View source for Integrated Theatre Commands of the Indian Armed Forces

'''Integrated Theatre Commands of the Indian Armed Forces''' are varying degrees of [[synergy]] and cross–service cooperation between the military wings of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. Following [[Indian independence movement|Independence]], in 1949 a joint educational framework was set up starting with the first{{Efn|"A decision was taken by the Government of India on 22 Sep, 1945, that an academy to train officers for the three Services together, should be started. No such institution existed any where else in the world at that time! Government approval was accorded on 17 February 1948."<ref>{{cite web |title=National Defence Academy: First Course JSW |url=https://nda.nic.in/1stJSW/index.html |website=National Defence Academy |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>|name=|group=}} tri-service academy in the world, the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], and over the years this joint educational framework has been expanded to bring officers from the different services together at different stages of their careers.{{Sfn|Das|2007|pp=3–4}}

Jointness and integration is achieved through [[Joint warfare|tri–service]] organisations such as the [[Integrated Defence Staff]]. The creation of the post of [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) in January 2020 was seen as a major push for the indigenous [[joint warfare]] and [[Theater (warfare)|theaterisation]] process of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=2020-02-04|title=Army, IAF, Navy integration in 3 years: report|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-to-integrate-operations-of-army-air-force-navy-in-3-years-report-11580824028663.html|access-date=2020-10-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=2020-10-21|title=Integrated theatre commands next step in defence reforms: Army Chief|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/integrated-theatre-commands-next-step-in-defence-reforms-army-chief/article32910275.ece|access-date=2020-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=21 October 2020|title=Integrated Theatre Commands Next Logical Military Reform, Says Army Chief|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/integrated-theatre-commands-next-logical-military-reform-says-army-chief-2313764|access-date=2020-10-23|website=NDTV}}</ref> The recommendations of the [[Kargil Review Committee]] promoted increasing jointness and integration. Subsequent committees such as the [[D. B. Shekatkar|Shekatkar]] Committee in 2016 included the creation of three integrated theatre [[Command (military formation)|commands]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2017-05-10|title=Joint operations vs integrated command: Understanding a new way to fight wars|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/joint-operations-vs-integrated-command-understanding-a-new-way-to-fight-wars-4648574/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In February 2020, CDS [[Bipin Rawat]] said two to five theatre commands may be set up.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=17 February 2020|title=CDS Gen Bipin Rawat announces plan to create Peninsula Command|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=381457|access-date=2020-10-26|website=www.newsonair.com}}</ref> The completion of the creation of theatre commands, both integrated and joint commands, will take a number of years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2020-02-04|title=India's joint military theatre command process to finish in 3 years, says CDS Bipin Rawat|url=https://theprint.in/defence/indias-joint-military-theatre-command-process-to-finish-in-3-years-says-cds-bipin-rawat/359711/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=21 October 2020|title=Theatre Commands required to synergize combat potential of three services: Army chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/theatre-commands-required-to-synergize-combat-potential-of-three-services-army-chief/articleshow/78790111.cms|access-date=2020-10-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Indian Air Force opposed the formation of unified theatre commands citing limitation of resources.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed Siddiqui |first=Imran |date=24 August 2021 |title=Indian Air Force opposes unified theatre commands again |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indian-air-force-opposes-unified-theatre-commands-again/cid/1827696 |work=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828160257/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/indian-air-force-opposes-unified-theatre-commands-again/cid/1827696 |archive-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

India currently has service–specific commands system.<ref name=":4" /> However, [[Joint warfare|joint]] and integrated commands, also known as [[Unity of command|unified commands]]; and further divided into [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]] or functional commands, have been set up and more are proposed. The only fully functional theatre command is the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] set up in 2001 while the [[Strategic Forces Command]], set up in 2003, is an integrated functional command or specified combatant command.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=27 August 2020|title=India likely to set up unified air defence command in October|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-likely-to-set-up-unified-air-defence-command-in-october/articleshow/77785824.cms|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Recently constructed integrated functional commands under the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] include the [[Defence Cyber Agency]], [[Defence Space Agency]] and the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]]. The [[Air Defence Command (India)|Air Defence Command]] is the first integrated command being undertaken.<ref name=":3" />

There is and has been significant support as well as significant opposition to some of the attempts at jointness and integration, such as the theaterisation process, at the highest levels of government and the public.

