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{{Karnataka History}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2020}}

The '''History of [[Karnataka]]''' goes back several millennia. Several great empires and dynasties have ruled over Karnataka and have contributed greatly to the history, culture and development of Karnataka as well as the entire [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Chindaka Nagas of central India Gangas,<ref>Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka''kaushik, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)</ref>  Rashtrakutas of [[Manyakheta]],<ref group="note">Dr. D.R. Bhandarkar argues that even the viceroys (''Dandanayaka'') of the Gujarat line hailing from the Rashtrakuta family signed their Sanskrit records in Kannada, examples of which are the Navasari and Baroda plates of Karka I and the Baroda records of Dhruva II. The Gujarat Rashtrakuta princes used Kannada signatures as this was the mode of writing in their native country, meaning Kannada country says Dr. Bhandarkar, ''A Concise History of Karnataka'',  Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath</ref> Chalukyas of Vengi,<ref>Dr. Suryanath Kamath, Prof. K.A.N. Sastri, Arthikaje</ref> Yadava Dynasty of Devagiri were all of Kannada origin<ref>Dr. Ritti has argued thus. Even though the [[Seuna]] or Yadava ruled from Devagiri (850–1315), literature in Kannada was prolific in their kingdom along with Sanskrit, coinage with Kannada legends have been discovered and most of their inscriptions are in Kannada, indicating that they were Kannadaigas who migrated north due to political situation. Marathi literature started from around 1190 C.E., Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, ''Concise history of Karnataka'', 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002)</ref> who later took to encouraging local languages.

In the medieval and early modern periods, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] became the major powers in Karnataka. The latter disintegrated to form five [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. The Deccan Sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the [[Maratha Empire]] ruled most of present-day north Karnataka. Maratha rule was most fortified in the northern regions of present-day Karnataka. The first Maratha expeditions in the region were led by [[Chhatrapati Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/main-notes/general-studies/rise-of-maratha-empire/ |title=Rise of Maratha Empire - KPSC Exam Free Notes |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125054500/https://karnataka.pscnotes.com/main-notes/general-studies/rise-of-maratha-empire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As Maratha power weakened in the 1780s, the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] began occupying lands in [[Southern Karnataka]].

After the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], where the [[East India Company]] defeated the forces of [[Tipu Sultan]], Company Rule began in India. Karnataka was divided between the [[Bombay Presidency]], the Kingdom of Mysore and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].

India  became Independent in 1947, and according to the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganization Act, 1956]], the [[Kannada]]-speaking areas of Hyderabad State, Madras State were unified with [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]]. The state was renamed as ''Karnataka'' in 1973.

==Prehistory==
{{Main|Political history of medieval Karnataka|Etymology of Karnataka|Karnataka History Timeline|Chronology of Karnataka}}
The credit for doing early extensive study of prehistoric Karnataka goes to Robert Bruce-Foote and this work was later continued by many other scholars.<ref name="other">Scholars such as R.V.Joshi, S.Nagaraju, A.Sundara etc. (Kamath 2001, p15)</ref> The pre-historic culture of Karnataka (and South India in general) is called the hand-axe culture, as opposed to the Sohan culture of North India. Paleolithic hand axes and cleavers in the shape of pebbles made with quartz and quartzite which have been found in places such as [[Lingadahalli]] in [[Chikkamagaluru district]] and [[Hunasagi]] in [[Yadgir district]], and a wooden spike at [[Kibbanahalli]] in [[Tumkur district]] are examples of old Stone Age implements.<ref name="other1">Discovered by Dr. K. Paddayya in 1974 (Kamath 2001, pp15-16)</ref> There are reports that a polished [[stone axe]] was discovered at [[Lingasugur]] in the [[Raichur district]]<ref name="prim">The hand axe was discovered by Primrose (Kamath 2001, p15)</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122081845/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-01-22 |title= First-ever celt was found near Madikeri |access-date=2007-05-06 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2005-01-10}}</ref> Neolithic sites (new Stone Age) of importance are [[Maski]] in [[Raichur district]], [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]] in [[Chitradurga district]] etc., with abundance of evidence that man begun to domesticate animals such as cows, dogs and sheep, use copper and bronze weapons, wear bangles, rings, necklaces of beads and ear-rings and have burial chambers. To the end of the Neolithic era, during the [[Megalithic]] age, people in Karnataka began to use long swords, sickles, axes, hammers, spikes, chisels and arrows, all made of iron.<ref name="chamber">Kamath (2001), p18</ref>

