View source for Cairn Energy and Government of India dispute

The '''[[Cairn Energy]]''' '''and''' '''[[Government of India]]''' '''dispute''' is mainly an ongoing tax and investment dispute which has its origins in 2005–2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=9 July 2021|title=Cairn Energy tax dispute India: All you need to know|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/retro-tax-and-cairn-energy-india-dispute-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/84263612.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709093521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/retro-tax-and-cairn-energy-india-dispute-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/84263612.cms |archive-date=2021-07-09 }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Seth|first=Dilasha|date=2021-04-12|title=Arbitration case: Cairn Energy offers to invest $1.2 bn if India relents|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/arbitration-case-cairn-energy-offers-to-invest-1-2-bn-if-india-relents-121041200028_1.html|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> The case is closely linked to Cairn's partner in India, ''[[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta]]'', and to concepts such [[Ex post facto law|''Ex post facto'' law]] in the form of retrospective taxation, [[bilateral investment treaties]], and [[international arbitration]] between private and [[sovereign state|sovereign states]].

Proceedings in the ''private'' investor-state [[arbitration]] (''Cairn Energy PLC & Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India'') at the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] in [[The Hague]] began on 22 September 2015 under [[United Nations Commission on International Trade Law]] (UNCITRAL) rules. The final [[arbitration award]] of {{Currency|1232 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} was issued on 21 December 2020 in favour of Cairn; though compensation claimed by Cairn had been {{Currency|5584 million|USD|passthrough=yes}}.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Cases {{!}} PCA-CPA — Cairn Energy PLC & Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/221/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203023519/https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/221/|archive-date=3 February 2020|access-date=2021-07-22|website=pca-cpa.org|publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> To enforce the arbitration award, Cairn has registered the award around the world including in countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Singapore, Mauritius, UAE, [[Cayman Islands]] and Netherlands.<ref name=":0" /> In May 2021, Cairn sued [[Air India]] in New York.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |author=Jonathan Stempel |author2=Euan Rocha|date=2021-05-15|title=Cairn Energy sues Air India to enforce $1.2 bln arbitration award - court filing|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/cairn-energy-sues-air-india-enforce-12-bln-arbitration-award-court-filing-2021-05-15/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515065617/https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/cairn-energy-sues-air-india-enforce-12-bln-arbitration-award-court-filing-2021-05-15/ |archive-date=2021-05-15 }}</ref> In July 2021, [[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris|Tribunal judiciaire de Paris]] accepts Cairn's claim to seize Indian properties in France.<ref name=":3" />

The case includes ''Vedanta Resources PLC v. Government of India'' in the [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] of India,{{Sfn|Torterola|Mistelis|Ponomarov|2020|p=2}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bindra|first=Japnam|date=2020-09-16|title=Tribunal award in favour of Vedanta upheld by SC|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sc-upholds-vedanta-s-arbitration-award-of-499-mln-from-govt-11600239772882.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> as well as a case in the [[Delhi High Court|High Court of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=5 March 2021|title=$1.4 billion Cairn arbitration award: Nirmala Sitharaman says it's her duty to appeal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/1-4-billion-cairn-arbitration-award-finance-minister-says-its-her-duty-to-appeal/articleshow/81348282.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305104128/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/1-4-billion-cairn-arbitration-award-finance-minister-says-its-her-duty-to-appeal/articleshow/81348282.cms |archive-date=2021-03-05 }}</ref>

India amended its income tax law in 2012, adding an amendment/clarification allowing for it to collect tax on old investments. While India applied the law on Cairn in 2015, it had done the same in 2014 to [[Vodafone]]. The case went to the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] and in September 2020, Vodafone got a ruling in its favour.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aryan|first=Aashish|date=2020-09-27|title=Retrospective taxation: the Vodafone case, and the Hague court ruling|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/retrospective-taxation-the-vodafone-case-and-the-hague-court-ruling-6613799/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926163304/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/retrospective-taxation-the-vodafone-case-and-the-hague-court-ruling-6613799/ |archive-date=2020-09-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kanekal|first1=Nikhi|last2=Ganz|first2=Kian|date=2012-03-17|title=Vodafone-Hutch deal {{!