of the new road link between India and China by defending the cities of [[Bhamo]] and [[Lashio]] and mounting guerilla raids (Operation DAN).{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=392}}

===Burma===
Another factor which was to become significant during the campaign was the changing attitude of the Burmese population. During the [[Japanese invasion of Burma]] in 1942, many of the majority [[Bamar]] population had actively aided the Japanese Army. Although the Japanese had established a nominally independent Burmese government (the [[State of Burma]]) under [[Ba Maw]] and formed a [[Burma National Army]] under [[Aung San]], they remained in effective control of the country. Their strict control, along with wartime privations, turned the Burmese against them.

Aung San had sought an alliance with [[Thakin Soe]], who was leading a Communist insurgency in southern Arakan, as early as 1943. They formed the [[Anti-Fascist Organisation]] and intended turning against the Japanese at some stage but Thakin Soe dissuaded Aung San from openly rebelling until Allied forces had established permanent footholds in Burma. In early 1945, Aung San sought the aid of the Allied liaison organisation [[Force 136]], which was already aiding resistance movements among the minority [[Karen people|Karen]] population. Although there was some debate among the Allies, Mountbatten eventually decided that Aung San should be supported. Force 136 was now to abet the defection of the entire Burma National Army to the Allies.<ref>{{harvnb|Bayly|Harper|2005|pp=429–432}}</ref>

===Indian National Army===
Another force nominally under Japanese control was the [[Indian National Army]], a force mainly composed of former [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] and volunteers from the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian expatriate]] communities in [[British Malaya]] and Burma. Its commander in chief was [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. During the 1945 campaign, some INA units fought stoutly against the Allies but others deserted or capitulated readily. The Japanese had alienated many of the INA by denying them equipment and supplies, or by using them as labourers and carriers rather than as fighting troops. Their morale was also affected in some units by the obvious turn of fortune against the Japanese.<ref>{{harvnb|Bayly|Harper|2005|pp=400-402}}</ref>

==Southern front==
[[File:Royal Marines land Ramree Burma.jpg|thumb|Royal Marines land on [[Ramree Island]]]]
The Japanese Twenty-eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General [[Shozo Sakurai]], defended the coastal [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] region and the lower Irrawaddy valley. The [[54th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|54th Division]] defended the [[Mayu Peninsula]] and [[Kaladan River]] valley, the [[55th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|55th Division]] garrisoned several ports and part of southern Burma (with a regiment on [[Mount Popa]] in Central Burma) and the 72nd Independent Mixed Brigade was stationed around the oilfields at [[Yenangyaung]] on the Irrawaddy.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=456}}

The Allied forces in Arakan were controlled by the XV Indian Corps under Lieutenant General [[Philip Christison]]. The Corps' first major objective was [[Sittwe|Akyab Island]], at the end of the Mayu Peninsula. The island held a port and an important airfield which the Allies planned to use as a base from which to deliver supplies by air to the troops in Central Burma. An attempt to capture the island in 1943 had been defeated, a second attempt in early 1944 gained some ground but was abandoned because of monsoon rains and lack of resources.

As the monsoon ended in late 1944, XV Corps resumed the advance on Akyab for the third year in succession. The [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25th Indian Division]] advanced on [[Foul Point]] and [[Rathedaung]] at the end of the Mayu Peninsula, being supplied by landing craft over beaches to avoid the risk of Japanese attacks against their lines of communication. The [[82nd (West Africa) Division]] cleared the valley of the Kalapanzin River before crossing a mountain range into the Kaladan River valley, while the [[81st (West Africa) Division]] advanced down the Kaladan River, repeating the move it had made in early 1944. The two African divisions converged on [[Mrauk U|Myohaung]] near the mouth of the Kaladan River, cutting the supply lines of the Japanese troops in the Mayu Peninsula. The Japanese evacuated Akyab Island on 31 December 1944. It was occupied by XV Corps without resistance two days later.

The 82nd Division next attacked south along the coastal plain, while the 25th Indian Division, with [[3 Commando Brigade]] under command, made amphibious landings further south to catch the Japanese in a pincer movement. First ashore was [[42 Commando|No. 42 (Royal Marine) Commando]] on the south-eastern face of the [[Myebon]] Peninsula on 12 January 1945. Over the next few days the commandos and a brigade of 25th Division cleared the peninsula and denied the Japanese the use of the many waterways along the Arakan coast.