== Influences from the Indus Valley Civilization ==
Scholarly hypothesis postulates contacts between the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] cities of [[Harappa]] and [[Lothal]], citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm|title=THE GOLDEN HERITAGE OF KARNATAKA|author=S. Ranganathan|work=Online webpage of the Department of Metallurgy|publisher=Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore|access-date=2007-06-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121024542/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm|archive-date=2007-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm |title=Prehistoric culture of Karnataka |access-date=2007-05-06 |publisher=ourkarnataka.com |archive-date=19 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419181313/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html|title= Trade |access-date=2007-05-06 |publisher=[[The British Museum]]}}</ref>

Evidence of [[Neolithic]] habitation of areas in modern Karnataka and [[celt (tool)|celt]]s dating back to the 2nd century [[Before Common Era|BCE]] were first discovered in 1872. There are reports that a polished [[stone axe]] was discovered at Lingsugur in the [[Raichur district]]; however the authenticity of these reports remains unverifiable.<ref name="Hindu.com 2005011001090500">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122081845/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/10/stories/2005011001090500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2005-01-22 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=First-ever celt was found near Madikeri | date=2005-01-10}}</ref> [[Megalithic]] structures and burial grounds were discovered in 1862 in the regions of [[Kodagu]] and Moorey Betta hills, while [[Neolithic]] sites were discovered in north Karnataka.<ref name="Hindu.com 2005011001090500"/> Scholarly hypothesis postulates of contacts between the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] city of [[Harappa]] in 3000 BCE, citing the discovery of gold found in the Harappan sites that was imported from mines in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |title=The Golden Heritage of Karnataka |access-date=2007-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121024542/http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm |archive-date=2007-01-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm|title=WebHost4Life - Web Hosting, Unix Hosting, E-Mail, Web Design|website=www.ourkarnataka.com|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=19 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419181313/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka7.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/staff/resources/background/bg16/home.html|title=Ancient India - Staff Room|website=www.ancientindia.co.uk|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/artefacts.htm |title=Metal artefacts, links with Mesopotamia |access-date=2007-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807073612/http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/artefacts.htm |archive-date=2007-08-07 }}</ref>

==Classical period==
{{main|Satavahanas|Kadambas}}

Karnataka was the part of the [[Maurya Empire]], the first Mauryan Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] died in [[Shravanbelgola]] in [[Hassan District]] around 298 BCE where he spent the last days of his life as a Jain ascetic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.in/articles/4614/short-escape-from-bengaluru-shravanabelagola-karnataka|title=Best Escape: Shravanabelagola, Karnataka|first=Lonely|last=Planet|website=Lonely Planet India|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224639/http://www.lonelyplanet.in/articles/4614/short-escape-from-bengaluru-shravanabelagola-karnataka|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Around 239 BCE, the [[Satavahana]] dynasty came to power and its rule lasted nearly four centuries, until the early 3rd century CE. The disintegration of the Satavahana dynasty led to the ascent of the earliest native kingdoms, the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] of [[Banavasi]] in modern [[Uttara Kannada]] district with [[Mayuravarma]], a native of [[Talagunda]] in modern [[Shivamogga district]] as the founding king,<ref name="origin">From the Talagunda inscription (Dr. B. L. Rice in Kamath, 2001, p30)</ref><ref name="origin1">Moares (1931), p10</ref><ref name="grass">From the Talagunda inscription of 450 Kamath, (2001), pp 30-31</ref><ref name="grass1">Ramesh (1984), p6</ref><ref name="origin2">{{cite web|title=History of Karnataka-Kadambas of Banavasi|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka10.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2006-11-28|archive-date=5 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205181122/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka10.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="origin3">{{cite web|title=Kadambas of Banavasi|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/kadamba.htm|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|publisher=1996-2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2006-11-28}}</ref> and the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] in southern Karnataka,<ref name="argue">Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p89</ref><ref name="argue1">The Gangas were sons of the Soil - R. S. Panchamukhi and Lakshminarayana Rao {{cite web|title=Gangas of Talkad|url=http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|author=Arthikaje, Mangalore|publisher=1998-2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc|access-date=2007-01-18|archive-date=15 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215103823/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka11.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> marking the birth of the region as an independent political entity. These were the first kingdoms to give administrative status to [[Kannada language]] as evidenced by the [[Halmidi inscription]] of 450, attributed to King [[Kakusthavarma]] of the [[Kadamba Dynasty]].<ref name="first">From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp10–11)</ref><ref name="hal">Kamath (2001), p10</ref> Also, recent discovery of a 5th-century copper coin in [[Banavasi]], ancient capital of the [[Kadambas]], with [[Kannada script]] inscription on it, further proves the usage of Kannada at an official level.<ref>{{cite web
|date=7 February 2006
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb72006/state171017200626.asp
|title=5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi
|publisher=Deccan Herald
|access-date=2006-08-17
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614050035/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb72006/state171017200626.asp |archive-date = 2006-06-14}}</ref>