}} Retrospective change to I-T Act|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/n4zC41fejoQ7ObfL4Bue6N/VodafoneHutch-deal--Retrospective-change-to-IT-Act.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-24|website=mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107040956/http://www.livemint.com:80/Politics/n4zC41fejoQ7ObfL4Bue6N/VodafoneHutch-deal--Retrospective-change-to-IT-Act.html |archive-date=2012-11-07 }}</ref> In August 2021 India scrapped its retrospective tax provision.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Chandorkar|first=Aashish|date=2021-08-09|title=A pragmatic laying to rest of the retrospective tax ghost|url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/a-pragmatic-laying-to-rest-of-the-retrospective-tax-ghost-11628528203611.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Livemint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809180718/https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/a-pragmatic-laying-to-rest-of-the-retrospective-tax-ghost-11628528203611.html |archive-date=2021-08-09 }}</ref>

== Timeline ==

=== Before 2000 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" style="width:31%;"|Cairn Energy
! scope="col" style="width:31%;"|Government of India
! scope="col" style="width:31%;"|Related events
|- valign="top"
| scope="row"|'''1950'''
|
|
* 26 January: [[Government of India]] formed
*29 July: India becomes [[List of parties to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|party]] to and ratifies the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Conventions of 1899]]; therefore becoming party to the [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contracting Parties {{!}} PCA-CPA|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/contracting-parties/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720002734/https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/contracting-parties/|archive-date=20 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-22|website=pca-cpa.org|publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration}}</ref>
|
|-
| scope="row"|'''1959'''
|
|
* India becomes a party to the [[Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2021|title=Cairn says it has identified Indian assets for seizing if it is not paid|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/mar/09/cairn-says-it-has-identified-indian-assets-for-seizing-if-it-is-not-paid-2274388.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-24|work=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310084927/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/mar/09/cairn-says-it-has-identified-indian-assets-for-seizing-if-it-is-not-paid-2274388.html |archive-date=2021-03-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=Samanth|date=9 July 2021|title=A Scottish energy company is using foreign courts to seize Indian assets|language=en-US|work=Quartz|url=https://qz.com/2030968/cairn-energy-is-using-foreign-courts-to-seize-indian-assets/|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref>
|
|-
| scope="row"|'''1981'''
|
* [[Cairn Energy]] formed [[File:Cairn Energy PLC logo.svg|frameless|125x125px]]
|
|
|-
|'''1994'''
|
* Cairn invests in India's oil and gas sector.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-04-22|title=FM Sitharaman says looking at how best to sort out Cairn arbitration|work=Business Standard India|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/fm-sitharaman-says-looking-at-how-best-to-sort-out-cairn-arbitration-121042201233_1.html|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|'''1996'''
|
* Cairn becomes an operator of [[Ravva oil field]], Andhra Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravva Oil and Gas Field|url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/ravva-field/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Offshore Technology|publisher=Verdict Media (verdict.co.uk)|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024071720/http://www.offshore-technology.com:80/projects/ravva-field/ |archive-date=2011-10-24 }}</ref>
|
|
|}

=== After 2000 ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! scope="col" style="width:31%;"|Cairn Energy
! scope="col" style="width:31%;"|Government of India
! scope="col" style="width:31%;"|Related events
|-
|'''2004'''
|
* [[Cairn Energy]] completes its [[Mangala Area|Mangala area]] appraisal drilling.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2014|title=Cairn completes Mangala oil field appraisal drilling|url=https://www.ogj.com/exploration-development/discoveries/article/17292248/cairn-completes-mangala-oil-field-appraisal-drilling|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Oil and Gas Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190923/https://www.ogj.com/exploration-development/discoveries/article/17292248/cairn-completes-mangala-oil-field-appraisal-drilling |archive-date=2021-07-09 }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|'''2006'''
|
