View source for House of Commons of the United Kingdom

{{Short description|Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom}}
{{Redirect|British House of Commons|the House of Commons from 1707 to 1800|House of Commons of Great Britain|other bodies in British history and abroad|House of Commons}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
|background_color   = {{party color|House of Commons}}
|name               = The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled
|legislature        = [[List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election|58th UK Parliament]]
|coa_pic            = House of Commons of the United Kingdom logo 2018.svg
|coa_res            = 250px
|coa_alt            = 
|coa_caption        = Logo used to represent the House of Commons<br>
|logo_pic           = Flag House of Commons.svg{{!}}border
|logo_res           = 200px
|logo_alt           = Flag of the House of Commons
|logo_caption       = Flag of the House of Commons
|coa-pic            = Green Portcullis of the House of Commons
|session_room       = House of Commons Chamber 1.png
|session_res        = 300px
|house_type         = Lower house
|body               = Parliament of the United Kingdom
|leader1_type       = [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker]]
|leader1            = [[Lindsay Hoyle|Sir Lindsay Hoyle]]
|election1          = 4 November 2019
|leader2_type       = [[Chairman of Ways and Means]]
|leader2            = [[Eleanor Laing|Dame Eleanor Laing]]
|party2             = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|election2          = 8 January 2020
|leader3_type       = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
|leader3            = [[Rishi Sunak]]
|party3             = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|election3          = 25 October 2022
|leader4_type       = [[Leader of the House of Commons|Leader of the House]]
|leader4            = [[Penny Mordaunt]]
|party4             = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|election4          = 6 September 2022
|leader5_type       = [[Chief Whip of the Conservative Party|Government Chief Whip]]
|leader5            = [[Simon Hart]]
|party5             = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
|election5          = 25 October 2022
|leader6_type       = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
|leader6            = [[Keir Starmer|Sir Keir Starmer]]
|party6             = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|election6          = 4 April 2020
|leader7_type       = [[Shadow Leader of the House of Commons|Shadow Leader of the House]]
|leader7            = [[Thangam Debbonaire]]
|party7             = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|election7          = 9 May 2021
|leader8_type       = [[Chief Whip of the Labour Party|Opposition Chief Whip]]
|leader8            = [[Alan Campbell (politician)|Sir Alan Campbell]]
|party8             = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
|election8          = 9 May 2021
|members            = 650
|structure1         = House of Commons UK.svg
|structure1_res     = 300
|political_groups1  = 
'''[[Government of the United Kingdom|HM Government]]'''{{plainlist|style=padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}}}} [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]&nbsp;(353)
}}
'''[[His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition|HM Most Loyal Opposition]]'''{{plainlist|style=padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}}} [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]&nbsp;(196)
}}
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other opposition]]'''{{plainlist|style=padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Scottish National Party}}}} [[Scottish National Party|SNP]]&nbsp;(44)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}}} [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]&nbsp;(15)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Unionist Party}}}} [[Democratic Unionist Party|DUP]]&nbsp;(8)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Plaid Cymru}}}} [[Plaid Cymru]]&nbsp;(3)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Alba Party}}}} [[Alba Party]]&nbsp;(2)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic and Labour Party}}}} [[Social Democratic and Labour Party|SDLP]]&nbsp;(2)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Alliance Party of Northern Ireland}}}} [[Alliance Party of Northern Ireland|Alliance Party]]&nbsp;(1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Green Party of England and Wales}}}} [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]]&nbsp;(1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Reclaim Party}}}} [[Reclaim Party]]&nbsp;(1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|Independents]]&nbsp;(15){{efn|name="Independent"|Members can be elected as independent MPs or leave the party by which they were elected. MPs suspended from their parliamentary party are also listed as independent ''([[List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election#Defections, suspensions and resignations|see list]])''. None of the current independent MPs were elected as independents, nor were any independent MPs elected at the last UK general election in 2019.}}
}}
'''[[Abstentionism|Abstentionists]]'''{{plainlist|style=padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Sinn Féin}}}} [[Sinn Féin]]&nbsp;(7)
}}
'''Presiding officer'''{{plainlist|style=padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;|
*{{Color box|black}} [[Speaker of the House of Commons&nbsp;(United Kingdom)|Speaker]]&nbsp;(1)
}}
'''Vacant seats'''{{plainlist|style=padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;|
*{{Color box|white}} [[Casual vacancy|Vacant]]&nbsp;(1)
}}<!-- Hide these three lines when not in use -->
|term_length        = Up to five years{{efn|Current law passed by Parliament limits the term of the House of Commons to five years. However, since [[Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom|Parliament is sovereign]], Parliament can extend its term for as long as it pleases.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Forsyth|first=Christopher|date=1 January 2011 |title=The definition of Parliament after Jackson: Can the life of Parliament be extended under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949?|url=https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/9/1/132/902271|journal=[[International Journal of Constitutional Law]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=9|issue=1|pages=132–143|doi=10.1093/icon/mor019|oclc=5113464158|s2cid=144226994|doi-access=free}}</ref> The last time this occurred was during [[World War II]] when Parliament voted to [[Septennial Act 1715#Prolongation of Parliament during the First World War and Second World War|extend the term]] of the House of Commons multiple times until the conclusion of the war, with that Parliament existing for ten years instead of five years.}}
|last_election1     = [[2019 United Kingdom general election|12 December 2019]]
|next_election1     = [[Next United Kingdom general election|No later than 28 January 2025]] 
|voting_system1     = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
|redistricting      = Recommendations by the [[Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)|boundary commissions]]; confirmation by [[King-in-Council]].
|meeting_place      = House of Commons chamber<br />[[Palace of Westminster]]<br />[[City of Westminster]]<br />London, England<br />United Kingdom
|website            = {{Official URL}}
}}
{{UK House of Commons}}
The '''House of Commons'''{{efn|Formally: '''The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled'''<ref>{{cite book|author1=Foreign Affairs Committee|author-link1=Foreign Affairs Select Committee|last2=Gapes|first2=Mike|author-link2=Mike Gapes|year=2008|title=Overseas Territories: Seventh Report of Session 2007–08|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhsZSMEH5DoC|location=London|publisher=[[The Stationery Office]]|volume=2|page=280|isbn=978-0-215-52150-7|oclc=940357336}}</ref>}} is the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. Like the [[upper house]], the [[House of Lords]], it meets in the [[Palace of Westminster]] in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|members of Parliament]] (MPs). MPs are elected to represent [[United Kingdom constituencies|constituencies]] by the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] system and hold their seats until [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament is dissolved]].

