View source for Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

{{Short description|Annexation by India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{POV|date=June 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| partof            = the [[decolonisation of Asia]] and the [[Cold War]]
| image             = Dadra-Nagarhaveli 1956.jpg
| image_size        = 200px
| caption           = Map of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in the 1950s
| date              = 22 July – 11 August 1954<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=22|year1=1954|month2=08|day2=11|year2=1954}})
| place             = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Portuguese India]]
| casus             = 
| result            = Indian rebel victory
| territory         = [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] established
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|India}} Indian [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]]s and [[Communism in India|communist]]s
*[[United Front of Goans]]
*[[National Liberation Movement Organization]]
*[[Goan People's Party]]
*{{flagicon image|CPI-banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India]]
*[[Azad Gomantak Dal]]
'''Supported by:''' <br /> {{Flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Estado Novo (Portugal)}}
*{{flag|Portuguese India}}
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
* Francis Mascarenhas<!--UFG-->
* {{flagicon image|CPI-banner.svg}}  [[Comrade|Com]]. L.B. Dhangar
* [[Prabhakar Sinari]]<!--AGD-->
* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Raja Wakankar
* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Nana Kajrekar
}}
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Estado Novo (Portugal)}} Captain [[Virgílio Fidalgo]]
| strength1         = Nearly 201,000 volunteer fighters:
*200,000 [[Warli]] [[adivasi]]s
*[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] fighters
*50 [[United Front of Goans|UFG]] rebels
* [[Goan People's Party|GPP]] rebels
*[[Azad Gomantak Dal|AGD]] fighters
*[[National Liberation Movement Organization|NLMO]] fighters
| strength2         = 329 units in total:
*Portuguese India Police constables
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = 2 killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |title=Passage to India – 18th December 1961 |last=Azaredo |first=Carlos |author2=Gabriel Figueiredo (translation) |date=8 December 2001 |website=Goancauses.com |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224100740/http://goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |archivedate=24 December 2010}}</ref>
}}

The '''Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' was the process in which the territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] passed from [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portuguese]] rule to independent rule, with Indian allegiance, in 1954.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli were small undefended [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese overseas territories]], part of [[Portuguese India]] ever since they were [[Maratha handover of Nagar Haveli (1783)|handed over]] by the [[Maratha Empire]] after the [[Treaty of Poona (1779)|Treaty of 1779]]. The territories were [[enclave]]s, without any access to the sea, administered by the Portuguese Governor of the district of [[Daman district, India|Damão]].

After India attained independence in 1947, some residents, with the help of volunteers from organizations such as the United Front of Goans (UFG), the National Movement Liberation Organization (NMLO), the [[Goan People's Party]] (affiliated to [[Communism in India|communist]] ideology), and the [[Communist Party of India]], as well also supported by [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] organizations such as the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD), occupied Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954 and displaced Portuguese rule. The territories were subsequently merged into the [[Republic of India]] in 1961.

== Background ==

After Indian independence in 1947, pro-India activists in the Portuguese Indian provinces, as well as Indians from other regions, proposed removing Portuguese control of Goa, [[Daman district, India|Daman]], [[Diu district|Diu]], Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and integrating them with India.<ref name =lele>P S Lele, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,</ref> This was in line with the ideology of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who affirmed that "Goa cannot be allowed to exist as a separate entity in opposition to the laws of the free State [of India]" prior to India's independence.<ref>[http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap69.htm M.K. Gandhi, H, 30–6–1946, p. 208]</ref>

Appasaheb Karmalkar, a bank employee with the Goa government took the reins of the National Liberation Movement Organization (NLMO) for the control of Portuguese-ruled Indian territories. The Goa People's Party and the then- [[Communist Party of India]] had been arming and mobilizing [[Warli]] [[Adivasi|adivasis]] in the neighboring districts since the mid-40s. [[Comrade]] L.B. Dhangar, Roopji Kadu, and 'Godutai' [[Godavari Parulekar]] led the Warli communists during the Dadra and Nagar Haveli struggle against Portuguese colonialism, mobilizing around the slogan of 'Land to the tiller!'<ref name="Prashad">{{Cite book|title=Communist histories|last=Prashad|first=Vijay|year=2016|isbn=978-93-80118-33-8|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=954115551}}</ref>

Simultaneously, the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD), led by [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Dattatraya Deshpande]], [[Prabhakar Sinari]] and Gole had been planning an armed assault on Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Wakankar and Kajrekar visited the area around Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Daman several times in 1953 to study topography and to get acquainted with workers and leaders who were agitating for the merger of the Portuguese territory with India.