* Cairn undergoes internal restructuring in India, forms [[Cairn India]], and transfers assets to it.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Sudheer Pal|date=2015-03-12|title=Cairn Energy tax dispute: How the issue unfolded|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cairn-energy-tax-dispute-how-the-issue-unfolded-115031200166_1.html#:~:text=The%20Income%20Tax%20Department%20in,British%20petroleum%20explorer,%20Cairn%20Energy.&text=It%20all%20started%20eight%20years,its%20India%20assets%20to%20it.|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2015-03-14|title=I-T Dept slaps Rs 20,495 cr tax demand on Cairn India|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/it-dept-slaps-rs-20-495-cr-tax-demand-on-cairn-india-115031300634_1.html|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> ''Cairn India Holdings Limited'' was a [[Jersey company]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Chandra|first=Naomi|date=21 June 2021|others=TMT Law Practice|title=Repercussions Of Retrospective Tax Amendments In India – In Light Of Cairn And Vodafone|url=https://www.mondaq.com/india/corporate-tax/1080872/repercussions-of-retrospective-tax-amendments-in-india-in-light-of-cairn-and-vodafone-|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.mondaq.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730072302/https://www.mondaq.com/india/corporate-tax/1080872/repercussions-of-retrospective-tax-amendments-in-india-in-light-of-cairn-and-vodafone- |archive-date=2021-07-30 }}</ref>
|
|
|-
|'''2007'''
|
* Cairn India listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE).<ref name=":5" />
|
|
|-
|'''2009'''
| colspan="2" |
* [[File:PM Manmohan Singh addressing at the dedication ceremony of the Mangala Oil Field to the Nation, at Barmer, in Rajasthan on August 29, 2009.png|right|frameless|165x165px]]Prime Minister of India [[Manmohan Singh]] inaugurates Cairn's oil fields in Mangala area.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ammar Zaidi|date=2009-08-29|title=PM launches Cairn India's oil fields in Barmer|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/pm-launches-cairn-india-s-oil-fields-in-barmer/story-wHFCacuhJazHz9e0wxSzLN.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183646/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/pm-launches-cairn-india-s-oil-fields-in-barmer/story-wHFCacuhJazHz9e0wxSzLN.html |archive-date=2021-07-09 }}</ref>
|
|-
|'''2011'''
|
* Cain Energy sells 58.5% stake in Cairn India to [[Vedanta Resources]] for $8.67 billion.
|
|
|-
|'''2012'''
|
|
* [[File:Pranab mukherjee 2018.jpg|right|frameless|165x165px]]India under the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government and Finance Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] amends/clarifies its [[Income-tax Act, 1961]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |author=Elizabeth Roche |author2=Gireesh Chandra Prasad|date=2021-07-08|title=Cairn versus India: What lies ahead|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/why-cairn-energy-is-seizing-india-s-overseas-assets-11625764565529.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|work=Mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708183648/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/why-cairn-energy-is-seizing-india-s-overseas-assets-11625764565529.html |archive-date=2021-07-08 }}</ref>
|
|-
|'''2014'''
|
|
|
* Vodafone serves arbitration notices under India-Netherlands [[Bilateral investment treaty|Bilateral Investment Treaty]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mankotia|first=Anandita Singh|date=11 July 2014|title=Budget 2014: Vodafone to continue international arbitration; 2012 retro-tax amendment stays|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/budget-2014-vodafone-to-continue-international-arbitration-2012-retro-tax-amendment-stays/articleshow/38126720.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref>
|-
|'''2015'''
| colspan="2" |
* The [[Income Tax Department]] in India imposed on Cairn a tax demand of {{INRConvert|20495|c|lk=on|year=2015}}, comprising tax of ₹10,248 crore and interest of ₹10,247 crore.<ref name=":1" />
*[[File:International Court of Justice HQ 2006.jpg|right|frameless|165x165px]]Cairn sues India at an [[investor-state dispute settlement]] tribunal, initiating international arbitration proceedings, citing violation of United Kingdom-India [[bilateral investment treaty]] (BIT).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Cairn v. India {{!}} Investment Dispute Settlement Navigator {{!}} UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub|url=https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement/cases/691/cairn-v-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620092931/https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement/cases/691/cairn-v-india|archive-date=20 June 2021|access-date=2021-07-09|website=investmentpolicy.unctad.org|publisher=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
*22 September: [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] proceedings commence (''Cairn Energy PLC & Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India'').<ref name=":4" /> The tribunal consisted of Presiding Arbitrator Laurént Levy and one arbitrator appointed by each side.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Manoj|first=P.|date=23 December 2020|title=Blow to India, Cairn wins $1.2-b award in retrospective tax dispute|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/cairn-energy-wins-arbitration-against-india-in-tax-dispute/article33399998.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223110933/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/cairn-energy-wins-arbitration-against-india-in-tax-dispute/article33399998.ece |archive-date=2020-12-23 }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Representatives for Cairn included [[Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan]] and [[Shepherd and Wedderburn]], for the Indian state [[Gourab Banerji]] and Professor Chester Brown.<ref name=":4" />