The [[House of Commons of England]] began to evolve in the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1707 it became the [[House of Commons of Great Britain]] after the [[Acts of Union 1707|political union with Scotland]], and from 1800 it also became the House of Commons for Ireland after the [[Acts of Union 1800|political union of Great Britain and Ireland]]. In 1922, the body became the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the [[Irish Free State]]. Under the [[Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949]], the Lords' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] stays in office only as long as they retain the confidence of a majority of the Commons.

==Role==

===Relationship with His Majesty's Government===
Although the House of Commons does not formally elect the prime minister, by convention and in practice, the prime minister is answerable to the House, and therefore must maintain its support. In this way, the position of the parties in the House is an overriding importance. Thus, whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant, the monarch appoints the person who has the support of the house, or who is most likely to command the support of the house{{mdash}}normally the leader of the largest party in the house{{mdash}}while the leader of the second-largest party becomes the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|leader of the Opposition]]. Since 1963, by convention, the prime minister has always been a member of the House of Commons, rather than the House of Lords.

The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the government by rejecting a [[Confidence motions in the United Kingdom|motion of confidence]] or by passing a motion of no confidence. Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly: for instance, "That this House has no confidence in His Majesty's Government." Many other motions were until recent decades considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such: in particular, important bills that were part of the government's agenda. The annual Budget is still considered a matter of confidence. When a government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, the prime minister is obliged either to resign, making way for another MP who can command confidence, or request the monarch to dissolve Parliament, thereby precipitating a general election.

Before 2011, Parliament sat for anything up to five years. This was a maximum: the prime minister could, and often did, choose an earlier time to dissolve parliament, with the permission of the monarch. Since the [[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022]] and formerly the [[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]], the term has been fixed at five years. However, an early general election can be brought about (''inter alia'') by the approval of MPs holding at least two-thirds of all seats (whether vacant or entitled to vote, or not) or by a vote of no confidence in the government that is not followed within fourteen days by a vote of confidence (which may be for confidence in the same government or in a different one). By the second of these mechanisms, the UK's government can change its political composition without an intervening general election. As of 25 October 2022, four of the eleven last prime ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a prime minister of their own party.<ref>Those others were [[Jim Callaghan]] (lost the next election), [[John Major]] (won the next election), [[Gordon Brown]] (lost the next election), [[Theresa May]] (won the next election), [[Boris Johnson]] (won the next election), [[Liz Truss]], and [[Rishi Sunak]]; they succeeded, respectively, [[Harold Wilson]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Tony Blair]], [[David Cameron]], [[Theresa May]], [[Boris Johnson]], and [[Liz Truss]].</ref>

A prime minister will resign after party defeat at an election if unable to form a [[coalition]], or obtain a [[confidence and supply]] arrangement, and may resign after a motion of no confidence in the prime minister or for personal reasons. In such cases, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House, unless there is a [[hung parliament]] and a coalition is formed; the new prime minister will by convention be the new leader of the resigner's party. It has become the practice to write the constitutions of major UK political parties to provide a set way to appoint a new party leader.<ref>Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no fixed mechanism for this. In 1957, when [[Anthony Eden]] resigned as prime minister without recommending a successor, it was unable to nominate one. It fell to the Queen to appoint [[Harold Macmillan]] as the new prime minister, after seeking a consensus from cabinet ministers.</ref>

===Peers as ministers===
By convention, ministers are members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. A handful have been appointed from outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament in a by-election or by receiving a [[Peerages in the United Kingdom|peerage]] (being made a peer). Since 1902, all prime ministers have been members of the Commons; the sole exception was during the long summer recess in 1963: [[Alec Douglas-Home]], then the 14th Earl of Home, disclaimed his peerage (under a new mechanism which remains in force) three days after becoming prime minister. The new session of Parliament was delayed to await the outcome of his by-election, which happened to be already under way due to a recent death. As anticipated, he won that election, which was for the highest-majority seat in Scotland among his party; otherwise he would have been constitutionally obliged to resign.

Since 1990, almost all cabinet ministers, save for three whose offices are an intrinsic part of the House of Lords, have belonged to the Commons.

Few major [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|cabinet]] positions (except [[Lord Privy Seal]], [[Lord Chancellor]] and [[Leader of the House of Lords]]) have been filled by a peer in recent times. Notable exceptions are [[Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington|Peter Carington, 6th Lord Carrington]], who served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982; [[David Young, Baron Young of Graffham|David Young, Lord Young of Graffham]], who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985; [[Peter Mandelson|Lord Mandelson]], who served as Business Secretary; Lord Adonis, who served as Transport Secretary; Baroness Amos, who served as International Development Secretary; [[Nicky Morgan|Baroness Morgan of Cotes]], who served as [[Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport|Culture Secretary]]; and [[Zac Goldsmith|Lord Goldsmith of Richmond Park]], who is serving as [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Minister of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] and [[Department for International Development|Minister of State for International Development]]. The elected status of members of the Commons (as opposed to the unelected Lords) and their direct accountability to that House, together with empowerment and transparency, ensures ministerial accountability. [[Responsible government]] is an international constitutional paradigm. The prime minister chooses the ministers, and may decide to remove them at any time, although the appointments and dismissals are formally made by the Sovereign.

===Scrutiny of the government===
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2021}}
The House of Commons formally scrutinises the Government through its Committees and [[Prime Minister's Questions]], when members ask questions of the prime minister; the house gives other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers. Prime Minister's Questions occur weekly, normally for half an hour each Wednesday. Questions must relate to the responding minister's official government activities, not to his or her activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament. Customarily, members of the Government party/coalition and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions. Members may also make inquiries in writing.

