View source for Chahamanas of Naddula

{{Short description|Medieval Hindu dynasty of India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{For|other Chahamana dynasties|Chahamanas (disambiguation){{!}}Chahamanas}}
{{Infobox country
| common_name = Chauhans of Nadol
| conventional_long_name = Chahamanas of Naddula
| year_start = c. 950 CE
| year_end = 1197 CE
| capital = [[Nadol|Naddula]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| today = [[India]]
| image_map = {{center|
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The '''Chahamanas of Naddula''', also known as the '''Chauhans of Nadol''', were an Indian dynasty. They ruled the [[Marwar]] area around their capital [[Naddula]] (present-day Nadol in [[Rajasthan]]) between 10th and 12th centuries. They belonged to the [[Chahamana]] (Chauhan) clan of the [[Rajputs]].

The Chahamanas of Naddula were an offshoot of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]. Their founder, Lakshmana (alias Rao Lakha), was the son of the 10th century Shakambari ruler [[Vakpatiraja I]]. His brother [[Simharaja]] succeeded their father as the Shakambhari ruler.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=233}} The subsequent rulers fought against the neighbouring kingdoms of the [[Paramara]]s of [[Malwa]], the [[Chaulukya]]s, the [[Ghaznavids]], as well as the Chahamanas of Shakambhari.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=334}} The last ruler Jayata-simha was probably defeated by the [[Ghurid Empire]] general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] in [[Battle of Kasahrada (1197)|1197 CE]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=262-263}}

== History ==

=== Early rulers ===

[[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]], the founder of the dynasty, was a son of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Vakpatiraja I]]. While his elder brother [[Simharaja]] succeeded Vakpatiraja, he carved out a principality at [[Naddula]] in the mid-10th century.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=234}} According to the legendary text ''Lakhana Raula Prabandha'', the [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] of Naddula hired him to protect the town against freebooters called the [[Medapata|Medas]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=121}}

Lakshmana's son [[Shobhita]] defeated the ruler of Arbuda (modern [[Mount Abu]]), who probably belonged to a [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Paramara branch]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=238}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=122}} Shobhita's son [[Baliraja]] fought against the Paramara king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], with both the sides claiming victory.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=122}} Baliraja probably died heirless, and was succeeded by Lakshmana's younger son [[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=239}}

Vigrahapala's son [[Mahindu]] helped the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty|Hastikundi Rashtrakuta]] prince Dhavala against one Durlabharaja, who can be identified as the Shakambhari Chahamana king [[Durlabharaja II|Durlabharaja]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=124}} Mahindu was succeeded by his elder son [[Ashvapala]], whose son and successor [[Ahila]] seems to have repulsed an invasion by the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima I]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=125}} Ahila, who probably died heirless, was succeeded by Mahindu's younger son [[Anahilla]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=242}}

=== Expansion ===

Anahilla (r. c. 1024-1055 CE) was among the dynasty's most successful rulers, and greatly expanded the kingdom.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=126}} According to the [[Sundha Mata Temple|Sundha Hill]] inscription, he defeated Bhima, captured [[Sambhar Lake Town|Shakambhari]], killed the [[Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]]'s general Sadha, and defeated the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (Turkic people).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=243}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] theorizes that the Bhoja occupied Shakambhari after defeating the Shakambhari Chahamana king [[Viryarama]], and Anahilla helped Viryarama's successor [[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|Chamundaraja]] in evicting the Paramaras.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=34-35}} On the other hand, R. B. Singh theorizes that Anahilla helped Bhoja against Viryarama, but their alliance broke, leading to a conflict between Anahilla and Bhoja's general Sadha.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=243-244}} The Turushkas were probably a [[Ghaznavid]] force.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=126}}

Anahilla was succeeded by his sons [[Balaprasada]] and [[Jendraraja]] one after another. Jendraraja appears to have defeated a Chaulukya ruler, either Bhima I or Bhima's successor [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=127}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=246}} Jendraraja's sons [[Prithvipala]], [[Jojalladeva]], and [[Asharaja]] succeeded him one after another.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=246-248}} Prithvipala defeated Karna, probably in alliance with his other neighbours such as the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Vigraharaja III]] and the [[Paramara]] king [[Udayaditya]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=247}} He also seems to have defeated a Paramara chief of [[Vagada]]. He {{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=128}} Jojalladeva is said to have occupied the Chaulukya capital [[Anahilavada|Anahillapura]], possibly during a raid.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=129}}

=== Dynastic feuds ===

Asharaja was dethroned by Prithvipala's son [[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]] around 1119 CE. As a result, he sought shelter from the Chaulukya king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=251}} As a Chaulukya vassal, he participated in Jayasimha's war against the [[Paramara]] king [[Naravarman]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=249}} Meanwhile, Ratnapala was succeeded by his son [[Rayapala]], who was dethroned by Asharaja's son [[Katukaraja]] around 1145 CE.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=253}} Katukaraja was succeeded by Asharaja's younger son [[Alhanadeva]], who served as a vassal to the Chaulukya king Kumarapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=254}} For a brief period, Kumarapala replaced Alhanadeva with his own governor at Naddula, when the Chaulukyas were fighting a war against the Shakambhari Chahamana king [[Arnoraja]]. Later, he reinstated Alhanadeva as the ruler of Naddula.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=111}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=255-257}} In the mid-12th century, Alhanadeva curbed some disturbances in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] on behalf of Kumarapala.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=255}}