|
|-
|'''2016'''
| colspan="2" |
* 18 April: First procedural hearing.{{Sfn|Torterola|Mistelis|Ponomarov|2020|p=2}}
|
|-
|'''2017'''
|
* April: Cairn India merges with Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2017|title=Cairn India merges with Vedanta|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vedanta-completes-cairn-merger/articleshow/58133946.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|'''2018'''
| colspan="2" |
* January-March: India's income tax department seizes a fraction of Cairns income;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Shivaji|date=24 July 2021|title=Cairn looking for arbitration money?|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/columnists/cairn-looking-for-arbitration-money-.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-24|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724120705/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/columnists/cairn-looking-for-arbitration-money-.html |archive-date=2021-07-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-15|title=Income tax department seizes Rs 440 crore dividend income of Cairn Energy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/income-tax-department-seizes-rs-440-crore-dividend-income-of-cairn-energy/story-6adutLQlOfYATtAwzCdlwK.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-24|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415091303/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/income-tax-department-seizes-rs-440-crore-dividend-income-of-cairn-energy/story-6adutLQlOfYATtAwzCdlwK.html |archive-date=2018-04-15 }}</ref> that is Cairn Energy's 5% stake in Vedanta.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Remya|date=2021-07-10|title=Cairn targets Indian assets in Paris: What is its dispute with Modi govt & why it's escalated|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/cairn-targets-indian-assets-in-paris-what-is-its-dispute-with-modi-govt-why-its-escalated/693184/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
*A majority of Cairn Energy's seized shares are sold by the Income Tax Department.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 November 2018|title=I-T dept sells shares of Cairn Energy to recover retrospective tax|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/i-t-dept-sells-shares-of-cairn-energy-to-recover-retrospective-tax/articleshow/66793898.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-30}}</ref>
*December: Following merits hearing and final hearing, Tribunal rules in favour of Cairn.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">[https://www.cairnenergy.com/media/2827/cairn-india-arbitration-background-international-december-2020.pdf Cairn Energy and Government of India - Retrospective tax arbitration proceedings]. Cairn Energy. Accessed on 13 July 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210121183102/https://www.cairnenergy.com/media/2827/cairn-india-arbitration-background-international-december-2020.pdf Archived] on 21 January 2021.</ref>
|
|-
|'''2020'''
| colspan="2" |
* 21 December: Final [[arbitration award]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Aditi|last2=Ahmed|first2=Aftab|date=2020-12-23|title=Cairn Energy wins over $1.2 billion from India in tax arbitration case|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/cairn-energy-wins-over-12-billion-india-tax-arbitration-case-2020-12-23/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523170628/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/cairn-energy-wins-over-12-billion-india-tax-arbitration-case-2020-12-23/ |archive-date=2021-05-23 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Compensation claimed by investor was {{Currency|5584 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} out of which {{Currency|1232 million|USD|passthrough=yes}} was awarded.<ref name=":7" />
|
* 25 September: Vodafone get positive ruling from Permanent Court of Arbitration.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 December 2020|title=Vodafone retro tax case: All you need to know|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/vodafone-retro-tax-case-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/79950372.cms|access-date=2021-07-13}}</ref>
*24 December: India challenges Vodafone arbitration award in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2020|editor-last=Noronha|editor-first=Peter|title=India Challenges Vodafone Arbitration Ruling In Singapore|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/india-challenges-vodafone-arbitration-ruling-in-singapore-over-a-2-billion-retrospective-tax-dispute-2342888|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-30|website=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224052313/https://www.ndtv.com/business/india-challenges-vodafone-arbitration-ruling-in-singapore-over-a-2-billion-retrospective-tax-dispute-2342888 |archive-date=2020-12-24 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''2021'''
|
* February-March: Cairn registers award and moves courts in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Singapore, Mauritius, Netherlands, United Arab Emirates and the Cayman Islands.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0" />