In practice, this scrutiny can be fairly weak. Since the first-past-the-post electoral system is employed, the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons, and ministers and departments practise defensive government, outsourcing key work to third parties. If the government has a large majority, it has no need or incentive to compromise with other parties.{{clarify|date=July 2019}}

Major modern British political parties tend to be so tightly orchestrated that their MPs often have little scope for free action. A large minority of ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government. Since 1900 the Government has lost confidence motions thrice—twice in 1924, and once in 1979. However, the threat of rebellions by their own party's [[Backbencher|backbench MPs]] often forces governments to make concessions (under the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition]], over [[foundation hospitals]] and under Labour over [[top-up fees]] and compensation for [[Ros Altmann#Pensions theft campaign|failed company pension schemes]]). Occasionally [[List of Government defeats in the House of Commons (1945-)|Government bills are defeated]] by backbench rebellions ([[Terrorism Act 2006]]). However, the scrutiny provided by the [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|Select committees]] is more serious.

The House of Commons technically retains the power to [[Impeachment (British politics)|impeach Ministers of the Crown]] (or any other subject, even if not a public officer) for their crimes. Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords, where a simple majority is necessary to convict. This power has fallen into disuse, however; the House of Commons exercises its checks on the government through other means, such as no confidence motions; the last impeachment was that of [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville]] in 1806.

===Legislative functions===
{{Further|Act of Parliament}}
Bills may be introduced in either house, though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons. The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the [[Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949|Parliament Acts]], under which certain types of bills may be presented to the sovereign for [[royal assent]] without the consent of the House of Lords. The Lords may not delay a money bill (a bill that, in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons, solely concerns national taxation or public funds) for more than one month. Moreover, the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two parliamentary sessions, or one calendar year. These provisions, however, only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons. Moreover, a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords.

By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts, only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or [[Government budget|supply]]. Furthermore, supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords. In addition, the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply-related provision, but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications. Under a separate convention, known as the [[Salisbury Convention]], the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the government's election [[manifesto]]. Hence, as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice, the House of Commons is clearly the more powerful chamber of Parliament.

==History==
{{Further|House of Commons of England|House of Commons of Great Britain|Unreformed House of Commons}}
The British parliament of today largely descends, in practice, from the [[Parliament of England]], although the 1706 [[Treaty of Union]], and the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] that ratified the Treaty, created a new [[Parliament of Great Britain]] to replace the Parliament of England and the [[Parliament of Scotland]], with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen [[Representative peer|Peers to represent Scotland]]. Later still the [[Acts of Union 1800]] brought about the abolition of the [[Parliament of Ireland]] and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members, creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

The [[Middle English]] word ''common'' or ''commune'', which is derived from the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] ''commune'', meant "of general, public, or non-private nature" as an adjective and, as a substantive, "the common body of the people of any place; the community or commonalty" in the singular; "the common people, the commonalty; the lower order, as distinguished from those of noble or knight or gentle rank", or "the burgers of a town; the body of free citizens, bearing common burdens, and exercising common rights; (hence) the third estate in the English constitution; the body of people, not ennobled, and represented by the Lower House of Parliament" in the plural.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]].'' Second edition, volume III: ''Cham – Creeky.'' Clarendon, Oxford 1989, pp.&nbsp;564–567 (article ''common, a.''), 567 (article ''common, sb.'') and 572&nbsp;seq. (article ''commons, sb.&nbsp;pl.'').</ref> The word has survived to this day in the original Anglo-Norman phrase ''soit baillé aux communes'', with which a bill is transmitted from the House of Lords to the House of Commons.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/compso2010/ldctso23.htm Companion to Standing Orders].</ref>

The historian [[Albert Pollard]] held a somewhat different view on the word's origins in 1920. He agreed that ''commons'' could be derived from Anglo-Norman ''communes'', but that it referred to "civil associations" or "the counties".<ref>{{cite book |author-link=A. F. Pollard |first=A.F. |last=Pollard |title=The Evolution of Parliament |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24781 |publisher=Longmans |year=1920 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24781/page/n131 107]–108|quote=Not that the house of commons was ever that house of the common people which it is sometimes supposed to have been. For "commons" means "communes"; and while "communes" have commonly been popular organizations, the term might in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries be applied to any association or confederacy. }}</ref> However, the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the historical dictionary of the English language, can only attest to the word meaning advocated by Pollard from the 19th and 20th centuries onwards, whereas sources for the meaning given in the previous section date from the late Middle Ages, i.e. the time of the establishment of the House of Commons.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary.'' Second edition, volume III: ''Cham – Creeky.'' Clarendon, Oxford 1989, p.&nbsp;576 (article ''commune, sb.'').</ref>

===Layout and design===
{{see also|Palace of Westminster#Commons Chamber}}
The current Commons' [[Debate chamber|layout]] is influenced by the use of the original [[St Stephen's Chapel|St. Stephen's Chapel]] in the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/estatehistory/reformation-1834/shaping-the-commons-/|title=The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century|access-date=14 October 2011|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|archive-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122110858/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/estatehistory/reformation-1834/shaping-the-commons-/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel. Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another. This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere representative of the British parliamentary approach.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmxVA92UkOQC&pg=PA141|title=Parliament Today|last=Rush|first=Michael|date=2005|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0719057953|page=141|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124222044/https://books.google.com/books?id=vmxVA92UkOQC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref>

The distance across the floor of the house between the government and opposition benches is {{convert|13|ft|m|2}}, said to be equivalent to two swords' length, though this is likely to be purely symbolic given weapons have been banned in the chamber for hundreds of years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://parliamentum.org/2011/07/28/two-swords-and-one-inch-apart/|title=Parliamentum|date=28 July 2011|access-date=2 June 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023173739/https://parliamentum.org/2011/07/28/two-swords-and-one-inch-apart/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===19th century===
{{Further|Reform Acts}}[[File:The House of Commons 1793-94 by Karl Anton Hickel.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[William Pitt the Younger]] addressing the Commons on the outbreak of the war with France (1793); painting by [[Anton Hickel]].]]
[[File:House of Commons Microcosm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The House of Commons in the early 19th century by [[Augustus Charles Pugin|Augustus Pugin]] and [[Thomas Rowlandson]].]]
The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century. Over the years, several anomalies had developed in borough representation. The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660, so many towns whose importance had declined by the 19th century still retained their ancient right of electing two members, in addition to other boroughs that had never been important, such as [[Gatton (UK Parliament constituency)|Gatton]].<ref>Constituency boundary reviews and the number of MPs

