View source for Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

{{Short description|1970 decision of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image = 
| imagesize = 
| imagelink = 
| imagealt = 
| caption = 
| full name = His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Anr.<ref>{{cite report |date=24 April 1973 |title=His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru v. State of Kerala |url=https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/admin/judgement_file/judgement_pdf/1973/Supp.%20(1)/Part%20I/S_1973_1-1002_1702634535.pdf |publisher= Supreme Court of India |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>
| date decided = 24 April 1973
| citations = [https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/pdf_viewer?dir=YWRtaW4vanVkZ2VtZW50X2ZpbGUvanVkZ2VtZW50X3BkZi8xOTczL1N1cHAuICgxKS9QYXJ0IEkvU18xOTczXzEtMTAwMl8xNzAyNjM0NTM1LnBkZg== 1973 Supp. (1) S.C.R. 1]; 1973 INSC 91; (1973) 4 SCC 225; AIR 1973 SC 1461;
| ECLI = 
| transcripts = 
| judges = [[S M Sikri|Sikri]], C. J., A. N. Grover, [[A. N. Ray]], D. G. Palekar, [[H. R. Khanna]], J. M. Shelat, [[K. K. Mathew]], [[K. S. Hegde]], [[M.H. Beg]], P. Jaganmohan Reddy, A. K. Mukherjea, [[Dwivedi Surendra Narayan|S. N. Dwivedi]], [[Y. V. Chandrachud]]
| number of judges = 13
| decision by = 
| Majority = [[S M Sikri|Sikri]], C. J.; [[K. S. Hegde|Hegde]] and Mukherjea, JJ.; [[Jaishanker Manilal Shelat|Shelat]] and Grover, JJ.; Jaganmohan Reddy, J.; [[Hans Raj Khanna|Khanna, J.]]
| dissenting = [[A. N. Ray|Ray, J.]]; Palekar, J.; Mathew, J.; Beg, J.; Dwivedi, J.; [[Y. V. Chandrachud|Chandrachud, J.]]
| concur/dissent = 
| prior actions = 
| appealed from = 
| appealed to = 
| subsequent actions = 
| related actions = 
| opinions = There are certain principles within the framework of Indian Constitution which form its '[[Basic structure doctrine|basic structure]]'. These principles are inviolable and hence cannot be amended by Parliament.
| Overturned previous case = ''[[I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs.]]'' (1967)
| keywords = <!-- {{hlist | }} -->
| italic title = 
}}
'''His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Anr.''' (Writ Petition (Civil) 135 of 1970), also known as the '''Kesavananda Bharati judgement''', was a [[List of landmark court decisions in India|landmark decision]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]] that outlined the [[Basic structure doctrine (Constitution of India)|basic structure doctrine]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref name=ik-257876>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/|title=Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973|publisher=Indian Kanoon|access-date=2012-06-24}}</ref> The case is also known as the '''Fundamental Rights Case'''. The court in a 7-6 decision asserted its right to strike down amendments to the constitution that were in violation of the fundamental architecture of the constitution. <ref name="Keane Chowdhury">{{cite news |last1=Keane |first1=Debasish Roy Chowdhury & John |title=From checks and balances to compliance: How the judiciary has responded to government pressure |url=https://scroll.in/article/1013211/from-checks-and-balances-to-compliance-how-the-judiciary-has-responded-to-government-pressure |work=Scroll.in |date=21 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Supreme Court of India|Justice]] [[Hans Raj Khanna]] argued that the Constitution possesses a basic structure of constitutional principles and values. The Court partially cemented the prior precedent ''[[I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs.|Golaknath v. State of Punjab]]'', which held that [[constitutional amendment]]s through [[Amendment of the Constitution of India#Amendments under article 368|Article 368]] were subject to fundamental rights review, but only if they could affect the 'basic structure of the Constitution'. At the same time, the Court also upheld the constitutionality of the first provision of Article 31-C, which implied that laws seeking to implement the [[Directive Principles]], which do not affect the 'Basic Structure,' shall not be subjected to judicial review.

The doctrine forms the basis of power of the [[Judiciary of India|Indian judiciary]] to review and override [[amendment of the Constitution of India|amendments to the Constitution of India]] enacted by the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]].

