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[[File:Andrew Carnegie circa 1878 - Project Gutenberg eText 17976.jpg|thumb|right|200px|{{Center|[[Andrew Carnegie]] - a famous entrepreneur}}]]

An '''entrepreneur''' is a person who organizes a venture to benefit from an opportunity, rather than working as an employee. Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy.  These are the people who have the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate current and future needs and bring good new ideas to market. 

Entrepreneurs who prove to be successful in taking on the risks of a startup are rewarded with profits, fame and continued growth opportunities.  Those who fail suffer losses and become less important in the markets. Many fail, lose money, and close the business.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://untamedpotential.com/check-if-you-are-an-entrepreneur/|title=Check if you are an entrepreneur. - Untamed Potential|date=2017-08-28|newspaper=Untamed Potential|access-date=2017-11-22|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Black, Ervin L. ''et al''  2010. Entrepreneurial success: differing perceptions of entrepreneurs and venture capitalists. ''The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation''. '''11''' (3): 189–198. [http://iei.sagepub.com/content/11/3/189]</ref>  The entrepreneur assumes all the risks and rewards of the venture and is usually the sole proprietary, a partner or the owner of the majority of shares in an incorporated venture. As the main decision maker the entrepreneur monitors and controls the business activities.

According to Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883 - 1950) entrepreneurs regard profit as a standard for measuring achievement or success and discovered that they:
* Value self-reliance;
* Strive for distinction through excellence;
* Are highly optimistic;
* Favor challenges of medium risk.

Entrepreneurship is sometimes categorized among the [[factors of production]], along with land/natural resources, labor and capital.  An entrepreneur combines these to manufacture goods or provide services.  He or she typically creates a [[business plan]], hires labor, acquires resources and financing, and provides leadership and management for the business.

Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their companies.

Given the riskiness of a new venture, the acquisition of capital funding is particularly challenging, and many entrepreneurs deal with it via bootstrapping.

While some entrepreneurs are lone players struggling to get small businesses off the ground on a shoestring, others take on partners armed with greater access to capital and other resources.

== Definitions of Entrepreneurship ==
Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur" or "entrepreneurship" (the word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb ''entreprendre'', meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models: 

They assumed that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.

Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight and Israel Kirzner. Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs – not just companies – were responsible for the creation of new things in the search of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to discovery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp|title=Entrepreneur|last=Staff|first=Investopedia|date=2006-05-01|newspaper=Investopedia|access-date=2017-11-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Entrepreneurship training and education ==
Michelacci and Schivardi are a pair of researchers who believe that identifying and comparing the relationships between an entrepreneur's earnings and education level would determine the rate and level of success. Their study focused on two education levels, college degree and post-graduate degree. While Michelacci and Schivardi do not specifically determine characteristics or traits for successful entrepreneurs, they do believe that there is a direct relationship between education and success, noting that having a college knowledge does contribute to advancement in the workforce.<ref name="Michelacci and Schivardi" />

Michelacci and Schivardi state there has been a rise in the number of self-employed people with a baccalaureate degree. However, their findings also show that those who are self-employed and possess a graduate degree has remained consistent throughout time at about 33 percent. They briefly mention those famous entrepreneurs like [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Mark Zuckerberg]] who were college dropouts, but they call these cases all but exceptional as it is a pattern that many entrepreneurs view formal education as costly, mainly because of the [[Opportunity cost|time that needs to be spent on it]].21 Century one young entrepreneur name [https://en.wikipedia.ind.in/wiki/Danish_Maniyar_(_Entrepreneur_) Danish Maniyar] he becomes famous while pushing His Bachelor of pharmacy he becomes famous young Indian Entrepreneur and few are college drop like [[Mark Zuckerberg]] but danish Maniyar said while studying also we can become entrepreneur just have innovative ideas and thinking.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/danish-maniyar-social-media-influencer-with-his-innovative-ideas-101622551005240.html|title=Danish Maniyar: Social media influencer with his innovative ideas|date=June 1, 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>.Michelacci and Schivardi believe that in order for an individual to reach the full success they need to have education beyond high school. Their research shows that the higher the education level the greater the success. The reason is that college gives people additional skills that can be used within their business and to operate on a higher level than someone who only "runs" it.<ref name="Michelacci and Schivardi">{{Cite journal|url = http://www.sciencespo.fr/liepp/sites/sciencespo.fr.liepp/files/paper_Are_They_All_Like_Bill_Michelacci.pdf|title = Are They All Like Bill, Mark, and Steve? The Education Premium for Entrepreneurs|last = Michelacci|first = Claudio|date = 24 June 2015|journal = EIEF|access-date = 27 November 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Historical usage ===
[[File:David Beck - Louis De Geer d.ä. 1587-1657.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|17th-century [[Walloons|Walloon]]-Dutch-Swedish businessman [[Louis De Geer (1587–1652)|Louis De Geer]] (1587–1652) was a pioneering entrepreneur and [[industrialist]] at the dawn of [[modern capitalism]].<ref>Lindblad, J. Thomas (1995), 'Louis de Geer (1587–1652): Dutch Entrepreneur and the Father of Swedish Industry,'; in Clé Lesger & Leo Noordegraaf (eds.), ''Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship in Early Modern Times: Merchants and Industrialists within the Orbit of the Dutch Staple Markets''. (The Hague: Stichting Hollandse Historische Reeks, 1995), pp. 77–85</ref><ref>Müller, Leos (2005), 'The Dutch Entrepreneurial Networks and Sweden in the Age of Greatness,'; in Hanno Brand (ed.), ''Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North Sea Area and the Baltic, c. 1350–1750''. (Hilversum: Verloren, 2005), pp. 58–74</ref>]]
[[File:Wimbit-Jellinek-Phoenix8hp.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Emil Jellinek|Emil Jellinek-Mercedes]] (1853–1918), here at the steering wheel of his Phoenix Double-Phaeton, was a European entrepreneur who helped design the first modern car]]