Contributing Authors, Elise Uberoi, Social and General Statistics

https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05929/SN05929.pdf</ref>

Among the most notorious of these "[[Rotten and pocket boroughs|rotten borough]]s" were [[Old Sarum (UK Parliament constituency)|Old Sarum]], which had only six voters for two MPs, and [[Dunwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Dunwich]], which had largely collapsed into the sea from [[coastal erosion]]. At the same time, large cities such as [[Manchester]] received no separate representation (although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat). Also notable were the [[Rotten and pocket boroughs|pocket boroughs]], small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats, whose "nominees" were invariably elected.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831. At first, the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill, but it was forced to relent when the prime minister, [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Charles, 2nd Earl Grey]], advised [[William IV|King William IV]] to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers. To avoid this, the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832. The [[Reform Act 1832]], also known as the "Great Reform Act", abolished the rotten boroughs, established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs, and granted representation to populous cities, but still retained some anomalies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surveys 1820–1832 {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/research/surveys/surveys-1820-1832 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref>

In the ensuing years, the Commons grew more assertive, the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis, and the power of the patrons reduced. The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities, and it became an accepted political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century. The [[Reform Act 1867]] lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs, reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs, and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns. The electorate was further expanded by the [[Representation of the People Act 1884]], under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered. The [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885|Redistribution of Seats Act]] of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single-member constituencies.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Companion to British History|last=Arnold-Baker|first=Charles|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|edition=2nd|via=Credo Reference}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Houseofcommons1851.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir [[Charles Barry]] was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War. The essential features of Barry's design were preserved when the chamber was rebuilt.]]
In 1908, the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] Government under [[H. H. Asquith]] introduced a number of [[Welfare|social welfare]] programmes, which, together with an expensive [[arms race]], forced the Government to seek higher taxes. In 1909, the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[David Lloyd George]], introduced the "People's Budget", which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners. This measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords, and the government resigned.

The resulting [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|general election]] returned a [[hung parliament]], but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties. Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed. Following a further [[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|election in December 1910]], the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the house with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill.

Thus the [[Parliament Act 1911]] came into effect, destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament. The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation, for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years (reduced to two sessions or one year by the [[Parliament Act 1949]]). Since the passage of these Acts, the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament.

Since the 17th century, government ministers were paid, while other MPs were not. Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes, while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron. Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union, but this was declared illegal by a House of Lords judgement of 1909. Consequently, a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs.

In 1918, women over 30 who owned property were given the right to vote, as were men over 21 who did not own property, quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling [[Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom|women to be eligible for election as members of parliament]] at the younger age of 21. The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish [[Sinn Féin]] candidate, [[Constance Markievicz]], who therefore became the first woman to be an MP. However, owing to Sinn Féin's policy of abstention from Westminster, she never took her seat.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/85015.stm|title=Women in parliament|work=BBC News|date=31 October 2008|access-date=30 January 2009|archive-date=30 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930015153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/85015.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Commons Division 2012.jpg|thumb|The modern chamber, which opened following post-war reconstruction in 1950.]]
Women were given equal voting status as men in 1928, and with effect from the [[1950 United Kingdom general election|General Election in 1950]], various forms of [[plural voting]] (i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election), including [[University constituency|University constituencies]], were abolished.

===21st century===
In May and June 2009 [[United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal|revelations of MPs' expenses claims]] caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs,<ref name="AllenBirch2015">{{cite book|author1=Nicholas Allen|author2=[[Sarah Birch]]|title=Ethics and Integrity in British Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y55EBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|date= 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05050-1|page=145|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223090128/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y55EBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as causing the first forced [[United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal#Resignation of the Speaker|resignation of the Speaker]] in 300 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Speaker quits 'for sake of unity'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8057203.stm|access-date=10 June 2017|work=BBC News|date=19 May 2009|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904020246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8057203.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Speaker Michael Martin resigns over MPs' expenses|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5350083/MPs-expenses-Speaker-Michael-Martin-announces-his-resignation.html|access-date=10 June 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=19 May 2009|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607003427/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5350083/MPs-expenses-Speaker-Michael-Martin-announces-his-resignation.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, a [[2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum|referendum]] was held, asking whether to replace the present "[[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]" system with the "[[Instant-runoff voting|alternative vote]]" (AV) method. The proposal to introduce AV was rejected by 67.9% of voters on a national turnout of 42%.

The [[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]] was passed by the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition]], transferring the power to call an early election from the Prime Minister to Parliament, and setting out the procedure for this. Under the act, calling an early election required a two-thirds [[supermajority]] of the house. These provisions were first used by [[Theresa May]] to trigger the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 snap election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/revealed-the-three-routes-which-could-lead-to-a-general-election-if-mps-vote-down-theresa-mays-a3990201.html|title=The three routes that could lead to a snap General Election|date=14 November 2018|website=Evening Standard|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226103047/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/revealed-the-three-routes-which-could-lead-to-a-general-election-if-mps-vote-down-theresa-mays-a3990201.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, MPs used "standing order 24" (a parliamentary procedure that triggers emergency debates) as a means of gaining control of the parliamentary order paper for the following day, and passing legislation without the incumbent government's consent. This unusual process was achieved through tabling amendments to the "motion in neutral terms", a non-binding statement released by parliament after the debate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/emergency-debates|title=Emergency debates in Parliament|date=30 August 2019|website=The Institute for Government|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=19 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019163644/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/emergency-debates|url-status=live}}</ref> This new technique was used to pass the [[European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019]] in March, as well as the [[European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019|No. 2 Act]] in September, both relating to [[Brexit]].<ref>European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill.</ref>