{{see also|Battle of Hill 170}}

[[File:Commonwealth Forces in Burma IND4428.jpg|thumb|Royal Indian Naval personnel on board a landing craft during combined operations off [[Myebon]], January 1945]]

On 22 January, 3 Commando Brigade landed on the beaches at [[Daingbon Chaung]] led this time by [[No. 1 Commando]]. Having secured the beaches they moved inland and became involved in very heavy fighting with the Japanese. The following night a brigade of the 25th Division was landed in support. The fighting around the beachhead involved hand-to-hand fighting as the Japanese realised the danger of encirclement and threw all their available troops into the fight. The commandos and Indian troops managed to turn the tide of the battle and take the village of Kangaw only on 29 January. Meanwhile, the forces on the Myebon Peninsula linked up with the 82nd Division fighting its way overland towards Kangaw. Caught between the 82nd Division and the forces already in Kangaw, the Japanese were forced to scatter, leaving behind thousands of dead and most of their heavy equipment.

With the coastal area secured, the Allies were free to build airbases which could be supplied by sea on the two offshore islands, [[Ramree Island]] and [[Cheduba Island]]. Cheduba, the smaller of the two islands, had no Japanese garrison but the [[Battle of Ramree Island]] lasted for six weeks after the initial landings on 21 January by the [[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th Indian Division]] before the survivors of the small but tenacious Japanese garrison withdrew from the island,<ref>{{harvnb|Slim|1956|pp=461–462}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.combinedops.com/No%205%20Commando.htm |work=Combined Operations |title=No 5 Commando |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref> suffering heavy casualties to disease, starvation, Allied [[Motor Launch]]es and other naval vessels and (allegedly) crocodiles.{{sfn|McLynn|2011|pp=13–15, 459}}

Following these actions, XV Corps' operations were curtailed to release transport aircraft to support Fourteenth Army. The 81st Division and the [[50th Indian Tank Brigade]] were withdrawn to India. Outflanking moves by the 82nd Division and 26th Indian Division through the hills around [[Ann, Burma|An]] and [[Toungup|Taungup]] were abandoned or cancelled and the Corps' divisions were withdrawn to the coast. The Japanese successfully defended the port of Taungup and the An and Taungup passes across the Arakan hills until very late in the campaign.

==Northern front==
[[File:Opening the Burma Road October 1944 - January 1945.jpg|thumb|Northern Combat Area Command's operations]]
The Japanese Thirty-third Army, led by Lieutenant General [[Masaki Honda]], defended Northern Burma against attacks from both Northern India and the Chinese province of Yunnan. The [[18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|18th Division]] faced the American and Chinese [[Northern Combat Area Command]] (NCAC) under Lieutenant General [[Daniel Isom Sultan]] advancing south from [[Siege of Myitkyina|Myitkyina]] and [[Battle of Mogaung|Mogaung]] which the Allies had secured in 1944, while the [[56th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|56th Division]] faced the large Chinese Yunnan armies led by [[Wei Lihuang]].

Although Thirty-third Army had been forced to relinquish most of the reinforcements it had received the previous year, the operations of the NCAC were limited from late 1944 onwards as many of its troops were withdrawn by air to face Japanese attacks in China. In [[The Hump#Operation Grubworm|Operation Grubworm]], the Chinese 14th and 22nd divisions were flown via Myitkyina to defend the airfields around [[Kunming]], vital to the airlift of aid to China, nicknamed [[The Hump]]. Nevertheless, the command resumed its advance.

On the right flank of the command, the British [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th Division]], which had been assigned to the command in July 1944 to replace the [[Chindits]], advanced south down the "Railway Valley" from Mogaung to [[Indaw]]. It made contact with the [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Indian Division]] near Indaw on 10 December 1944 and Fourteenth Army and NCAC now had a continuous front. On Sultan's left, the Chinese [[New 1st Army|New First Army]], commanded by [[Sun Li-jen]] and consisting of the 30th Division and 38th Division, advanced from Myitkyina to Bhamo. The Japanese resisted for several weeks but Bhamo fell on 15 December. The Chinese [[New 6th Army|New Sixth Army]], commanded by [[Liao Yaoxiang]] and consisting of the 50th Division, infiltrated through the difficult terrain between these two wings to threaten the Japanese lines of communication.