Alhanadeva was succeeded by his elder son [[Kelhanadeva]], while his younger son [[Kirtipala]] established the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamana principality at Jalore]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=142}}

=== Decline ===

In 1178 CE, the [[Ghurid]]s led by [[Muhammad of Ghor]], invaded the Chaulukya kingdom and temporarily dislodged Kelhanadeva from Naddula. Kelhanadeva, his brother [[Kirtipala]] and other Chaulukya feudatories helped the Chaulukyas defeat the Ghurids at the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] in 1178 CE. As a result, Kelhana managed to regain control of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=259}} As a Chaulukya feudatory, Kelhanadeva also repulsed an invasion by the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] ruler [[Bhillama V]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=137}}

By the time of Kelhanadeva's son [[Jayatasimha]], the Ghurids had grown more powerful, having defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] king [[Prithviraja III]]. In 1197 CE, the Ghurid general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] invaded Naddula and surrounding regions. Jayatasimha abandoned Naddula, and probably joined a Hindu confederacy to oppose the Ghurids at [[Mount Abu]]. Qutb al-Din Aibak defeated this confederacy, and the Naddula kingdom disintegrated into several principalities in the subsequent days.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} Samantasimha, who is attested by five inscriptions dated 1199-1201 CE, might have been a successor of Jayatasimha.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=140}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}}

== Coinage ==

Alexander Cunningham had two Horseman and bull type coins, he categorised those coins as "unknown Rajput coins". One coin he published had legend on the reverse as "Sri Kalhana or Kilahana". Scholar Prafulla Chandra Roy suggested that these coins belong to Chauhan dynasty of Nadol. Col [[James Tod]] also procured many Horseman and bull type coins from Nadol.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Prafulla Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zZmAAAAMAAJ |title=The Coinage of Northern India: The Early Rajaputa Dynasties from the 11th to the 13th Centuries A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1980 |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==

Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=252-265}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Chauhan rulers of Naddula
!Serial no.
!Kings
!Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]] alias ''Rao Lakha'' or ''Lakhan''
|950–982
|-
|2
|[[Shobhita]]
|982–986
|-
|3
|[[Baliraja]]
|986–990
|-
|4
|[[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]]
|990–994
|-
|5
|[[Mahindu|Mahindra]] alias ''Mahindu''
|994–1015
|-
|6
|[[Ashvapala]]
|1015–1019
|-
|7
|[[Ahila]]
|1019–1024
|-
|8
|[[Anahilla]]
|1024–1055
|-
|9
|[[Balaprasada]]
|1055–1070
|-
|10
|[[Jendraraja]]
|1070–1080
|-
|11
|[[Prithvipala]]
|1080–1090
|-
|12
|[[Jojalladeva]]
|1090–1110
|-
|13
|[[Asharaja]] alias ''Ashvaraja''
|1110–1119
|-
|14
|[[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]]
|1119–1132
|-
|15
|[[Rayapala]]
|1132–1145
|-
|16
|[[Katukaraja]]
|1145–1148
|-
|17
|[[Alhanadeva]]
|1148–1163
|-
|18
|[[Kelhanadeva]]
|1163–1193
|-
|19
|[[Jayatasimha]]
|1193–1197
|-
|}

== Family tree ==

{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Chahamanas of Naddula}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)|Lakshmana]]'''<br><sup>(1)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 950-982</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | |A02  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Shobhita]]'''<br><sup>(2)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 982-986</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Vigrahapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Vigrahapala]]'''<br><sup>(4)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 990-994</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | |A02  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Baliraja]]'''<br><sup>(3)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 986-990</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Mahindu]]'''<br><sup>(5)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 994-1015</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | |A02  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ashvapala]]'''<br><sup>(6)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1015-1019</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Anahilla]]'''<br><sup>(8)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1024-1055</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | |A02  | |A03  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ahila]]'''<br><sup>(7)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1019-1024</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Balaprasada]]'''<br><sup>(9)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1055-1070</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Jendraraja]]'''<br><sup>(10)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1070-1080</small>|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | |A02  | |A03  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Prithvipala]]'''<br><sup>(11)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1080-1090</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Jojalladeva]]'''<br><sup>(12)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1090-1110</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Asharaja]]'''<br><sup>(13)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1110-1119</small>|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | |A02  | |A03  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)|Ratnapala]]'''<br><sup>(14)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1119-1132</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Katukaraja]]'''<br><sup>(16)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1145-1148</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700|
A03='''[[Alhanadeva]]'''<br><sup>(17)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1148-1163</small>|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | |A02  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Rayapala]]'''<br><sup>(15)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1132-1145</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700|
A02='''[[Kelhanadeva]]'''<br><sup>(18)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1163-1193</small>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Jayatasimha]]'''<br><sup>(19)</sup><br><small>r. {{circa}} 1193-1197</small>|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Anita Sudan |title=A study of the Cahamana inscriptions of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7VHAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Research |year=1989 |oclc=20754525 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Chahamanas of Naddula| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dynasties of the Rajputs]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:11th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajput monarchs]]
[[Category:Agnivansha]]