View source for Jāti Buddhism

{{short description|Physical birth In Buddhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Buddhist term
|pi=Jāti
|sa=Jāti
|si=[[:si:ජාති|ජාති]]
|si-Latn=
|zh=生
|zh-Latn=shēng
|ja=生
|ja-Latn=shō
|km= ជាតិ
|km-Latn=chéatĕ
|ko=
|ko-Latn=
|mnw=
|mnw-Latn=
|my=ဇာတိ
|my-Latn=zàtḭ
|shn=ၸႃႇတီႉ
|shn-Latn=tsaa2 ti5
|th=
|vi=sinh
|bo=skyed.ba
|en=birth
}}
In [[Buddhism]], '''Jāti''' ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Pāli]]), "birth", refers to physical birth; to [[Rebirth in Buddhism|rebirth]], the arising of a new living entity within [[Samsara (Buddhism)|''saṃsāra'']] (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena.

==Meaning==
Within the teachings on the [[Four Noble Truths]], ''jāti'' refers to physical birth, and is qualified  as ''[[dukkha]]'' (suffering): "Now this, monks, is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha."

In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://book.bfnn.org/books/0992.htm#a154|title=佛學問答第三輯|website=book.bfnn.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_1996_01_02.pdf|title=Bot Thubten Tenzin Karma and Rebirth}}</ref>
* birth from an egg ([[Sanskrit]]: Andaja; [[Pali]]: Aṇḍaja; {{zh|c=卵生}}; {{lang-bo|Sgongskyes}})—like a bird, fish, or reptile;
* birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; {{zh|c=胎生}}; {{lang-bo|Mnal-skyes}})—like most mammals and some worldly [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]];
* birth from moisture (Sanskrit: Samsvedaja; [[Pali]]: Saṃsedaja; {{zh|c=濕生}}; {{lang-bo|Drod-skyes}})—probably referring to the appearance of animals whose eggs are microscopic, like maggots appearing in rotting flesh;
* birth by transformation (Sanskrit: Upapaduka; Pali: Opapatika; {{zh|c=化生}}; {{lang-bo|Rdzus-skyes}})—miraculous materialization, as with this [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]].

{{Nidanas|float=right}}
Jāti is the eleventh link within the [[Twelve Nidānas|eleventh Nidāna]] of [[paṭiccasamuppāda]] ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2007|p=93-94}} The ''[[Vibhanga]]'', the second book of the Theravada ''[[Abbidhamma]]'', treats it in both ways. In the ''Suttantabhajaniya'' it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming ([[bhava]]), and gives rise to old age and death ([[Jaramarana|{{IAST|jarāmaraṇa}}]]) in a living being. In the ''Abhidhammabhajaniya'' it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena.{{sfn|Analayo|2007|p=93-94}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Analayo | year =2007 | title =Rebirth and the Gandhabba | journal =Journal of Buddhist Studies 1: 91-105 | url =https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/pdf/5-personen/analayo/rebirth-gandhabba.pdf}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
;Single suttas
* [[Piyadassi Thera]] (trans.) (1999). ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 56.11). Retrieved 2007-06-13 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.piya.html Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting in Motion the Wheel of Truth].
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1997). ''Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta: Analysis of Dependent Co-arising'' ([[Samyutta Nikaya|SN]] 12.2). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060512063953/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/sutta/samyutta/sn-12-002-tb0.html SN XII.2: Paticca-samuppada-vibhanga Sutta].
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000). ''Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference'' ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]] 22). Retrieved 2007-06-20 from "Access to Insight" at [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.22.0.than.html Maha-satipatthana Sutta: The Great Frames of Reference].
* {{Citation| last =Bhikkhu |first=Thanissaro |authorlink=Thanissaro Bhikkhu | year =1997 | title =Tittha Sutta: Sectarians|id= [[Anguttara Nikaya|AN]] 3.61 | url =http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.061.than.html | accessdate =12 November 2007}}

;Sutta-collections
* {{Citation| last = Bodhi |first=Bhikkhu  |authorlink=Bhikkhu Bodhi | year =2000 | title =The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya | publisher =Wisdom Publications | place =Boston | isbn=0-86171-331-1}}
* {{Citation| last = Nanamoli |first=Bhikkhu |authorlink=Bhikkhu Nanamoli | year =1995 | title =The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya| place =Boston | publisher =Wisdom Publications | isbn =0-86171-072-X}}

;Commentaries and interpretations
* {{Citation| last =Ajahn Sumedho | year =2002 | title =The Four Noble Truths | publisher =Amaravati Publications }}
* {{Citation| last =Ajahn Sucitto | year =2010 | title =Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching | publisher =Shambhala }}
* {{Citation| last =Das |first=Surya |authorlink=Surya Das | year =1997 | title =Awakening the Buddha Within | publisher =Broadway Books, Kindle Edition}}
* {{Citation | last =Epstein | first =Mark |authorlink=Mark Epstein| year =2004 | title =Thoughts Without A Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective | publisher = Basic Books, Kindle Edition}}
* {{Citation| last =Goldstein | first = Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Goldstein (writer) | year =2002 | title =One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism | publisher =HarperCollins}}
* {{Citation| last =Moffitt | first =Phillip| year =2008 | title =Dancing with Life: Buddhist Insights for Finding Meaning and Joy in the Face of Suffering | publisher =Rodale, Kindle Edition}}
* {{Citation| last= Nhat Hanh | first=Thich |authorlink=Thich Nhat Hanh | year =1999 | title =The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching | publisher = Three River Press}}
* {{Citation| last= Rahula| first=Walpola |authorlink=Walpola Rahula | year =2007 | title =What the Buddha Taught| publisher = Grove Press, Kindle Edition}}
* {{Citation| last =Trungpa |first=Chogyam |authorlink=Chogyam Trungpa|  year =2009 | title =The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (edited by Judy Leif) | publisher =Shambhala }}
* {{Citation| last= Tulku|first=Ringu | year =2005 | title =Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism| publisher = Snow Lion}}

;Scholarly
* {{Citation| last =Gethin | first = Rupert |authorlink=Rupert Gethin | year =1998 | title =Foundations of Buddhism | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation| last =Harvey | first =Peter | year =1990 |title =Introduction to Buddhism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation| last =Kalupahana | first =David J. |authorlink=David Kalupahana| year =1992 | title =A history of Buddhist philosophy | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited}}
*{{Citation| last = Keown| first = Damien |authorlink=Damien Keown| year = 2003| title = Dictionary of Buddhism| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 0-19-860560-9 }}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
  before=[[Bhava]] |
  title=[[Twelve Nidanas|Twelve Nidānas]] |
  years='''Jāti'''|
  after=[[Jaramarana|{{IAST|Jarāmaraṇa}}]]|
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Twelve nidānas]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

{{Buddhism-stub}}