The American 5334th Composite Unit, known as the "Mars Brigade", had replaced [[Merrill's Marauders]]. The unit was commanded by Brigadier General J. P. Willey and consisted of the 475th United States Infantry Regiment, the 124th United States Cavalry Regiment and the elite Chinese 1st Regiment. They attempted to cut the Burma Road behind the Japanese 56th Division. They failed to isolate the Japanese division but hastened its retreat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Burma45/index.html |title=The U.S. Army campaigns of World War II: Central burma |author=<!--Not stated--> |access-date=4 May 2020 | page=7}}</ref>
 
Sun Li-Jen's New First Army made contact with Wei Lihuang's armies advancing from Yunnan near [[Hsipaw]] on 21 January 1945 and the Ledo road could finally be completed. The first truck convoy from India arrived in Kunming on 4 February{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=455}} but by this point in the war the value of the Ledo road was uncertain, as it would not now affect the military situation in China.

To the annoyance of the British and Americans, Chinese leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]] ordered Sultan to halt his advance at Lashio, which was captured on 7 March. The British and Americans generally refused to understand that Chiang had to balance the needs of China as a whole against fighting the Japanese in a British colony.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} The Japanese had already withdrawn the 18th Division from the northern front, to face the Fourteenth Army in central Burma. On 12 March, the Thirty-third Army HQ was also dispatched there, leaving only the 56th Division to hold the northern front.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=450}} This division was also withdrawn in late March and early April.

From 1 April, NCAC's operations stopped and its units returned to China. The British 36th Division moved to Mandalay, which had been captured in March and was subsequently withdrawn to India. A US-led guerrilla force, [[OSS Detachment 101]], took over the military responsibilities of NCAC,{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=455}} while British civil affairs and other units such as the Civil Affairs Service (Burma) stepped in to take over its other responsibilities. Northern Burma was partitioned into Line-of-Communication areas by the military authorities.

==Central front==
{{Main|Battles of Meiktila and Mandalay}}
The Japanese Fifteenth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General [[Shihachi Katamura]], held the central part of the front. The army was falling back behind the Irrawaddy, deploying rearguards to delay the Allied advance. A bridgehead was retained in the [[Sagaing]] hills.

The Fifteenth Army consisted of the [[15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|15th Division]], [[31st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|31st Division]] and the [[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|33rd Division]]. The [[53rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|53rd Division]] provided a reserve, although it was controlled directly by the Burma Area Army. During the campaign, the headquarters of the Japanese Thirty-third Army and parts of the [[2nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|2nd Division]] and the [[49th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|49th Division]] reinforced the forces on the central part of the front.

The British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] under Lieutenant General [[William Slim]] made the main Allied thrust, codenamed Operation Capital, into central Burma. It consisted of [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] under Lieutenant General [[Frank Messervy]] and [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|XXXIII Corps]] under Lieutenant General [[Montagu Stopford]], together controlling six infantry divisions, two armoured brigades and three independent infantry brigades. The main constraint on the number of forces the Fourteenth Army could deploy was supply. A carefully designed system involving large amounts of air transport was introduced and major construction projects were undertaken to improve the land route from India into Burma and make use of river transport.

Units of both corps of the Fourteenth Army crossed the Chindwin and attacked into the Shwebo plain, IV Corps on the left and XXXIII Corps on the right. After a few days, when it was realised that the Japanese had fallen back behind the Irrawaddy River, the plan was hastily changed. Now, only XXXIII Corps was to continue the attack into the Shwebo Plain, reinforced by the one division of IV Corps which had been committed across the Chindwin, while the main body of IV Corps was switched to the right flank, changing its axis of advance to the Gangaw Valley west of the Chindwin. It aimed to cross the Irrawaddy close to [[Pakokku]] and then capture the main Japanese line of communication centre of [[Meiktila]]. Diversionary measures (such as dummy radio traffic) were made to persuade the Japanese that both corps were still aimed at Mandalay. The new plan was a success. Allied air superiority and the thin Japanese presence on the ground meant that the Japanese were unaware of the strength of the force moving on Pakokku.