== Middle Kingdoms (230 BCE – 1206 CE) ==
[[File:Cave_Temple_3,_Badami.JPG|thumb|One of the [[Badami cave temples]], built by the [[Chalukya dynasty]]]]
[[File:Map of the Chalukyas.png|thumb|A map of the Badami Chalukya Empire's territories]]
[[File:Indian Rashtrakuta Empire map.svg|thumb|A map of the Rashtrakuta Empire at its peak during the Tripartite Struggle]]

They were followed by large imperial empires, the [[Badami Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] and [[Western Chalukya Empire]], who had their regal capitals in modern Karnataka region and patronized Kannada language and literature.<ref name="ex">Considerable number of their records are in Kannada (Kamath 2001, p67, p73, pp88-89, p114)</ref><ref name="natural">7th century Badami Chalukya inscriptions call Kannada the natural language (Thapar 2003, p345)</ref><ref name="earlylit1">Altekar (1934), pp411–413</ref><ref name="early2">Even royalty of the Rashtrakuta empire took part in poetic and literary activities (Thapar 2003, p334)</ref><ref name="patron">Narasimhacharya (1988), p68, p17–21</ref><ref name="eralylit2">Reu (1933), pp37–38</ref><ref name="administrator">More inscriptions in Kannada are attributed to the Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya VI]] than to any other king prior to the 12th century, {{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/deckings.htm|title=Chalukyas of Kalyana|author=Kamat, Jyotsna|publisher=1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2006-12-24}}</ref>

=== Badami Chalukyas ===
{{Main|Badami Chalukyas}}
The [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukyas]] ruled between the 6th and the 8th centuries.<ref name="Pattadakal">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239/|title=Group of Monuments at Pattadakal|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323221035/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/239/|archive-date=2019-03-23|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] kingdom of [[Banavasi]] and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of [[Pulakeshin&nbsp;II]].

The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of [[South India]] and a [[Golden Age|golden age]] in the history of [[Karnataka]]. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas.

=== Rashtrakutas ===
{{Main|Rashtrakuta Empire}}
The Rashtrakutas were originally vassals of the Badami Chalukyas. [[Dantidurga]] overthrew the Chalukya ruler [[Kirtivarman II]] in 735 CE, and established the rule of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].

During this period, important contributions were made in the field of literature, arts, and mathematics. [[Amoghavarsha I]], the most famous king of this dynasty wrote ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'', a landmark literary work in the [[Kannada]] language. Important mathematical theories and axioms were postulated by [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]].

=== Western Chalukyas ===
{{Main|Western Chalukyas}}
The [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] ruled Karnataka between 973 and 1189 CE. In 973, seeing confusion in the Rashtrakuta Empire after an invasion of their capital by the ruler of the [[Paramara dynasty]] of [[Malwa]], [[Tailapa II]] (a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta dynasty ruling from [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]) defeated his overlords and made Manyakheta his capital.

=== Western Gangas ===
{{Main|Western Ganga Kingdom}}
[[File:Map Showing Greatest Extent Of Ganga Kingdom Of Talakadu.jpg|thumb]]
The [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga]] dynasty was founded around 350 CE, ruling southern Karnataka. Their sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, after which they ruled as vassals of the [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty|Rashtrakutas]], and [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]]. Their rule came to an end after the disintegration of the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] in 1000 CE.
[[File:Shravanabelagola Bahubali wideframe.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|180x180px|The [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanbelagola]] was built during the 10th century CE by the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Ganga Kingdom]].]]
Though a small kingdom, the Western Ganga contribution to [[polity]], culture and literature of the modern south Karnataka region is considered important. The Western Ganga kings showed benevolent tolerance to all faiths but are most famous for their patronage toward [[Jainism]] resulting in the construction of monuments in places such as [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]]. The kings of this dynasty encouraged the fine arts due to which literature in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] flourished.