In 2020, [[Virtual House of Commons|new procedures]] for hybrid proceedings were introduced from 22 April. These mitigated the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|coronavirus pandemic]] with measures including a limit of 50 MPs in the chamber, [[Social distancing|physical distancing]] and remote participation using [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2020/april1/return-of-the-house-of-commons-update-on-first-steps-to-a-virtual-house/ |title=Return of the House of Commons: update on first steps to a virtual House |date=20 April 2020 |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422021224/https://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2020/april1/return-of-the-house-of-commons-update-on-first-steps-to-a-virtual-house/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hybrid proceedings were abolished in August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Webber |first1=Esther |title=Crowded, dirty, more efficient? UK scraps COVID restrictions for MPs |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-parliament-new-normal-after-coronavirus/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |agency=Politico}}</ref>

Later in December 2020, the Conservative government published a draft Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill, later retitled the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill when it was introduced to the Commons in May 2021,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/2859|title=Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill|website=parliament.uk|access-date=26 March 2022|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215150501/https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/2859|url-status=dead}}</ref> which would repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act in its entirety, restore the monarch's prerogative powers to dissolve Parliament at the prime minister's request, and ensure that a parliamentary term automatically ends five years after Parliament's first meeting and polling day being 25 working days later.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=Richard |title=Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill 2021–22: Progress of the Bill |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9308/CBP-9308.pdf |publisher=House of Commons Library |access-date=26 March 2022 |date=23 March 2022}}</ref> The bill was given royal assent on 24 March 2022, becoming the [[Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022|Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act]].<ref name=restored>{{cite press release |title=Tried and tested system for calling elections restored |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tried-and-tested-system-for-calling-elections-restored |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=GOV.UK |date=24 March 2022}}</ref>

==Members and elections==
Since 1950, every constituency has been represented by a single Member of Parliament. There remains a technical distinction between [[county constituency|county]] and [[borough constituency|borough constituencies]]; its only effects are on the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns and the rank of the local authority co-opted Returning Officer who presides over the count. Geographic boundaries are determined by four permanent and independent [[Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)|Boundary Commissions]], one each for England, Wales, Scotland, and [[Northern Ireland]]. The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years, and interim reviews. In drawing boundaries, they are required to prefer local government boundaries, but may deviate from these to prevent great disparities in electorate; such disparities are given the formal term [[malapportionment]]. The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval, but may not be amended. After their next Periodic Reviews, the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]], which was established in 2000. As of 2019, the UK is divided into [[Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|650 constituencies]], with 533 in England, 40 in Wales, 59 in Scotland, and 18 in Northern Ireland.

[[List of United Kingdom general elections|General elections]] occur whenever [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament is dissolved]]. The timing of the dissolution was normally chosen by the Prime Minister (see [[#Relationship with His Majesty's Government|relationship with the Government]] above); however, because of the [[Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011]], parliamentary terms were fixed at five years, except when the House of Commons sustains a vote of no confidence or passes an "early election" motion, the latter having to be passed by a two-thirds vote;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/14/contents/enacted|title=Fixed-term Parliaments Act|publisher=Legislation.gov.uk|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511053206/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/14/contents/enacted|url-status=live}}</ref> or, as in 2019, by an [[Enabling act]] which overrides the Fixed-term Parliaments Act. The first use of this procedure was in April 2017, when MPs voted in favour of [[Theresa May]]'s call for a [[2017 United Kingdom general election|snap election]] to be held that June.

Even when the Fixed-term Parliaments Act was repealed in March 2022, the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act retained Parliament's dissolution on the fifth year after its first day.<ref name=restored/>

All elections in the UK have for decades been held on a Thursday. The Electoral Commission is unsure when this practice arose, but dates it to 1931, with the suggestion that it was made to coincide with market day; this would ease voting for those who had to travel into the towns to cast their ballot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/archaic-electoral-biases-must-go/story-e6frg6zo-1225863824117|title=Archaic electoral biases must go|work=The Australian|publisher=News Limited |location=Sydney, Australia|date=8 May 2010|access-date=9 May 2010|first=Peter|last=Wilson}}</ref>

A candidate for a seat must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that area, and pay £500, which is refunded if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote. Such a [[Election deposit|deposit]] seeks to discourage frivolity and very long ballot papers which would cause [[vote splitting]] (and arguably voter confusion). Each constituency is also called a seat (as it was [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885|in 1885]]), as it returns one member, using the [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] electoral system, under which the candidate with a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] of votes wins, that is greatest number of votes. Minors (that is, anyone under the age of 18), members of the House of Lords, and prisoners are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons. To vote, one must be a UK resident and a citizen of either Britain, a [[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]], [[Ireland]], or a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after leaving. It is a criminal offence for a person to vote in the ballot of more than one seat which is vacant at any election. This has not always been the case: before 1948 [[plural voting]] was permitted as voters qualified by home ownership or residence and could vote under both entitlements simultaneously, as well as for a [[university constituency]] if a university graduate.

Once elected, Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament. But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified (see [[#Qualifications|qualifications]] below), his or her seat falls vacant. It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member, a power exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity. In each case, the vacancy is filled by a [[UK parliamentary by-elections|by-election]] in the constituency, with the same electoral system as in general elections.

The term "Member of Parliament" by modern convention means a member of the House of Commons. These members may, and almost invariably do, use the [[post-nominal letters]] "MP". The annual salary of each member is £84,144, effective from 1 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/members/pay-mps/|title=UK Parliament&nbsp;– Pay and expenses for MPs|publisher=Parliament.uk|access-date=14 April 2014|archive-date=25 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325121251/http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/members/pay-mps/|url-status=live}}</ref> Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold (for instance, the Speakership). Most members also claim for various office expenses (staff costs, postage, travelling, etc.) and, in the case of members for seats outside London, for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital.

===Qualifications===
[[File:Old House of Commons.jpg|thumb|The old House of Commons chamber, showing dark veneer on the wood, which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber.]]
There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament. One must be aged at least 18 (the minimum age was 21 until s.17 of the [[Electoral Administration Act 2006]] came into force), and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, of a British overseas territory, of the [[Republic of Ireland]], or of a member state of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. These restrictions were introduced by the [[British Nationality Act 1981]], but were previously far more stringent: under the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], only natural-born subjects were qualified. Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons, or even vote in parliamentary elections (just as the King does not vote); however, they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates (unlike the King, who cannot enter the chamber).