== History ==
{{See also|Jointness|Interservice rivalry}}
One of the earliest forms of jointness was the integration of infantry and cavalry.{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=9}} In the United States, during the [[Siege of Vicksburg]] in 1863, joint operations were seen in the actions of General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and Admiral [[David Dixon Porter|David D. Porter]], who went on to leverage the combined power of the army and navy.{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=26}} The United Kingdom was the first country to have a Chiefs of Staff Committee in 1923.{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=34}} In the [[World War II|Second World War]], General [[Douglas MacArthur]] and General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] were put in roles in which they commanded vast tri-service military operations. Despite the victory in the war major structural flaws were observed resulting in the creation of the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff]] as the principal military adviser in the United States. In the United Kingdom, by the 1960s, the three military headquarters were integrated into the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] and the post of [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of Defence Staff]] as the principal military adviser created.{{Sfn|Das|2007|p=3}} Over the years in both the United States and United Kingdom changes towards greater integration have been seen, for example the passage of the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]] in 1986.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|p=50}} France, Germany and Australia have also shifted to a more integrated defence management system.{{Sfn|Das|2007|p=3}} In Russia the creation of strategic commands was laid down in 2010 and soon after China followed with the [[2015 People's Republic of China military reform]] and the creation of [[Theater commands of the People's Liberation Army|five theater commands]].{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|pp=50–51}}

=== Integrated Theatre Commands of the Indian Armed Forces ===
{{See also|Kargil Review Committee}}{{Multiple image
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Following [[Indian independence movement|Independence]], India set up a Joint Services Wing, commissioned in 1949, to train cadets before they would go on for further training in their respective service institutions. By 1954, the Joint Services Wing would go on to become the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], the first tri-service academy in the world. The [[Defence Services Staff College]] was also converted to a fully integrated institution by 1950. In 1960 the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] was commissioned and in 1970 the [[College of Defence Management]]. This joint educational framework that brought officers together at different stages of their careers has been beneficial in increasing inter-service camaraderie.{{Sfn|Das|2007|pp=3–4}}

In his book, "My Years with the IAF", Air Chief Marshal (Retd) [[Pratap Chandra Lal|P. C. Lal]] wrote that, "The [[Bangladesh war]] demonstrated that the three Services working closely together were strong and decisive in their actions. Inter-Services cooperation was indeed the most important lesson of that war."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal|first=Pratap Chandra|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBszCSguEscC&q=The+Bangladesh+war+demonstrated+that&pg=PT352|title=My Years with the IAF|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|isbn=978-1-935501-75-6|language=en|chapter=16: Summing Up|author-link=Pratap Chandra Lal}}</ref> However Air Marshal [[Vinod Patney]] pointed out that one of India's first experiences with jointness did not work out so well. He writes that India had attempted to try out a Theatre Commander during the initial stages of the [[Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War]] with the deployment of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]. However, after helicopters were sent on missions without proper advice resulting in avoidable loss to life and machinery, air and naval assets were once again positioned under respective air and naval commanders. Under this structure, the operations continued till the end of the peacekeeping operations in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patney|first=Air Marshal Vinod|author-link=Vinod Patney|date=8 May 2017|title=Clamour for Theatre Commands is a Peacetime Phenomenon|url=http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_VP_04.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Centre for Air Power Studies}}</ref>

Following the [[Kargil War]] in 1999, the [[Kargil Review Committee]] was set up to review where India went wrong during the limited war with Pakistan and suggest changes to the security apparatus accordingly. Subsequently, a Group of Ministers was formed and in turn four task forces. Among the numerous recommendations suggested were "integration of the services both with each other and with the Ministry of Defence, the creation of a [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|chief of defence staff]] and joint operational commands".{{Sfn|Rana|2015|pp=43–44}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Anit|date=2019-08-21|title=A top post, its promise and peril|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-top-post-its-promise-and-peril/article29184760.ece|access-date=2020-10-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A [[Manohar Parrikar]] led [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] appointed committee of experts, chaired by Lt General (retd) [[D. B. Shekatkar|DB Shekatkar]], submitted its report in December 2016. Among the recommendations of the Shekatkar Committee was the creation of three integrated theatre commands.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2020-04-20|title=What is Shekatkar report, defence ministry's first order of business after lockdown|url=https://theprint.in/defence/what-is-shekatkar-report-defence-ministrys-first-order-of-business-after-lockdown/405435/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

== About ==
The [[Department of Military Affairs]] under the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] has the mandate for the "Facilitation of restructuring of Military Commands for optimal utilisation of resources by bringing about jointness in operations, including through establishment of joint/theatre commands".<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2019|title=Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four star General|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1597425|access-date=2020-10-23|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> India's CDS [[Bipin Rawat]] has said that India will find its own way of constructing its unified commands.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|date=2020-02-25|title=Explained: How to unify defence resources|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-to-unify-defence-resources-indian-army-air-force-navy-6282960/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Integrated Theatre Commands are allocated specific geographical theatres and can operate independently. In June 2020, Lt Gen (Dr) Prakash Menon wrote that "The main aim of Theatre Commands is to facilitate integrated planning and coordinated application".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Lt Gen (Dr) Prakash|date=April 2020|title=India's Theatre Command System: A Proposal (V1.0 – 12 June 2020)|url=https://takshashila.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/India-Theatre-Command-System-Prakash-Menon-Takshashila.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Takshashila Institution}}</ref>

=== Terminology ===
According to the 2017 Joint Doctrine publication of the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff:{{Sfn|Headquarters IDS|2017|pp=39–40}}

{{Blockquote|text=Jointness: Jointness implies or denotes possessing an optimised capability to engage in Joint War-Fighting. [...] Joint operations as well as single-Service operations are sub-sets of the larger whole of 'conceptual Jointness'. Cooperative centralised planning enables appropriate concentration of forces [...]. With Jointness, a high level of cross-domain synergy is attained.