[[File:(20th Indian Division Crossing the River Irrawaddy at Myinmu) (allocated) JFU10.jpg|thumb|Troops of the [[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Indian Division]] cross the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]] one mile west of [[Myinmu]], 14 February 1945]]
During January and February, the XXXIII Corps (consisting of the British [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Division]], 19th Indian Division, [[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Indian Division]], [[268th Indian Infantry Brigade|268th Indian Brigade]] and the [[254th Indian Tank Brigade]]) cleared the Shwebo plain and established bridgeheads over the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay. There was heavy fighting, which attracted Japanese reserves and fixed their attention. Late in February, the [[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th Indian Division]], leading IV Corps, seized crossings at [[Nyaung-U|Nyaungu]] and [[Bagan|Pagan]] near Pakokku. While the 28th (East Africa) Infantry Brigade maintained diversionary pressure against Yenangyaung on the west bank of the river, the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Indian Division]] and the [[255th Indian Tank Brigade|255th Indian Armoured brigade]] crossed through 7th Indian Division's bridgeheads and began advancing to Meiktila.

===Meiktila===
In the dry season, central Burma is largely an open plain with sandy soil and there is also a good road network. The [[Mechanized infantry|mechanised]] 17th Indian Division and the armoured brigade could move rapidly and unhindered in this open terrain, apparently taking the staffs at the various Japanese headquarters by surprise with this [[blitzkrieg]] manoeuvre. Reinforced by the third brigade of the 17th Indian Division which flew in to a captured airstrip, they struck Meiktila on 1 March and captured it in four days, despite resistance to the last man. In an oft-recounted incident, some Japanese soldiers crouched in trenches with aircraft bombs, with orders to detonate them when an enemy tank loomed over the trench.

Japanese reinforcements arrived too late to relieve the garrison but they besieged the town in an attempt to recapture it and destroy the 17th Indian Division. Although eight Japanese regiments were eventually involved, they were mostly weak in numbers and drawn from five divisions, so their efforts were not coordinated. The Japanese Thirty-third Army HQ (re-titled The Army of the Decisive Battle) was assigned to take command in this vital sector but was unable to establish proper control.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=450}} The 17th Indian Division had been reinforced by a brigade of the [[Indian 5th Infantry Division|5th Indian Division]] landed by air. British tank-infantry forces sallied out of Meiktila to break up Japanese concentrations and by the end of the month the Japanese had suffered heavy casualties and had lost most of their artillery, their chief anti-tank weapon. The Japanese broke off the attack and retreated to Pyawbwe.

While the capture and siege of Meiktila took place, the 7th Indian Division, reinforced by a mechanised brigade of the 5th Indian Division, secured the Irrawaddy bridgehead, captured the important river port at [[Myingyan]] and began clearing the lines of communication to Meiktila.

===Mandalay===
[[File:Indian troops among pagodas on Mandalay.jpg|thumb|Troops of the 19th Indian Division in Mandalay]]
While the Japanese were distracted by events at Meiktila, XXXIII Corps had renewed its attack on Mandalay. It fell to the 19th Indian Division on 20 March, though the Japanese held the former citadel, which the British called [[Mandalay Palace|Fort Dufferin]], for another week. Many of the historically and culturally significant areas of Mandalay, including the old royal palace, were burned to the ground. A great deal was lost by the Japanese choice to make a last stand in the city itself. The other divisions of XXXIII Corps simultaneously attacked from their bridgeheads across the Irrawaddy. The Japanese Fifteenth Army was reduced to small detachments and parties of stragglers making their way south, or east into the Shan States. With the fall of Mandalay (and of [[Pyin U Lwin|Maymyo]] to its east), the Japanese communications to the front in the north of Burma were cut and the Allied road link between India and China was therefore finally secured, though far too late to affect the course of the war in China.

The fall of Mandalay also precipitated the change of sides by the Burma National Army and open rebellion against the Japanese by other underground movements belonging to the Anti-Fascist Organisation.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=573}} In the last week of March Aung San, commander-in-chief of the Burma National Army, appeared in public in Burmese native dress instead of Japanese uniform.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=582}} Shortly afterwards, most of the Burma National Army paraded in Rangoon and then marched out of the city as if going to the front in Central Burma. They then rebelled against the Japanese on 27 March.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=584}}

==Race for Rangoon==
[[File:IND 004652 Stuart tank advancing on Rangoon.jpg|thumb|A [[Stuart light tank]] of an Indian cavalry regiment during the advance on Rangoon]]
Though the Allied force had advanced successfully into central Burma, it was vital to capture the port of Rangoon before the monsoon rains began. The temporarily upgraded overland routes from India would disintegrate under heavy rain, which would also curtail flying and reduce the amount of supplies which could be delivered by air. Furthermore, South East Asia Command had been notified that many of the American transport aircraft allocated to the theatre would be withdrawn in June at the latest. The use of Rangoon would be necessary to meet the needs of the large army force and (as importantly) the food needs of the civilian population in the areas liberated.