The 13-judge [[Constitution Bench (India)|Constitution bench]] of the Supreme Court deliberated on the limitations, if any, of the powers of the elected representatives of the people and the nature of fundamental rights of an individual. In a verdict divided 7–6, the court held that while the Parliament has 'wide' powers, it did not have the power to destroy or emasculate the basic elements or fundamental features of the constitution.<ref name="ik-257876" />

When this case was decided, the underlying apprehension of the majority bench that elected representatives could not be trusted to act responsibly was unprecedented. The ''Kesavananda'' judgment also defined the extent to which Parliament could restrict [[Right to property|property rights]], in pursuit of land reform and the redistribution of large landholdings to cultivators, overruling previous decisions that suggested that the right to property could not be restricted. The case was a culmination of a series of cases relating to limitations to the power to amend the Constitution.

==Facts==
{{See also|Sri Kesavananda Bharati|Edneer Mutt}}[[File:Mahakumbh 2013 15.jpg|thumb|Kesavananda Bharati ''(center)'' at the [[Kumbh Mela]] in February 2013.|310x310px]]
In February 1970 [[Swami]] [[Sri Kesavananda Bharati|Kesavananda Bharati]], senior pontiff and head of the [[matha|Hindu monastery]] [[Edneer Mutt|Edneer Matha]] in [[Edneer]], [[Kasaragod District]], [[Kerala]], challenged the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala government]]'s attempts, under two land reform acts, to impose restrictions on the management of its property. A noted Indian jurist, [[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]], convinced Swami into filing his petition under Article 26, concerning the right to manage religiously owned property without government interference. The case had been heard for 68 days, the arguments commencing on October 31, 1972, and ending on March 23, 1973, and its judgement consists of 700 pages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-case-that-saved-indian-democracy/article4647800.ece|title=The case that saved Indian democracy|last=Datar|first=Arvind P.|date=2013-04-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Austin">{{Cite book  | last = Austin  | first = Granville  | title = Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience  | publisher = Oxford University Press  | year = 1999  | location = New Delhi  | pages =[https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust/page/n140 258] | url =https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust| url-access = limited  | isbn = 0-19-565610-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-case-that-saved-indian-democracy/article4647800.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Arvind P. | last=Datar | title=The case that saved Indian democracy | date=24 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lawexams.in/legalarticles/category/kesavananda-bharati-case/ |title=KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE {{!}} Legal Articles and Essays<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075731/http://www.lawexams.in/legalarticles/category/kesavananda-bharati-case/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated5">[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233587 Kesavananda Bharati's Case | Arijit Pasayat, Ashok Bhan, Y.K. Sabharwal, S.H. Kapadia, C.K. Thakker, P.K. Balasubramanyan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |title=Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala |url=https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Law/notes/fundamental-right-kesavanda.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.civilserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lawyersupdate.co.in/LU/29/646.asp |title=Event - THE KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE - LU November 2011<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2013-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304174611/http://lawyersupdate.co.in/lu/29/646.asp |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Judgement==
The Supreme Court reviewed the decision in ''[[I. C. Golaknath and Others v. State of Punjab and Anothers|Golaknath v. State of Punjab]]'' in which it was held that Parliament cannot amend the fundamental rights, and considered the validity of the article 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th amendments. The case was heard by the largest ever Constitution Bench of 13 Judges. The bench gave eleven separate judgments, which agreed in some points and differed on others.<ref name="Lok Sabha Secretariat">{{cite web|title=Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=1 December 2013|pages=16–17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013055/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> [[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]], assisted by [[Fali Nariman]] and [[Soli Sorabjee]], presented the case against the government in both cases.<ref name=nujs-todays-promise>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nujslawreview.org/articles2008vol1no3/satya_prateek.pdf |title=Today's Promise, Tomorrow's Constitution: 'Basic Structure', Constitutional Transformations And The Future Of Political Progress In India |author=Satya Prateek |journal=NUJS Law Review |publisher=[[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]] |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=2008 |access-date=2012-07-17 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Majority judgement===

Upholding the validity of clause 1 of article 13 and a corresponding provision in article 368(3), inserted by the 24th Amendment, the Court reversed its ruling in ''[[I. C. Golaknath and Others v. State of Punjab and Anothers|Golaknath v. State of Punjab]]'' and settled in favour of the view that Parliament has the power to amend the fundamental rights. However, the Court affirmed another proposition also asserted in the Golaknath case, by ruling that the expression "amendment" of this Constitution in article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the Preamble and the Constitution to carry out the objectives in the Preamble and the Directive Principles. Applied to fundamental rights, it would be that while fundamental rights cannot be abrogated, reasonable abridgement of fundamental rights could be affected in the public interest. The true position is that every provision of the Constitution can be amended provided the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution remains the same.<ref name = "Lok Sabha Secretariat"/>

The nine signatories to the statement were

# Chief Justice [[S M Sikri]]
# [[Jaishanker Manilal Shelat|J. M. Shelat]]
# [[K. S. Hegde]]
# A. N. Grover
# P. Jaganmohan Reddy
# D. G. Palekar
# [[H R Khanna]]
# A. K. Mukherjee
# [[Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud|Y.V. Chandrachud]].