Integration: Integration in contemporary military matters is in reference to the integration of 'processes' across all operational domains of land, air, maritime, cyberspace and aerospace, towards optimisation of costs and enhancing readiness. Integration is embodied across all functions; Operations, Intelligence, Technology Management, Perspective Plans, Logistics, Human Resources Development (HRD).[...] Beyond the Armed Forces, it also requires collaboration with the Diplomatic, Economic and Information instruments of the National Power, at all levels – strategic, operational and tactical.|author=|title=|source=}}

According to the former Chief of India's Army Staff [[Deepak Kapoor]], who recommended theatre commands as early as the 1980s, "integration is a step ahead of jointness in ensuring a synergised approach to operations".{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|p=49}} While in a joint command, the parent service remains part of the decision making process, in integrated commands, resources from the three services are already placed under one commander. In the case of an integrated command, the commander must be able to fully understand the workings of all the services under his command.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|pp=48–49}}

== Implementation ==
India currently has two fully functioning unified commands — the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]] (ANC) set up in 2001 and the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) set up in 2003. While the ANC is an integrated theatre command SFC is an integrated functional command (or specified combatant command{{Sfn|Rana|2016|p=13}}). There are currently 17 single service commands — 7 of the Army, 7 of the Air Force and 3 of the Navy. Each of these commands is located at a separate base.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-21|title=Setting up theatre commands next step in military reforms: Army Chief|work=Business Standard India|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/theaterisation-of-armed-forces-next-logical-step-in-military-reforms-after-appointment-of-cds-army-chief-120102101564_1.html|access-date=2020-10-22}}</ref>

As of 2020, the [[Air Defence Command (India)|Air Defence Command]] is the first command being undertaken.<ref name=":3" /> Integrated commands set up as specialized service providers have also been formed: [[Defence Cyber Agency]], [[Defence Space Agency]] and the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]] that are agencies of Integrated Defense Staff{{Sfn|Kapoor|2013|p=56}} The [[Defence Cyber Agency]] could go on to form the Information Warfare Command.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Asthana|first=SB|date=6 April 2020|title=Indian Model of Theatre Commands: The Road Ahead!|url=http://usiblog.in/indian-model-of-theatre-commands-the-road-ahead/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The United Service Institution of India|language=en-US}}</ref> Other proposed commands include the Logistics Command and the Training and Doctrinal Command.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Integrated Defence Staff]] and the [[Defence Planning Committee]] are an integral part of the theaterisation process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Integrated Defence Staff|url=https://ids.nic.in/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=ids.nic.in}}</ref> In February 2020, General Bipin Rawat said two to five theatre commands are being looked into.<ref name=":6" />

=== List of Integrated Theatre Commands ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
! colspan="2" |Type
!Year
!Status
!Ref
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Command]]
|Unified
|Theatre Command
|2001
|Operational
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=16 May 2019|title=Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-setting-up-new-tri-service-agencies-to-handle-special-operations-space-and-cyberspace/articleshow/69346012.cms|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Strategic Forces Command]]
|Integrated
|Functional Command 
|2003
|Operational
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Defence Cyber Agency]]
|Integrated
|Functional Agency(Part of Integrated Defence Staff) 
| 2019
| Operational
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Defence Space Agency]]
|Integrated
|Functional Agency(Part of Integrated Defence Staff) 
| 2019
| Operational
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Armed Forces Special Operations Division|Special Operations Division]]
|Integrated
|Functional Unit(Part of Integrated Defence Staff) 
| 2019
| Operational
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|[[Air Defence Command (India)|Air Defence Command]]
|Unified 
|Theatre Command
| –
| Announced
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Maritime Theatre Command]]
|Joint
| –
| –
|Announced
|<ref name="India Today 27-11-2020">{{Cite web|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=November 27, 2020|title=The high seas command|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20201207-the-high-se-as-command-1744377-2020-11-27|access-date=November 29, 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|Logistics Command
|Joint
| –
| –
|Announced
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|Training Command
|Joint
| –
| –
|Announced
|<ref name=":6" />
|}