A person may not sit in the Commons if he or she is the subject of a [[Bankruptcy in the United Kingdom|Bankruptcy Restrictions Order]] (applicable in England and Wales only), or if she or he is adjudged bankrupt (in Northern Ireland), or if his or her estate is [[Sequestration (law)|sequestered]] (in Scotland). Previously, MPs detained under the [[Mental Health Act 1983]] for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder. However, this disqualification was removed by the [[Mental Health (Discrimination) Act 2013]]. There also exists a [[common law]] precedent from the 18th century that the [[deaf-mute]] are ineligible to sit in the Lower House;<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSE0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22deaf+and+dumb%22+house+of+commons+-wikipedia+ineligible&pg=PA24 |title=A Treatise on the Law of Elections: In All Its Branches  |via=Google Books |access-date=8 April 2014 |year=1789 |last1=Simeon |first1=Sir John |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102103214/https://books.google.com/books?id=nSE0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22deaf+and+dumb%22+house+of+commons+-wikipedia+ineligible&pg=PA24 |url-status=live }}</ref> this precedent, however, has not been tested in recent years.

Anyone found guilty of [[Treason|high treason]] may not sit in Parliament until she or he has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown. Moreover, anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible, per [[Representation of the People Act 1981]]. Finally, members of the [[Senedd]], formerly the National Assembly for Wales until May 2020, and [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] are disqualified since 2014. Article 159, Section 2 of the [[Representation of the People Act 1983]] formerly disqualified for ten years those found guilty of certain election-related offences, until this section was repealed in 2001. Several other disqualifications are codified in the [[House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975]]: holders of high [[judge|judicial offices]], civil servants, members of the regular armed forces, members of foreign legislatures (excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries), and holders of several Crown offices. Ministers, even though they are paid officers of the Crown, are not disqualified.

The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623, under which members are not permitted to resign their seats. In practice, however, they always can. Should a member wish to [[Resignation from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom|resign from the Commons]], she or he may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices: that of [[List of stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds|Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds]], or that of [[List of stewards of the Manor of Northstead|Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead]]. These offices are [[sinecure]]s (that is, they involve no actual duties); they exist solely to permit the "resignation" of members of the House of Commons. The [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] is responsible for making the appointment, and, by convention, never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons.

===Officers===
[[File:British House of Commons 1834.jpg|thumb|The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons, as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834.]]
At the beginning of each new parliamentary term, the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer, known as the Speaker. If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term, then the house may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion; otherwise, a secret ballot is held. A Speaker-elect cannot take office until she or he has been approved by the Sovereign; the granting of the royal approbation, however, is a formality. The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers, the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means. The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means. These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means, a body over which the chairman once used to preside; even though the committee was abolished in 1967, the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained. The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons.

Whilst presiding, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker traditionally wears ceremonial dress. The presiding officer may also wear a wig, but this tradition was abandoned by Speaker [[Betty Boothroyd]]. Her successor, [[Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn|Michael Martin]], also did not wear a wig while in the chamber. His successor, [[John Bercow]], chose to wear a gown over a lounge suit, a decision that sparked much debate and opposition; he also did not wear a wig.

The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the house. This chair was designed by [[Augustus Pugin]], who initially built a prototype of the chair at [[King Edward's School, Birmingham]]: that chair is called Sapientia (Latin for "wisdom") and is where the chief master sits. The Speaker is also chairman of the [[House of Commons Commission]], which oversees the running of the house, and controls debates by calling on members to speak. A member who believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached may raise a "point of order", on which the Speaker makes a ruling not subject to any appeal. The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the house. The Speaker also decides which proposed amendments to a motion are to be debated. Thus, the Speaker is far more powerful than his or her Lords counterpart, the [[Lord Speaker]], who has no disciplinary powers. Customarily, the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan; they do not vote (with the notable exception of tied votes, where the Speaker votes in accordance with [[Speaker Denison's rule|Denison's rule]]), or participate in the affairs of any political party. By convention, a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in his or her constituency by any of the major parties. The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons.

The [[Clerk of the House of Commons]] is both the house's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons. She or he is a permanent official, not a member of the house itself. The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the house, signs orders and official communications, and signs and endorses bills. The Clerk also chairs the Board of Management, which consists of the heads of the six departments of the house. The Clerk's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant. Another officer of the house is the [[Serjeant-at-arms]], whose duties include the maintenance of law, order, and security on the house's premises. The Serjeant-at-Arms carries the [[ceremonial mace]], a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons, into the house each day before the Speaker, and the mace is laid upon the table of the house during sittings. The Librarian is head of the [[House of Commons Library]], the house's research and information arm.

==Procedure==
{{See also|Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom#Stages of a bill|Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice}}
Like the Lords, the Commons meets in the [[Palace of Westminster]] in London. The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green, unlike the large, lavishly furnished red Lords chamber. Benches sit on both sides of the chamber and are divided by a centre aisle. This arrangement reflects the design of [[St Stephen's Chapel]], which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834. The Speaker's chair is at one end of the chamber; in front of it, is the table of the house, on which the mace rests. The clerks sit at one end of the table, close to the Speaker so that they may advise him or her on procedure when necessary.

Members of the Government occupy the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn, which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates. The Prime Minister and the government ministers, as well as the leader of the Opposition and the [[Shadow cabinet]] sit on the front rows, and are known as ''frontbenchers''. Other members of parliament, in contrast, are known as ''backbenchers''. Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the chamber at the same time, as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members. According to [[Robert Rogers, Baron Lisvane|Robert Rogers]], former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive, a figure of 427 seats is an average or a finger-in-the-wind estimate.<ref>{{cite web|title=An insider's guide to the House of Commons|url=https://www.parliament.uk/get-involved/education-programmes/universities-programme/university-teaching-resources/an-insiders-guide-to-the-house-of-commons/|website=parliament.uk|access-date=1 September 2017|date=19 October 2012|archive-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902053028/https://www.parliament.uk/get-involved/education-programmes/universities-programme/university-teaching-resources/an-insiders-guide-to-the-house-of-commons/|url-status=live}}</ref> Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the house if they wish to listen to debates. Sittings in the chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday, and also on some Fridays. During times of national emergency, the house may also sit at weekends.