Four judges did not sign the judgment

# [[A. N. Ray]],
# K. K. Mathew
# M. H. Beg
# [[Dwivedi Surendra Narayan|S. N. Dwivedi]].<ref name="Subverting the Constitution">{{cite book|title=Subverting the Constitution|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=39–40|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xzx0miLvzfsC|author=G. G. Mirchandani|isbn=9788170170570|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref>

====S.M. Sikri, Chief Justice====
[[Chief Justice of India|CJI]] [[S M Sikri]] held that the fundamental importance of the freedom of the individual has to be preserved for all times to come and that it could not be amended out of existence. According to the Chief Justice, fundamental rights conferred by [[Fundamental Rights in India|Part III]] of the [[Constitution of India]] cannot be abrogated, though a reasonable abridgment of those rights could be effected in public interest. There is a limitation on the power of amendment by necessary implication which was apparent from a reading of the preamble and therefore, according to the learned Chief Justice, the expression 'amendment of this Constitution,' in [[amendment of the Constitution of India|Article 368]], means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the preamble, made in order to carry out the basic objectives of the Constitution. Accordingly, every provision of the Constitution was open to amendment provided the basic foundation or structure of the Constitution was not damaged or destroyed.

====Shelat and Grover, JJ====
Held that the preamble to the Constitution contains the clue to the fundamentals of the Constitution. According to the learned Judges, Parts III and IV of the Constitution which respectively embody the fundamental rights and the directive principles have to be balanced and harmonised. This balance & harmony between two integral parts of the Constitution forms a basic element of the Constitution which cannot be altered. The word 'amendment' occurring in [[amendment of the Constitution of India|Article 368]] must therefore be construed in such a manner as to preserve the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution, but not so as to result in damaging or destroying the structure and identity of the Constitution. There was thus an implied limitation on the amending power which prevented the Parliament from abolishing or changing the identity of the Constitution or any of its Basic Structure.

==== Hegde and Mukherjea, JJ ====
Held that the Constitution of India which is essentially a social rather than a political document, is founded on a social philosophy and as such has two main features basic and circumstantial. The basic constituent remained constant, the circumstantial was subject to change. According to the learned Judges, the broad contours of the basic elements and the fundamental features of the Constitution are delineated in the preamble and the Parliament has no power to abolish or emasculate those basic elements of fundamental features. The building of a welfare State is the ultimate goal of every Government but that does not mean that in order to build a welfare State, human freedoms have to suffer a total destruction. Applying these tests, the learned Judges invalidated Article 31C even in its un-amended form.

====Jaganmohan Reddy, J====
Held that the word 'amendment' was used in the sense of permitting a change, in contradistinction to destruction, which the repeal or abrogation brings about. Therefore, the width of the power of amendment could not be enlarged by amending the amending power itself. The learned Judge held that the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution are reflected in its preamble and that some of the important features of the Constitution are justice, freedom of expression and equality of status and opportunity. The word 'amendment' could not possibly embrace the right to abrogate the pivotal features and the fundamental freedoms and therefore, that part of the basic structure could not be damaged or destroyed. According to the learned Judge, the provisions of Article 31d, as they, conferring power on Parliament and the State Legislatures to enact laws for giving effect to the principles specified in Clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39, altogether abrogated the right given by Article 14 and were for that reason unconstitutional. In conclusion, the learned Judge held that though the power of amendment was wide, it did not comprehend the power to totally abrogate or emasculate or damage any of the fundamental rights or the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution or to destroy the identity of the Constitution. Subject to these limitations, Parliament had the right to amend any and every provision of the Constitution.

====H R Khanna J.====
[[H R Khanna]] has given in his judgment that the Parliament had full power to amend the Constitution, however, since it is only a 'power to amend,' the basic structure or framework of the structure should remain intact. While as per the aforesaid views of the six learned Judges, certain "essential elements" (which included fundamental rights) of the judgment cannot be amended as there are certain implied restrictions on the powers of the parliament of India.

According to the Judge, although it was permissible for the Parliament to effect changes in the exercise of its amending power so as to meet the requirements of changing conditions, it was not permissible to touch the foundation or to alter the basic institutional pattern. Therefore, the words 'amendment of the Constitution' in spite of the width of their sweep and in spite of their amplitude, could not have the effect of empowering the Parliament to destroy or abrogate the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.