The NLMO and AGD agreed to form a united front for the liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, in April 1954.

In April 1954, the NLMO, AGD, and RSS planned an armed invasion of Dadra and Nagar Haveli at a meeting in Elphinstone Garden. Independently, the United Front of Goans (UFG) also pursued similar plans.<ref name="lele" />

On 21 July 1954, the [[Communist Party of India]] forced the Portuguese to retreat from [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]] under the leadership of Francis Mascarenhas, [[Narayan Palekar]], Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez and [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha|Tristão Cunha]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|access-date=2021-07-24|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Years of Goa Liberation|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|access-date=2021-07-24|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724021727/http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== The Portuguese situation ===
The situation throughout Dadra and Nagar Haveli was controlled by the [[Special Reserve Police]] (SRP) of the [[Government of India]]. [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG) J. D. Nagarwala was in overall control of the SRP with the purpose of preventing the infiltration of [[Portuguese military|Portuguese military personnel]] and [[Military technology|material]] from Goa to Nagar Aveli, via Damão and Dadra. Nagarwala was sympathetic towards the rebels, he had visited the area often and advised the rebels on the next moves.<ref name="lele" /> The SRP also controlled the entry of civilians to and from the Portuguese areas by issuing permits to stop the infiltration of undesirable persons, such as members of the Communist Party. The Portuguese Chief of Police at Silvassa, Senh. Falcão, had a total police force of 329 constables – out of which three were stationed at Dadra and nine at Naroly.

Dadra was surrounded from all sides by Indian territory and Naroly would be isolated by the [[Daman Ganga River]] during the monsoon, so the rebels decided to take over Dadra and Naroly during the monsoon in the July. The takeover of Silvassa would be worked out after occupying Dadra and Naroly.

{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

=== Invasion of Dadra ===
[[File:Aniceto Rosário.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Obituary card for Aniceto Rosário, the first casualty of the war]]

Dadra had a total of three police officers to maintain law and security in the region. The UFG, led by [[Francis Mascarenhas]], [[Viman Sardesai]] and others, attacked the police station of Dadra on the night of 22 July 1954, assassinating [[Aniceto Rosário]], an inspector at Dadra Police Station. There were two other police officers in the police station, who were overpowered by the UFG forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=How 18th June road got its name|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/how-18th-june-road-got-its-name|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102072826/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/how-18th-june-road-got-its-name |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> The next morning, an Indian flag was hoisted to declare Dadra a free territory. A [[gram panchayat]] for Dadra was formed under the administration of Jayanti Bhai Desai.<ref name =lele/>

=== Invasion of Naroly ===
A total of six police officers were in charge of the security in the Naroly region, at that time. On 28 July, some 20 to 25 RSS activists led by Wakankar and 8 to 10 AGD volunteer fighters led by Sinari crossed the [[Darotha river]] and reached Naroly, storming the police station. The chief, his constable, and the other four Portuguese police officers were forced to surrender. Thus, on 28 July 1954, Naroly was liberated from Portuguese rule. On 29 July a gram panchayat for Naroly was established.<ref name =lele/>

=== Invasion of Luhari ===
On 30 July, close to 200,000 Indian Adivasi Communist protestors rallied on the Indian side of the Dadra and Nagar Haveli borders. The small police force was unable to restrain them and a detachment charged into the village of Luhari. 35 other villages in the Daman-Ganga area were attacked by Adivasi protestors on that day.<ref name="Prashad"/> 

While the Indian troops were supportive of the liberation struggle, the [[Morarji Desai]]-led [[Indian National Congress]] was wary of allowing Communists to lead the struggle. The CPI was the biggest federal opposition party at the time and the government was anxious to contain its sphere of influence. Top leaders, including Comrade Roopji Kadu, were arrested from Silvassa and the Special Reserve Police was deployed at the borders to not allow Communist detachments to enter. Instead, it was the RSS that led the charge into the city of [[Silvassa]], which by now had made arrangements to receive 150 trained militants from [[Poona]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desai|first=Anita|date=2003|title=Voices in the Liberation Struggle: The case of Goa, 1947-61|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/35649/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|journal=University of Goa|via=Shodhganga}}</ref>