Sittings of the house are open to the public, but the house may at any time vote to sit in private, which has occurred only twice since 1950. Traditionally, a Member who desired that the house sit privately could shout "I spy strangers!" and a vote would automatically follow.<ref name="spy_strangers">{{cite web| url=https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/strangers/| title=Strangers – Glossary page| publisher=Parliament.uk| access-date=25 March 2019| archive-date=25 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325222713/https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/strangers/| url-status=live}}</ref> In the past, when relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial, this procedure was used whenever the house wanted to keep its debate private. More often, however, this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings; as a result, it was abolished in 1998. Now, members seeking that the house sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect.

Public debates are recorded and archived in [[Hansard]]. The post war redesign of the house in 1950 included microphones, and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/overview/hansardoftheair/|title=Hansard of the air|publisher=parliament.uk|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150331/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/communicating/overview/hansardoftheair/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1989, they have also been broadcast on television, which is now handled by [[BBC Parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/8370647.stm|title=20 years of TV cameras in the Commons|publisher=BBC Politics|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124222046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/8370647.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the chamber from the galleries—items thrown include leaflets, manure, flour, and a canister of [[CS gas|chlorobenzylidene malonitrile]] (tear gas). Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the house. For instance, in 1976, Conservative MP [[Michael Heseltine]] seized and brandished the mace of the house during a heated debate. However, perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest [[five members]] for high treason. This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the house, and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons.

Each year, the parliamentary session begins with the [[State Opening of Parliament]], a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign, in the presence of Members of both Houses, delivers an address outlining the Government's legislative agenda. The Gentleman or Lady Usher of the [[Black Rod]] (a Lords official) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber. When he arrives to deliver his summons, the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face, symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference. He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod, and only then is granted admittance, where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them, after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the [[Speech from the throne|King's Speech]].

During debates, Members may speak only if called upon by the Speaker (or a Deputy Speaker, if the Speaker is not presiding). Traditionally, the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition. The Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and other leaders from both sides are normally given priority. All [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Counsellors]] used to be granted priority; however, the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition.

Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr Speaker", "Madam Speaker", "Mr Deputy Speaker", or "Madam Deputy Speaker". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate; other members must be referred to in the third person. Traditionally, members do not refer to each other by name, but by constituency, using forms such as "the Honourable Member for [constituency]", or, in the case of Privy Counsellors, "the Right Honourable Member for [constituency]". Members of the same party (or allied parties or groups)<ref>For example: Plaid Cymru, Scottish National Party, the Green Party of England and Wales, and sometimes the Socialist Campaign Group. See e.g. [https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2016-04-21b.1104.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126155532/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2016-04-21b.1104.0|date=26 November 2017}}, [https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2015-07-21a.1387.0#g1429.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126124217/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2015-07-21a.1387.0#g1429.3|date=26 November 2017}}, [https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2014-09-10b.913.0#g992.0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126164253/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2014-09-10b.913.0#g992.0|date=26 November 2017}}</ref> refer to each other as "my (Right) Honourable friend". A currently serving, or ex-member of the [[British Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] is referred to as "the Honourable and Gallant Member" (a [[barrister]] used to be called "the Honourable and Learned Member", and a woman "the Honourable Lady the Member".<ref name="International1935">{{cite journal |title=The Pageantry of Parliament |author-link=Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel |first=Herbert |last=Samuel |journal=The Rotarian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 |access-date=14 April 2015 |date=May 1935 |volume=46 |number=5 |page=22 |archive-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120052812/https://books.google.com/books?id=2UAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 |url-status=live }}</ref>) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery, when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member's exact constituency, but it is invariably followed in the transcript entered in the [[Hansard]]. The Speaker enforces the rules of the house and may warn and punish members who deviate from them. Disregarding the Speaker's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the house. In the case of [[List of incidents of grave disorder in the British House of Commons|grave disorder]], the Speaker may adjourn the house without taking a vote.

The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates. The Speaker may, however, order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking. The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is, however, often limited by informal agreements between the parties. Debate may also be restricted by the passage of "allocation of time motions", which are more commonly known as "[[Cloture|guillotine motion]]s". Alternatively, the house may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke [[cloture|closure]]. The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if she or he believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority. Today, bills are scheduled according to a timetable motion, which the whole house agrees in advance, negating the use of a guillotine.

When the debate concludes, or when the closure is invoked, the motion is put to a vote. The house first votes by voice vote; the Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favour of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but if his or her assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear, a recorded vote known as a [[Division of the assembly|division]] follows. The presiding officer, if she or he believes that the result of the voice vote is clear, may reject the challenge. When a division occurs, members enter one of two lobbies (the "Aye" lobby or the "No" lobby) on either side of the chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. A member who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies, casting one vote for and one against. At each lobby are two tellers (themselves members of the house) who count the votes of the members.

Once the division concludes, the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer, who then announces them to the house. If the votes are tied, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a [[casting vote]]. Traditionally, this casting vote is exercised to allow further debate, if this is possible, or otherwise to avoid a decision without a majority (e.g. voting 'No' to a motion or the third reading of a bill). Ties rarely occur: more than 25 years passed between the last two ones in July 1993 and April 2019. The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote, including the Speaker and four tellers. If fewer than 40 members have participated, the division is invalid.

Formerly, if a member sought to raise a [[point of order]] during a division, suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated, he was required to wear a hat, thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate. Collapsible top hats were kept in the chamber just for this purpose. This custom was discontinued in 1998.

The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand, since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote. A party normally entrusts some members of parliament, known as [[whip (politics)|whips]], with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired. Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do so jeopardise promotion, or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections. Ministers, junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips' instructions usually resign. Thus, the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low, although "backbench rebellions" by members discontent with their party's policies do occur. A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected. In some circumstances, however, parties announce "[[Conscience vote|free vote]]s", allowing members to vote as they please. Votes relating to issues of conscience such as [[Abortion debate|abortion]] and [[Capital punishment debate|capital punishment]] are typically free votes.