The British 2nd Division and British 36th Division, both of which were understrength and could not readily be reinforced, were withdrawn to India to reduce the demand for supplies. (The 36th Division also exchanged the Indian battalions in one of its brigades for the depleted British battalions in the 20th Indian Division). The Indian XXXIII Corps, consisting of the 7th Indian Division and 20th Indian Division, mounted the Fourteenth Army's secondary drive down the Irrawaddy River valley, against the Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army. The IV Corps, of the 5th, 17th and 19th Indian divisions, made the main attack down the [[Sittang River]] valley.

The 17th Indian Division and 255th Armoured Brigade began the IV Corps advance on 6 April by striking from all sides at the delaying position held by the remnants of the Japanese Thirty-third Army at [[Pyawbwe Township|Pyawbwe]], while a flanking column (nicknamed "Claudcol") of tanks and mechanised infantry cut the main road behind them and attacked their rear.{{sfn|Allen|2005|p=461}} This column was initially delayed by the remnants of the Japanese 49th Division defending a village but bypassed them to defeat the remnants of the Japanese 53rd Division and destroy the last tanks remaining to the Japanese 14th Tank regiment. As they then turned north against the town of Pyawbwe itself, they attacked Lieutenant General Honda's headquarters but were not aware of the presence of an army headquarters and broke off to capture the town instead.{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=465–466}}

From this point, the advance down the main road to Rangoon faced little organised opposition. At [[Pyinmana]], the town and the bridge were seized on 19 April before the Japanese could organise their defence. The Japanese Thirty-third Army headquarters was present in Pyinmana. From reports by agents, the Allies were aware this time of Honda's presence and his headquarters was attacked by tanks and aircraft. Lieutenant-General Honda and his staff escaped at night on foot but they now had little means of controlling the remnants of their formations.{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=468–471}}

[[File:British 3-inch mortar detachments support the 19th Indian Division's advance along the Mawchi Road, east of Toungoo, Burma.jpg|thumb|British [[3-inch mortar]] detachments support the 19th Indian Division advance along the Mawchi road, east of [[Toungoo]] (1944)]]
Some units of the Japanese Fifteenth Army had reorganised in the Shan States and were reinforced by the Japanese 56th Division, which had been transferred from the northern front. They were ordered to move to [[Toungoo]] to block the road to Rangoon but a general uprising by Karen forces who had been organised and equipped by Force 136 delayed them long enough for the 5th Indian Division to reach the town first on 23 April. The Japanese briefly recaptured Toungoo once the 5th Indian Division had passed through but the 19th Indian Division, which was following up the leading units of IV Corps, captured the town again and slowly drove the Japanese back towards [[Mawchi]] to the east.

The 17th Indian Division resumed the lead of the advance and met a Japanese blocking force north of [[Pegu]], {{convert|40|mi|km}} north of Rangoon, on 25 April. The various line of communication troops, naval personnel and even Japanese civilians in Rangoon had been formed into the Japanese 105 Independent Mixed Brigade. This scratch formation used anti-tank mines improvised from aircraft bombs, anti-aircraft guns and suicide attacks with pole charges to delay the 17th Indian Division and then defended Pegu until 30 April, when it withdrew into the hills west of Pegu. The monsoon broke as the division resumed its advance on Rangoon and floods slowed the division.

==Operation Dracula==
{{Main|Operation Dracula}}
In the original conception of the plan to re-take Burma, it had been intended that the XV Indian Corps would make an amphibious assault codenamed [[Operation Dracula]] on Rangoon long before Fourteenth Army reached the capital, in order to ease supply problems. Lack of resources meant that ''Dracula'' was postponed and the operation was subsequently dropped in favour of a planned assault on [[Phuket Island]] off the [[Kra Isthmus]].

Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon to the last man through the monsoon, which would put the Fourteenth Army in a disastrous supply situation. In late March, he therefore asked for ''Dracula'' to be reinstated at short notice. However, Kimura had ordered Rangoon to be evacuated, starting on 22 April. Many troops were evacuated by sea, although British destroyers claimed several ships. Kimura's own HQ and the establishments of Ba Maw and Subhas Bose left by land, covered by the action of 105 Mixed Brigade at Pegu and proceeded to [[Mawlamyine|Moulmein]].

On 1 May, a Gurkha parachute battalion was dropped on [[Battle of Elephant Point|Elephant Point]] and cleared Japanese coastal defence batteries at the mouth of the [[Rangoon River]]. The 26th Indian Division started to land the next day as the monsoon began and took over Rangoon, which had seen an orgy of looting and lawlessness since the Japanese had left. The leading troops of the 17th and 26th Indian divisions met at Hlegu, {{convert|28|mi|km}} north of Rangoon, on 6 May.

==Final operations==
{{Main|Battle of the Sittang Bend|}}
Following the capture of Rangoon, a new [[British Twelfth Army|Twelfth Army]] headquarters, commanded by Lieutenant General Stopford, was created from the XXXIII Indian Corps HQ to take control of the allied formations which were to remain in Burma, including IV Corps.

The remnants of the Japanese Burma Area Army remained in control of [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]] province. The Japanese Twenty-eighth Army, which had withdrawn from [[Arakan Province|Arakan]] and unsuccessfully resisted XXXIII Corps in the Irrawaddy valley, and the 105 Independent Brigade, were cut off in the [[Pegu Yomas]], a range of low jungle-covered hills between the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers. They planned to break out and rejoin Burma Area Army. To cover this break-out, Kimura ordered Honda's Thirty-third Army to mount a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a regiment. On 3 July, Honda's troops attacked British positions in the "Sittang Bend". On 10 July, after a battle for country which was almost entirely under chest-high water, both the Japanese and the 89th Indian Brigade withdrew.

Honda, pressed by Kimura and his chief of staff, Tanaka, had attacked too early. Sakurai's Twenty-eighth Army was not ready to start the break-out until 17 July. The break-out was a disaster. The British had captured the Japanese plans from an officer killed making a final reconnaissance,{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=506–507}} and had placed ambushes or artillery concentrations on the routes they were to use. Hundreds of men drowned trying to cross the swollen Sittang on improvised bamboo floats and rafts. Burmese guerrillas and bandits killed stragglers east of the river. The break-out cost the Japanese nearly 10,000 men, half the strength of Twenty-eighth Army. Some units of 105 Independent Brigade were almost entirely wiped out.{{sfn|Allen|2005|pp=524–525}} British and Indian casualties were minimal.

Fourteenth Army (now commanded by Lieutenant General [[Miles Dempsey]]) and XV Corps had returned to India to plan the next stage of the campaign to re-take south east Asia. A new corps, the [[Indian XXXIV Corps|XXXIV Corps]] under Lieutenant-General [[Ouvry Lindfield Roberts]], was raised and assigned to Fourteenth Army for further operations.

The next intended operation was to be an amphibious assault on the western coast of Malaya, codenamed [[Operation Zipper]]. The dropping of the atomic bombs forestalled ''Zipper'' but the operation was undertaken post-war as the quickest way of getting occupation troops into Malaya.