=== Hoysala Empire ===
[[File:Carved Outer walls, Hoysaleswara Temple Halebid.jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|Elaborately carved outer walls at the [[Hoysaleswara Temple]] built in the 12th century by the [[Hoysala Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/|title=Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005659/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5898/|archive-date=2018-12-04|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Hoysala Empire}}
Natives of the [[malnad]] Karnataka, the Hoysalas established the [[Hoysala Empire]] at the turn of the first millennium. Art and architecture flourished in the region during this time resulting in distinctive Kannada literary metres and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the ''Vesara'' style of architecture.<ref name="patron"/><ref name="sang1">Kamath (2001), pp. 132–134</ref><ref name="sang">Sastri (1955), pp. 359, 361</ref><ref name="chenna">Foekema (1996), p. 14</ref><ref name="chenna1">Kamath (2001), p. 124</ref>  The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought large parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under their rule.<ref name="arbiters">The [[Tamil people|Tamil]] city of Kannanur Kuppam near [[Srirangam]] became the second capital of the Hoysalas during the rule of [[Vira Narasimha II]]. During the time of [[Veera Ballala III]], Tiruvannamalai in Tamil Nadu had been made an alternate capital. The Hoysalas were arbiters of [[South Indian]] politics and took up the leadership role (B.S.K. Iyengar in Kamath (2001), p. 126</ref><ref name="kuppam1">Keay (2000), p. 252</ref><ref name="spread">Sastri (1955), p. 195</ref><ref name="lead">The Hoysalas dominated of Southern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] as a single empire, (Thapar 2003, p. 368</ref>

=== Other Kingdoms ===
The [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna dynasty]], [[Kadamba dynasty]], and [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]] ruled parts of Karnataka.<ref>A Brief History of India by Alain Daniélou p. 177</ref>

[[Nidugal Cholas]] ruled some parts of Karnatala and Andhra between 8th to 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.the-cholas-of-nidugal-a-study/ |title=The Cholas of Nidugal a Study |author=Kavitha R|date=1993 |page=151 |publisher=Karnatak University}}</ref>

== Vijayanagara Era (1336–1565)==
{{Main|Vijayanagara Empire}}
[[File:Vijayanagara Empire c.1485.png|thumb|A map depicting the territories of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Krishna Pushkarani - Hampi Ruins.jpg
| caption1 = Tank of the Krishna Temple
| image2 = Temple of Virupaksha.jpeg
| caption2 = [[Virupaksha Temple]]
| caption_align = center
| image3 = Vittala Temple - Hampi - Karnataka.jpg
| caption3 = [[Garuda]] Shrine in the form of a stone chariot.
| image4 = Elephant's Stable Hampi.jpg
| caption4 = Elephant Stables
| footer = [[Hampi]], the capital of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] was one of the world's largest cities during the medieval period. The city was destroyed by the combined army of five [[Deccan Sultanates]] during the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565.<ref name=Hampi/>
| footer_align = center
| perrow = 2
}}
In the early 14th century, the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] with its capital at Hosapattana (later to be called [[Vijayanagara]]) rose to successfully challenge the Muslim invasions into the South. This empire was established by [[Harihara I]] and Bukka Raya who many historians claim were commanders of the last Hoysala King [[Veera Ballala III]] and the empire prospered for over two centuries.<ref name="Kannadaempire">[[P. B. Desai]] (''History of Vijayanagar Empire'', 1936), [[Henry Heras]] (''The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara'', 1927), [[B.A. Saletore]] (''Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire'', 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (''The Hoysala Vamsa'', 1955) and Kamath ( Kamath 2001, pp. 157–160)</ref><ref name="karmar">Karmarkar 1947, p. 30</ref>

The Vijayanagara rulers patronized culture, and a distinct form of [[Vijayanagara literature|literature]] and [[Vijayanagara architecture|architecture]] evolved during this period. The best example of Vijayanagara architecture is seen in the ruined city of Hampi.<ref name=Hampi>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241/|title=Group of Monuments at Hampi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222148/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=live|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>

=== Battle of Talikota ===
{{Main|Battle of Talikota}}
The main rivals of the Vijayanagara empire were the five [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], who defeated the empire in 1565 at the [[Battle of Talikota]].