"Entrepreneur" ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-entrepreneur.ogg|ˌ|ɒ̃|t|r|ə|p|r|ə|ˈ|n|ɜːr|,_|-|ˈ|nj|ʊər}}, {{small|UK also}} {{IPAc-en|-|p|r|ɛ|-}}) is a [[loanword]] from [[French language|French]]. The word first appeared in the French dictionary entitled ''Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce'' compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://researchdirection.org/UploadArticle/48.pdf|first=Ashok Bhanudas|last=Navale|title=Developing Entrepreneur Skills for Corporate Work|journal=Research Directions|date=October 2013|volume=1|issue=4|issn=2321-5488|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060112/http://researchdirection.org/UploadArticle/48.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=22 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Especially in Britain, the term "adventurer" was often used to denote the same meaning.<ref>{{Cite book|title= A Brief History of Entrepreneurship: The Pioneers, Profiteers, and Racketeers Who Shaped Our World|last=Carlen|first=Joe|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|location=New York, NY|pages=1|isbn=9780231542814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tkbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|language=en}}</ref> The study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Irish-French economist [[Richard Cantillon]], which was foundational to [[classical economics]]. Cantillon defined the term first in his ''Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général'', or ''Essay on the Nature of Trade in General'', a book [[William Stanley Jevons]] considered the "cradle of political economy".<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony |last=Brewer|title=Richard Cantillon: Pioneer of Economic Theory|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=2yD9NWJ8_mwC}}|year=1992|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-07577-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=William Stanley Jevons|date=January 1881|title=Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy|work=Contemporary Review|publisher=The Contemporary Review Company|pages=333–360}}</ref> Cantillon defined the term as a person who pays a certain price for a product and resells it at an uncertain price, "making decisions about obtaining and using the resources while consequently admitting the risk of enterprise". Cantillon considered the entrepreneur to be a risk taker who deliberately allocates resources to exploit opportunities to maximize the financial return.<ref name="Cantillon, R. 1931">{{cite book|last=Cantillon |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Cantillon |year=1755 |title=Essai sur la nature du commerce en général |location=London |publisher=MacMillan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stevenson |first1=H. |last2=Jarillo |first2=J. |title=A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management, in |editor1-first=Álvaro |editor1-last=Cuervo|editor2-first=Domingo |editor2-last=Ribeiro|editor3-first=Salvador |editor3-last=Roig|work=Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=2v-aWpdgoPQC |pg=5}}|date=26 May 2007|publisher=Springer Science Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-48543-8|pages=5–}}</ref> Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume the risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus he drew attention to the function of the entrepreneur and distinguished between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provided the money.<ref name="Cantillon, R. 1931"/><ref name="Landström, H. 2005">• Landström, H. & SpringerLink 2005, Pioneers in entrepreneurship and small business research, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, N.Y.</ref>

Jean-Baptiste Say also identified entrepreneurs as a driver for economic development, emphasizing their role as one of the collecting factors of production allocating resources from less to fields that are more productive. Both Say and Cantillon belonged to French school of thought and known as the physiocrats.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Enterprise: Entrepreneurship and Innovation|url=https://archive.org/details/enterpriseentrep00lowe_046|url-access=limited|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7506-6920-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/enterpriseentrep00lowe_046/page/n31 5]|last1=Lowe|first1=Robin|last2=Marriott|first2=Sue}}</ref>

Dating back to the time of the medieval [[guilds]] in Germany, a [[craftspeople|craftsperson]] required special permission to operate as an entrepreneur, the small proof of competence (''Kleiner Befähigungsnachweis''), which restricted training of apprentices to craftspeople who held a [[Meister]] certificate. This institution was introduced in 1908 after a period of so-called freedom of trade (''Gewerbefreiheit'', introduced in 1871) in the [[German Reich]]. However, proof of competence was not required to start a business. In 1935 and in 1953, greater proof of competence was reintroduced (''Großer Befähigungsnachweis Kuhlenbeck''), which required craftspeople to obtain a Meister apprentice-training certificate before being permitted to set up a new business.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00181-013-0773-7|title = Entry regulation and entrepreneurship: A natural experiment in German craftsmanship| journal=Empirical Economics| volume=47| issue=3| pages=1067–1101|year = 2013|last1 = Rostam-Afschar|first1 = Davud|s2cid = 154355298}}</ref>

In the [[Ashanti Empire]], successful entrepreneurs who accumulated large wealth and men as well as distinguished themselves through heroic deeds were awarded social and political recognition by being called "Abirempon" which means big men. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, the appellation "Abirempon" had formalized and politicized to embrace those who conducted trade from which the whole state benefited. The state rewarded entrepreneurs who attained such accomplishments with Mena(elephant tail) which was the "heraldic badge" <ref>{{Cite book|last=Obeng|first=J.Pashington|date= 1996|title=Asante Catholicism; Religious and Cultural Reproduction among the Akan of Ghana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh9jIVu2CyEC&pg=PA23|language=en|volume=1|isbn=978-90-04-10631-4}}</ref>
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[[Category:Business]]