== Critical commentary ==
Air Chief Marshal [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy|S Krishnaswamy]] (Ret’d), the former Chief of Air Staff, wrote an article in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' titled, "''Why theatre commands is an unnecessary idea''" where he conveys that the idea of dividing India into "Theatre Command(s) may seemingly have some operational advantage" but "the permanency of dividing our own territory into Operational Theatres as a defence measure seems preposterous. And to state that such a division is required to defend our country more effectively sounds alarming."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnaswamy|first=S|author-link=Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy|date=2018-08-16|title=Why theatre commands is an unnecessary idea|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-military-theatre-commands-is-an-unnecessary-idea-5308890/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Air Marshal [[Narayan Menon]] writes that Integrated Theatre Commands work for United States, Russia and China is because militarily they are countries which are self-sufficient while "India is in a completely different and subordinate class" in terms of military expenditure and "shortages in personnel, equipment and firepower" in all three of the services.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Air Marshal (Ret’d) Narayan|author-link=Narayan Menon|date=20 August 2018|title=Theatre Commands — The India Context|url=http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_NM_00.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Centre for Air Power Studies}}</ref> Maj Gen (Retd) SB Asthana notes that the idea of Integrated Theatre Commands in India "seems to be driven more by economic considerations and less by operational inadequacies".<ref name=":2" />

Group Captain (Retd) Anant Bewoor opposes theaterisation for India stating that countries with Integrated Theatre Commands such as United States, Russia and China have different international expeditionary goals as compared to India. India neither has the forces for Integrated Commands, nor the geographical and strategic need nor the international expeditionary ambitions. He also points out that Pakistan, who do not have Integrated Theatre Commands, cause so much damage to India nevertheless.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bewoor|first=Gp Capt (Retd) Anant|date=7 August 2018|title=The Unacceptable Idea of Theatre Commands|url=http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_AB_00.pdf|access-date=23 October 2020|website=Centre for Air Power Studies}}</ref> Air Commodore (Retd) [[Jasjit Singh (IAF officer)|Jasjit Singh]] also commented that theatre commands are generally used for foreign operations, and India has no need for such a force. Air Commodore Singh also argued that the specialisation that the current framework allows may be lost with unified commands and that if the services couldn't work together now, under the theatre process the situation may be worse.{{Sfn|Rana|2015|p=45}}

== See also ==
* [[Exercise TROPEX]]
* [[Technical Support Division]]
*[[Civilian control of the military]]
*[[Civil–military relations]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}'''Bibliography'''{{refbegin|}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Kapoor|first=Deepak|author-link=Deepak Kapoor|date=Summer 2013|title=Need for Integrated Theatre Commands|url=https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1394685182Deepak%20Kapoor%20%20CJ%20Summer%202013.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal|pages=46–60|via=CLAWS}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Rana|first=Vijai Singh|date=January–March 2015|title=Enhancing Jointness in Indian Armed Forces: Case for Unified Commands|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_1_2015_VijaiSinghRana.pdf|journal=Journal of Defence Studies|volume=9|issue=1|pages=33–62|via=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses}}
* {{Cite web|last=Headquarters IDS|date=2017|title=Joint Doctrine: Indian Armed Forces|url=https://www.ids.nic.in/IDSAdmin/upload_images/doctrine/JointDoctrineIndianArmedForces2017.pdf|website=Integrated Defence Staff|access-date=24 October 2020|publisher=Directorate of Doctrine, Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, Ministry of Defence}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Vice Admiral (Retd) P. S.|date=August 2007|title=Jointness in India's Military —What it is and What it Must Be|url=https://idsa.in/system/files/jds_1_1_psdas.pdf|journal=Journal of Defence Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–12|via=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rana |first1=Vijai Singh |title=Status of Jointness in Indian Security Apparatus|url=https://idsa.in/monograph/status-of-jointness-in-indian-security-apparatus |date=May 2016 |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |location=New Delhi |isbn=9789382169635}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal|first1=Vinod|last1= Anand |date=2008|url=https://idsa.in/jds/2_2_2008_IntegratingtheIndianMilitary_VAnand |title=Integrating the Indian Military: Retrospect and Prospect|journal=Journal of Defence Studies|volume= 2|issue=  2|pages=19–40}} 
*{{Cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Anit|date=2017|title=Fighting Separately: Jointness and Civil-Military Relations in India|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/iVvYFMDvHf6PxZ7bKDxX/full|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|volume=40|issue=1–2|pages=6–34|via=Taylor and Francis|doi=10.1080/01402390.2016.1196357|s2cid=156599462|doi-access=free}} 
*{{Cite journal|last=Grant|first=Brig (Retd) NB|date=October–December 1976|title=Inter Services Cooperation and All That|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284731|journal=The United Service Institution of India|volume=CVI| issue =  445|pages=309–314|via=archive.org}}

{{Military of India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Joint military units and formations of India]]
[[Category:Military of India]]