Two generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides and turned their loyalty to the united Sultanates. They captured [[Aliya Rama Raya]] and beheaded him on the spot. The beheading of [[Aliya Rama Raya|Rama Raya]] created confusion and havoc and in the still loyal portions of the Vijayanagara army, which were then completely routed. The Sultanates' army plundered [[Hampi]] and reduced it into ruins.<ref name=Hampi/>

== Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates ==
{{Main|Bahmani Sultanate|Deccan Sultanates}}
[[File:Gol_Gumbaz.jpg|thumb|[[Gol Gumbaz]], tomb of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]], seventh [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultan of Bijapur]]|alt=|left]]
The [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani sultans]] of [[Bidar]] were the main competitors to the Vijayanagara empire for hegemony over the Deccan<ref name="bin">Kamath (2001), pp190-191</ref> and after their fall, the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and [[Bidar Sultanate]] took their place in the dynastic struggle for control of the southern India.<ref name="bija">Kamath (2001), p. 200</ref> 
[[File:Water-Pipe_Base_LACMA_M.2001.101.jpg|thumb|A [[Bidriware]] water-pipe. Bidriware was developed in Bidar in the 14th century C.E. during the rule of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]].]]
After the defeat and disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire in battle at Talikota in 1565 to a confederacy of Sultanates, the Bijapur Sultanate rose as the main power in the Deccan before their defeat to the [[Mogul Empire|Mughal Empire]] in late 17th century.<ref name="conf">Kamath (2001), p. 201</ref><ref name="erst">Kamath (2001), p. 202</ref> Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] gave the order to [[Siege of Bijapur|besiege Bijapur]] and after a 15-month-long siege, the Mughal army emerged victorious and the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]] came to an end.

The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged [[Urdu]] and Persian literature and [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo Islamic]] architecture, the [[Gol Gumbaz]] being one of the high points of this contribution.<ref name="gol">Kamath (2001), p. 207</ref> [[Bidriware]] and [[Deccan painting]] developed during this period. The [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa|Madrasa Mahmud Gawan]] was a university built during the reign of the Bahmani Sultanate, one of the few centers of higher learning in medieval India.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1995|pp=91-93}}

== Maratha Era (1674–1818)==
[[File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Chhatrapati Shivaji led the initial Maratha campaigns into Karnataka in the 1670s]]
{{Main|Maratha Empire}}
Most of Karnataka was conquered by the Maratha Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries. The first expeditions were led by [[Chhatrapati Shivaji]].  After Shivaji's death in 1680, his son [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji]] inherited the throne of the Marathas. He ruled until [[execution of Sambhaji|his capture, torture, and execution]] by the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=On the history trail: Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj tortured to death in the most barbaric way ever seen by Aurangzeb |url=https://sahasa.in/2022/05/06/on-the-history-trail-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-tortured-to-death-in-the-most-barbaric-way-ever-seen-by-aurangzeb/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en}}</ref> in 1689. From this time until 1707, the [[war of 27 years]] was fought in the Deccan, including Karnataka. The Mughals raided the region several times but struggled in conquering the territory. The Maratha Empire continued to rule over the majority of Karnataka until the rise of Mysore in the 1760s and 1770s decades. Even after the Mysore-Maratha wars, the Marathas held onto the majority of Northern Karnataka until 1818.

==The Rise of Mysore ==
{{main|Anglo-Mysore Wars|Tipu Sultan}}
[[File:Indian_Mysore_Kingdom_1784_map.svg|left|thumb|Map of the Kingdom of Mysore at its peak during the reign of Tipu Sultan ]]
The [[Wodeyar]]s of Mysore, former vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire, After the fall of vijayanagara empire Mysore became independent kingdom 17th-18th century. With the death of [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]], [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]], the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the Mysore Army, assumed control over the region, until the rule of the kingdom was passed to [[Tipu Sultan]], after Haider Ali's death. In attempting to contain European expansion in South India, Tipu Sultan, known as the ''Tiger of Mysore'' fought four significant [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], the last of which resulted in his death and the incorporation of Mysore into a princely state of the [[British Raj]].
[[File:Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] receiving [[Tipu Sultan]]'s sons as hostages after the [[third Anglo-Mysore War]], by [[Robert Home]], c. 1793 CE]]
Following Tipu's fall, a part of the kingdom of Mysore was annexed and divided between the Madras Presidency and the Nizam. The remaining territory was transformed into a princely state; the five-year-old scion of the Wodeyar family, [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III|Krishnaraja III]], was installed on the throne with chief minister (''Diwan'') [[Purnaiah]].