[[Pair (parliamentary convention)|Pairing]] is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division, allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/pairing/|title=Pairing&nbsp;– Glossary page&nbsp;– UK Parliament|publisher=Parliament.uk|date=21 April 2010|access-date=28 December 2011|archive-date=31 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231073316/http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/pairing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_82000/82599.stm|work=BBC News|title=Pairing|date=16 October 2008|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=10 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410013018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_82000/82599.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the house to attend to constituency business or other matters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81907.stm|work=BBC News|title=Bisque|date=6 August 2008|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323193755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/guides/newsid_81000/81907.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Committees==<!-- This section is linked from [[Piccadilly Line]] -->
{{Main|Parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom}}
The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes, e.g., for the review of [[Act of Parliament|bills]]. Committees consider bills in detail, and may make amendments. Bills of great constitutional importance, as well as some important financial measures, are usually sent to the "Committee of the Whole House", a body that includes all members of the Commons. Instead of the Speaker, the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides. The committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber.

Most bills were until 2006 considered by standing committees, which consisted of between 16 and 50 members. The membership of each standing committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House. The membership of standing committees changed constantly; new Members were assigned each time the committee considered a new bill. The number of standing committees was not limited, but usually only ten existed. Rarely, a bill was committed to a Special Standing Committee, which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised. In November 2006, standing committees were replaced by public bill committees.

The House of Commons also has several departmental [[select committee (United Kingdom)|select committees]]. The membership of these bodies, like that of the standing committees, reflects the strength of the parties. The chairman of each committee is voted on in a secret ballot of the whole house during the first session of a parliamentary term, or when a vacancy occurs. The number of select committee chairmanships allocated to each party reflects the strength of the parties, and the parties allocate the positions through agreement. The primary function of a departmental select committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department. To fulfil these aims, it is permitted to hold [[Hearing (law)|hearings]] and collect evidence. Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees, but such a procedure is seldom used.

A separate type of select committee is the Domestic Committee. Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members. Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees (which also include members of the House of Lords), the [[Standards and Privileges Committee|Committee on Standards and Privileges]] (which considers questions of [[parliamentary privilege]], as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members), and the Committee of Selection (which determines the membership of other committees).

==Commons symbol==
The symbol used by the Commons consists of a [[portcullis]] topped by [[St Edward's Crown]]. The portcullis has been one of the [[Royal badges of England]] since the accession of the [[House of Tudor|Tudors]] in the 15th century, and was a favourite symbol of [[Henry VII of England|King Henry VII]]. It was originally the badge of Beaufort, his mother's family; and a pun on the name Tudor, as in tu-''[[door]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|first=Arthur|last=Fox-Davies|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41617/41617-h/41617-h.htm|publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack|date=1909|location=London|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222738/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41617/41617-h/41617-h.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The original badge was of gold, but nowadays is shown in various colours, predominantly green or black.

==In film and television==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2015}}
In 1986, the British television production company [[ITV Granada|Granada Television]] created a near-full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in [[Manchester]] for use in its adaptation of the [[Jeffrey Archer]] novel ''[[First Among Equals (novel)|First Among Equals]]''. The set was highly convincing, and was retained after the production—since then, it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber. From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the [[Granada Studios Tour]], where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set. The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five.

In 2002, the set was purchased by the scriptwriter [[Paul Abbott]] so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial ''[[State of Play (TV series)|State of Play]]''. Abbott, a former Granada Television staff writer, bought it because the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC. Abbott kept the set in storage in [[Oxford]].<ref>Abbott, Paul. [[Audio commentary (DVD)|Audio commentary]] on the DVD release of ''[[State of Play (TV serial)|State of Play]]''. [[BBC Worldwide]]. BBCDVD 1493.</ref>

The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in [[Shepperton Studios]] for the [[Ridley Scott]]/[[Richard Loncraine]] 2002 biographical film on [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]], ''[[The Gathering Storm (2002 film)|The Gathering Storm]]''.

==See also==

* [[Adjournment debate]]
* [[Australian House of Representatives]]
* [[Early day motion]]
* [[House of Commons of Canada]]
* [[Introduction (British House of Commons)]]
* [[List of stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds]]
* [[Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
* [[New Zealand House of Representatives]]
* [[Parliament in the Making]]
* [[UK Parliament Week]]
* [[Parliamentary Archives]]
* [[Parliamentary Brief]]
* [[Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Parliament of the United Kingdom relocation]]
* [[Salaries of members of the United Kingdom Parliament]]
* [[Vote Bundle]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Erskine May|May, Erskine]]. (1896). ''Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third'', 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
* [[Kenneth R. Mackenzie|Mackenzie, K. R.]], "The English Parliament", (1950) Pelican Books.
* "Parliament" (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
* Pollard, Albert F. (1926). ''The Evolution of Parliament'', 2nd ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
* Porritt, Edward, and Annie G. Porritt. (1903). ''The Unreformed House of Commons: Parliamentary Representation before 1832.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Raphael, D. D., [[Donald Limon]], and W. R. McKay. (2004). ''Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice'', 23rd ed. London: Butterworths Tolley.
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website}}
** [http://www.parliament.uk/archives The Parliamentary Archives]
** [http://findyourmp.parliament.uk/ Find Your MP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112171930/http://findyourmp.parliament.uk/ |date=12 November 2014 }}
** [http://www.parliamentlive.tv/ Parliament Live TV] (Silverlight is required to watch)
** [http://www.parliament.uk/about/podcasts/toursofparliament/tourcommons/ Podcast tour of the Commons chamber with photos]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6999581.stm Guide to the Commons]
* {{Guardian topic|2=House of Commons}}
* [https://www.c-span.org/organization/?39298/British-House-Commons British House of Commons coverage on C-SPAN]
* [http://www.c-span.org/search/?searchtype=People&sponsorid&#91;&#93;=39298 British House of Commons people on C-SPAN]

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{{UK legislatures}}
{{National lower houses}}
{{Officers of the Lords and Commons}}
{{Parliamentary Estate}}
{{United Kingdom topics}}
{{Authority control}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{use British English|date=February 2014}}

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