This gave birth to the [[basic structure doctrine]], which has been considered as the cornerstone of the Constitutional law in India.<ref name="hindu-revisiting"/><ref name="Basic structure of the Constitution revisited">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/basic-structure-of-the-constitution-revisited/article1845048.ece|title=Basic structure of the Constitution revisited|work= The Hindu|date=21 May 2007|access-date=2015-05-25|location=Delhi, India}}</ref>

==Significance==

The government of [[Indira Gandhi]] did not take kindly to this restriction on its powers by the court. On 26 April 1973, Justice [[Ajit Nath Ray]], who was among the dissenters, was promoted to [[Chief Justice of India]] superseding three senior Judges, Shelat, Grover and Hegde, which was unprecedented in Indian legal history.<ref name=scba>[http://www.lexsite.com/services/network/scba/history.shtml Supreme Court Bar Association<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004035407/http://www.lexsite.com/services/network/scba/history.shtml |date=2009-10-04 }}</ref>

The [[Forty-second amendment of the Indian Constitution|42nd Amendment]], enacted in 1976, is considered to be the immediate and most direct fall out of the judgment. Apart from it, the judgement cleared the deck for complete legislative authority to amend any part of the Constitution except when the amendments are not in consonance with the basic features of the Constitution.

In the 1975 case ''Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain'', a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court used the basic structure doctrine to strike down the 39th amendment. The [[Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India|39th Amendment]] was passed in 1975, during [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] and placed the election of the [[President of India|President]], the [[Vice President of India|Vice President]], the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] beyond the scrutiny of the Indian courts.<ref name="THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1975">{{cite web | url=http://india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend39.htm | title=THE CONSTITUTION (THIRTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1975 | publisher=india.gov.in | access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="hindu-revisiting">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm |title=Revisiting a verdict |publisher=Frontline |date=14–27 January 2012 |access-date=2012-06-24 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063934/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> Adopting this amendment was a move to suppress Gandhi's prosecution.

The basic structure doctrine was also adopted by the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]] in 1989, by expressly relying on the reasoning in the ''Kesavananda'' case, in its ruling on ''Anwar Hossain Chowdhury v. Bangladesh'' (41 DLR 1989 App. Div. 165, 1989 BLD (Spl.) 1).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1809/18090950.htm |title=Behind the 'basic structure' doctrine |access-date=2013-12-02 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220120644/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1809/18090950.htm |archive-date=2010-12-20 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ago.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/ago.portal.gov.bd/page/7f393557_475c_4317_b42a_5a850868beae/2025-06-18-09-54-093eedad2ed95f5a4fa342b29fa34ee0.pdf |title=Anwar Hossain Chowdhury Vs. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian law]]
* [[Basic structure doctrine]]
* [[Edneer]]
* [[Edneer Mutt]]
* [[Sri Kesavananda Bharati]]
* [[Nanabhoy Palkhivala]]
* [[I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs.]]

==References==
* [[T R Andhyarujina]], who was a counsel in this case, wrote a book titled "The Kesavananda Bharati Case: The untold story of struggle for supremacy by Supreme Court and Parliament" to discuss the case and the politics involved during and after the judgment was pronounced. It has been published by Universal Law Publishing Company in 2011.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-22 |title=Extraordinary Case Study |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/news/extraordinary-case-study/863792/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/book-on-kesavananda-bharati-case-to-be-released-on-tuesday/article2543671.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=J. | last=Venkatesan | title=Book on Kesavananda Bharati case to be released on Tuesday | date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20120127290107100.htm&date=fl2901/&prd=fline& | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Revisiting a verdict | archive-date=16 December 2013 | access-date=18 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216010537/http://hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20120127290107100.htm&date=fl2901/&prd=fline& | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*"Basic Structure Constitutionalism: Revisiting Kesavananda Bharati" was published by Eastern Book Company in 2011 which was edited by Sanjay S. Jain and Sathya Narayan.<ref name=autogenerated6 />

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite LIIofIndia|litigants=Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru v State of Kerala|link=|court=INSC|year=1973|num=258|parallelcite=(1973) 4 SCC 225, AIR 1973 SC 1461|date=24 April 1973|courtname=[[Supreme Court of India]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Andhyarujina |first=Tehmtan R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Kesavananda_Bharati_Case/1s9YngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=The Kesavananda Bharati Case: The Untold Story of Struggle for Supremacy by Supreme Court and Parliament |date=2011 |publisher=Universal Law Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5035-140-6 |access-date=June 19, 2025}}

[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:1973 in case law]]
[[Category:1973 in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Constitutional case law]]
[[Category:Political crises in India]]