The [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore State]] and [[Hyderabad State]], which ruled most of Karnataka by the mid-nineteenth century, were allied with the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

[[File:Famine_in_India_Natives_Waiting_for_Relief_in_Bangalore.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|People waiting for famine relief in [[Bangalore]]. From the ''[[Illustrated London News]]''. (20 October 1877)]]

=== British Protectorate ===
[[File:Mysorepalace.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mysore Palace]], completed in 1912, was the residence of the [[Wadiyar dynasty]] which ruled the [[Kingdom of Mysore]].]]
In 1799, the Kingdom of Mysore signed a Protectorate treaty with the British Empire. The British then helped the Wadiyar dynasty come back to power after 2 generations of Islamic rule. During this time, railways and airways, as well as modern universities were introduced in the Kingdom of Mysore, which was ruled by the Wadiyar dynasty. The Kingdom of Mysore became a [[princely state]] by this time. The [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1909) and [[University of Mysore]] (1916) were the first educational institutions established in Karnataka.

== Independence movement ==
Though the British assisted the Kingdom of Mysore, the British period was a time of racial discrimination, economic exploitation, and [[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule|numerous preventable famines]], most notably in the areas directly administered by the British, which was known then as ''British India''.

By the late 19th century, the independence movement had gained momentum; [[Aluru Venkata Raya]], [[S. Nijalingappa]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Nittoor Srinivasa Rau]] and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century. Strong independence movements erupted across the regions of Karnataka under British direct rule.

=== Unification of Karnataka ===
{{main |Unification of Karnataka}}
[[File:Jayachandra-maharaja-wadiyar.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]], the last ruling [[Maharaja of Mysore]].]]
After Indian independence, the [[Wodeyar]] Maharaja acceded to India. In 1950, [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] became an Indian state, and the former Maharaja became its ''[[rajpramukh]]'', or governor, until 1975. The [[Unification of Karnataka|''Ekikarana'' movement]] which started in the later half of the 20th century, culminated in the ''[[States Reorganisation Act]]'' of 1956 which provided for parts of [[Coorg]], [[Madras State|Madras]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], and [[Bombay state]]s to be incorporated into the [[Mysore State|state of Mysore]]. Mysore state was renamed ''Karnataka'' in 1973.  The state of Mysore was formed on 1 November 1956 and since then 1 November of every year is celebrated as [[Kannada Rajyotsava]] / [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]].

=== Post-unification ===
The [[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957 elections]] saw the [[Indian National Congress]] win 150 seats out of 208, and [[S. Nijalingappa]] was retained as Chief Minister.

The Congress retained its power in Karnataka till 1983, when the [[Janata Party]] formed the first non-Congress government in Karnataka with the support of other smaller parties. Subsequent elections have seen power switch between the Congress, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and other parties.

{{clear}}

==Timeline==
{{Karnataka timeline}}

{{clear}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002) {{OCLC|7796041}}
* [[S. Srikanta Sastri]], "[http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/sources-of-karnataka-history-i/4573264034 Sources of Karnataka History, Vol I (1940)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514154436/http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/sources-of-karnataka-history-i/4573264034 |date=14 May 2013 }}" - University of Mysore Historical Series, University of Mysore, Mysore.
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}..
* Dr. [[Romila Thapar]], The Penguin History of Early India From Origins to 1300 A.D., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, {{ISBN|0-14-302989-4}}.
* R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras,1988, {{ISBN|81-206-0303-6}}.
*{{cite book |last= Iyer|first= Panchapakesa A.S.|title=   Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Zion Printers|location= Chennai}}
*{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title=   The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030|orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title=   The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-year=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}
*{{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples|year=1996|publisher= Abhinav|location= New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-345-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Moraes|first=George M. |title=   The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka|orig-year=1931|year= 1990|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0595-0}}
*{{cite book |last= Ramesh|first= K.V.|title=  Chalukyas of Vatapi|year=1984|publisher= Agam Kala Prakashan|location= Delhi|oclc= 13869730|ol= 3007052M|lccn= 84900575|asin= B0006EHSP0 }}
* John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, {{ISBN|0-8021-3797-0}}, BINC: 6494766
* Karmarkar, A.P. (1947), Cultural history of Karnataka : ancient and medieval, Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Dharwad {{OCLC|8221605}}
{{refend}}
* {{cite book |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |last1=Haig |first1=Major T. W. |year=1907 |publisher=Pioneer Press, Allahabad |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan |ref={{sfnref|Haig, 1907}}}} 
* {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xpQpOCtzAC |year=1995 |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1995}}}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat04mysouoft Rice, B L 1898. Epigraphica Carnatica Vol 2]
* "[http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/sources-of-karnataka-history-i/4573264034 Sources of Karnataka History, Vol I (1940)]" by [[S. Srikanta Sastri]]

{{History of India by State}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Karnataka}}
[[Category:History of Karnataka| ]]