=== Invasion of Silvassa ===
After Naroly had been captured, there were rumours that thousands of [[Warli]] communists, as well as UFG fighters, were planning an attack on Silvassa. The Portuguese police retreated to Silvassa, leaving only five officers to protect the village of Piparia – a village north of Silvassa and bordering the Indian village of [[Lavachha]]. The rebels, led by volunteers of the RSS and the AGD, took this opportunity to cross the river and capture Piparia.<ref name =lele/>

Captain Fidalgo of the Portuguese police was asked by the rebels (led by Karmalkar) to surrender. When there was no response from the captain, three RSS units and one AGD unit decided to march towards Silvassa. All three units moved in from three different directions towards Silvassa. Fidalgo fled south to the village of [[Comel|Khanvel]] with 150 police personnel, leaving the rebels with no resistance as they entered Silvassa. On 2 August 1954 the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli were declared independent. The RSS's Kajrekar was placed in charge of the administration, while the AGD's Lavande was put in charge of the treasury.<ref name =lele/>

===Surrender of Captain Fidalgo===
Rumours were circulating that Portuguese reinforcements were coming to Nagar Haveli from Goa via Daman, so Kajrekar immediately contacted Nagarwala and requested a wireless set to enable the rebels to keep in contact with the Indian SRP Headquarters. The wireless set obtained from the Indian SRP was installed in one of the houses by the riverside. Bandu Karkhanis, an RSS volunteer, who knew how to operate the wireless set was put in charge. He was under instructions that in case of an emergency, he should throw the set in the river, cross the river and take shelter in the Indian territory which was just nearby and protected by Indian SRP.<ref name =lele/>

Captain Fidalgo, who was moving deep in Nagar Haveli with his 150 men, was constantly followed by the rebels. While the Portuguese set up rearguard defences on the river bank, the Indian volunteer forces crossed the flooded river with local ferries on 10 August, assaulting the Portuguese forces at [[Comel|Khanvel]] and forcing them to retreat. The Portuguese unit eventually surrendered to the SRP at Ulad (Udva) on 11 August 1954.<ref name =lele/>

At a public meeting, Karmalkar was chosen as the first administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref name =lele/>

==Integration into India==
{{main|Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}

{{see also|1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|l1=After Portuguese surrender}}The integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India was not recognised by any other countries before 1974. In the 12 April 1960, [[International Court of Justice]] decision on the "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory", it was stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. The residents of the former colony requested the administrative help from the [[Government of India]]. In response, K.G. Badlani, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) was sent as the administrator.

From 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered as '''Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' by a body called the [[Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="const10">[[Constitution of India]], 10th Amendment</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1817407/ |title=Umaji Keshao Meshram & Ors vs Radhikabai W/O Anandrao Banapurkar & Anr |date= 14 March 1986 |author=O C Reddy |access-date= 2 November 2021}}</ref>

During the years the territories enjoyed ''[[de facto]]'' independence, mail from Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of [[Vapi]] close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India|stamps of Portuguese India]] were overprinted with "LIBERATED AREAS" in two lines. A single [[Revenue stamps of India#French and Portuguese India|revenue stamp]] was also issued by Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In 1961, when Indian forces [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|took over Goa, Daman, and Diu]], Badlani was designated the [[Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] for one day. This was done so that as Head of Government, he could sign an agreement with the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. This was done by the [[Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

The territory was only recognised as part of the Indian Union, together with all the other former Portuguese possessions, after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974 when Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty. A treaty was signed on 31 December 1974 between India and Portugal on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>[http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of Portugal of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters 1974]</ref>

Until 2006, Portugal continued to grant Portuguese citizenship to all natives of Dadra and Nagar Haveli who wished to have it. In that year, this was amended to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111220044651/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory]

{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Annexation]]
[[Category:Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1954 in India]]
[[Category:1954 in Portugal]]
[[Category:India–Portugal relations]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1954]]
[[Category:July 1954 in Asia]]
[[Category:August 1954 in Asia]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]