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |
* Cairn and [[Revenue Secretary|Government of India Revenue Secretary]] hold multiple meetings.<ref name=":9" />
|
|-
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*17 May: Cairn sues [[Air India]] in New York.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vishwanath|first=Apurva|date=2021-05-20|title=Explained: Why is Cairn Energy suing Air India?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/cairn-energy-air-india-dispute-explained-7319804/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518093110/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/cairn-energy-air-india-dispute-explained-7319804/ |archive-date=2021-05-18 }}</ref> Cairn is relying on judgments such as the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] judgement in the case of ''First National City Bank NA versus Banco Para El Comercio Exterior de Cuba'' (Bancec).<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-28|title=Cairn Energy to file lawsuits in US, other nations to seize Indian PSU assets for recovery of $1.2 bn arbitration award |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/cairn-energy-to-file-lawsuits-in-us-other-nations-to-seize-indian-psu-assets-for-recovery-of-1-2-bn-arbitration-award-9474341.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-30|work=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328154404/https://www.firstpost.com/business/cairn-energy-to-file-lawsuits-in-us-other-nations-to-seize-indian-psu-assets-for-recovery-of-1-2-bn-arbitration-award-9474341.html |archive-date=2021-03-28 }}</ref>
* 11 June: [[Tribunal de grande instance de Paris|Tribunal judiciaire de Paris]] agrees to Cairns proposal to seize Indian assets in Paris.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=Cairn gets ruling to freeze Indian assets in Paris|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/cairn-energy-secures-french-court-order-to-seize-20-indian-government-properties-7394639/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> 
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* 22 March: India files counter appeal at The Hauge following an announcement by the Finance Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] on 5 March that it's her "duty" to do so.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> 
[[File:The_Minister_of_State_for_Commerce_&_Industry_(Independent_Charge),_Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_addressing_a_press_conference,_in_New_Delhi_on_October_14,_2016.jpg|frameless|165x165px|right]]
* Indian government denies reports of any properties being seized.<ref name=":3" />
*5 August: Government of India introduces the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2021, undoing the 2012 retrospective tax provision.<ref name=":11" />
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* Devas Multimedia also files case against Air India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2021|title=Cairn Energy, Devas Multimedia Filed Lawsuits to Seize Air India's Overseas Assets: Govt|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/cairn-energy-devas-multimedia-filed-lawsuits-to-seize-air-indias-overseas-assets-govt/64634.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Moneylife|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723081912/https://www.moneylife.in/article/cairn-energy-devas-multimedia-filed-lawsuits-to-seize-air-indias-overseas-assets-govt/64634.html |archive-date=2021-07-23 }}</ref>
*27 August: [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|US District Court for the District of Columbia]] gives times till 10 September to Cairn to reply to a motion to dismiss petition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2021|title=US court sets timelines for Cairn India legal case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/us-court-sets-timelines-for-cairn-india-legal-case/articleshow/85686450.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-27|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827123055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/us-court-sets-timelines-for-cairn-india-legal-case/articleshow/85686450.cms |archive-date=2021-08-27 }}</ref>
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== See also ==

* [[Bifurcation (law)]]
* [[Energy law]]
* [[Ex post facto law|''Ex post facto'' law]]
* [[State immunity]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Citation|last1=Torterola|first1=Ignacio|title=TDM IACL Case Report Cairn Energy PLC, Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India. PCA Case No. 2016-7 - Procedural Order No. 4 - Decision on the Respondent's Application for Bifurcation - 19 April 2017|date=2020|url=https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/downloads/19805_case_report_cairn_v_india_po4_2017.pdf|page=6|editor-last=Massa|editor-first=Diego Luis Alonso|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501221101/https://www.transnational-dispute-management.com/downloads/19805_case_report_cairn_v_india_po4_2017.pdf|publisher=School of International Arbitration, Queen Mary, University of London, International Arbitration Case Law|archive-date=1 May 2021|last2=Mistelis|first2=Loukas|last3=Ponomarov|first3=Volodymyr}}
[[Category:Taxation in India]]
[[Category:Ex post facto case law]]
[[Category:Permanent Court of Arbitration cases]]
[[Category:Investor–state dispute settlement cases]]