==Maps==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="175">
Allied Third Burma Campaign October 1943-May 1944.jpg|Third Burma campaign, October 1943 – May 1944
Allied Third Burma Campaign June 1944-May 1945.jpg|Third Burma campaign, June 1944 – April 1945
Allied Third Burma Campaign Apri 1-May 1945.jpg|Third Burma campaign, April–May 1945
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |title=Burma: The longest War |publisher=Dent Publishing |year=2005 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=0-460-02474-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Bayly |first=Christopher |last2=Harper |first2=Tim |title=Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan |publisher=Penguin |year=2005 |isbn=0-14-029331-0}}
* {{cite book |last=McLynn |first=Frank |series=Yale Library of Military History |title=The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-300-17162-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Slim |first=William |author-link=William Slim |year=1956 |title=Defeat Into Victory: An Account of the Burma campaign, 1942–45 with Maps and a Portrait |publisher=Cassell |location=London |oclc=843081328}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=George MacDonald |author-link=George MacDonald Fraser |title=[[Quartered Safe Out Here]] |location=London |publisher=Harvill |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-00-710593-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Hickey |first=Michael |title=The Unforgettable Army |location=Tunbridge Wells |publisher=Spellmount |year=1992 |isbn=1-873376-10-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Hodsun |first=J. L. |title=War in the Sun |year=1943 |publisher=Victor Gollancz |location=London |oclc=222241837}}
* {{cite book |last=Hogan |first=David W. |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm |title=India-Burma |series=The US Army Campaigns of World War II |year=1992 |others=CMH Pub 72-5 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington |oclc=30476399 |access-date=20 July 2010 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm |url-status=dead }} 
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Ashley |title=The British Empire and the Second World War |publisher=Hambledon Continuum |year=2006 |location=London |isbn=978-1-85285-517-8}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Keegan |editor-first=John |title=Churchill's Generals |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]] Military |year=1991 |location=London |isbn=0-304-36712-5}}
* {{London Gazette |issue=39195 |supp=y |pages=1881–1963  |date=6 April 1951 |ref=none |title=Operations in Burma from 12 November 1944 to 15 August 1945, official despatch by Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese}}
* {{cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Latimer |title=Burma: The Forgotten War |location=London |publisher=John Murray |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7195-6576-2}}
* {{cite book |last=MacGarrigle |first=George L. |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm |title=Central Burma 29 January – 15 July 1945 |year=2000 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |series=The US Army Campaigns of World War II |others=CMH Pub 72-37 |location=Washington, DC |oclc=835432028 |access-date=20 July 2010 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708140801/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Masters |first=John |author-link=John Masters |title=The Road Past Mandalay: A Personal Narrative |year=1961 |publisher=Michael Joseph |location=London |oclc=922224518}}
* {{cite book |last=Moser |first=Don |title=World War II: China-Burma-India |year=1978 |publisher=Time-Life Books |location=Alexandria, VA |isbn=978-0-8094-2484-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaburmaindia0000mose }}
* {{cite book |last=Newell |first=Clayton R. |url=https://archive.org/details/Burma1942 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington, DC |title=Burma 1942 |year=1995 |series=The US Army Campaigns of World War II |others=CMH Pub 72-21 |isbn=978-0-16-042086-3 |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |last=Webster |first=Donovan |title=The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II |year=2003 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-11740-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Woodburn Kirby |first=Major-General S. |author-link=Stanley Kirby |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War Against Japan: India's Most Dangerous Hour |volume=II |publisher=Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield |edition=facsimile |year=2004 |orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1958 |isbn=978-1-84574-061-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Woodburn Kirby |first=Major-General S. |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |series=History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War Against Japan: The Decisive Battles |volume=III |publisher=Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield |edition=facsimile |year=2004 |orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1961 |isbn=978-1-84574-061-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Woodburn Kirby |first=S. |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |title=The War Against Japan: The Reconquest of Burma |volume=IV |year=2004 |publisher=Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield |series=History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series |edition=facsimile |orig-year=1st. pub. HMSO 1968 |isbn=978-1-84574-063-4}}

==External links==
* [http://www.burmastar.org.uk/ Burma Star Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803183148/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/pages/Second-war/far-east.html national-army-museum.ac.uk]  History of the British Army: Far East, 1941–45
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/1/burma/summary.htm Imperial War Museum London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203173922/http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/1/burma/summary.htm |date=3 December 2008 }} Burma Summary
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503114041/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm#burma Royal Engineers Museum] Engineers in the Burma Campaigns
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090503114041/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm#chindits Royal Engineers Museum] Engineers with the Chindits
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302225804/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/burma_e.html Canadian War Museum: Newspaper Articles on the Burma Campaigns, 1941–1945]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_burma_campaign.shtml World War II animated campaign maps]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040812160006/http://www.regiments.org/wars/ww2/burma.htm List of Regimental Battle Honours in the Burma Campaign (1942–1945) – Also some useful links]

{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burma Campaign 1944-1945}}
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Thailand during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Burma during World War II| ]]
[[Category:Military history of India during World War II]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:1944 in Burma]]
[[Category:1945 in Burma]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|B]]

[[es:Campaña de Burma]]
[[ja:ビルマの戦い]]