View source for Mankiala stupa

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name         = Mankiala Stupa <br />
{{nq|مانكياله اسٹوپ}} <br />
| image                 = File:Mankiala_Stupa.JPG
| image_size            = 250px
| alt                   =
| caption               = The Mankiala stupa is believed to be where an incarnation of the [[Buddha]] sacrificed himself in order to feed tiger cubs
| map_type              = Pakistan
| map_size              = 250
| location              = [[Tope Mankiala]]<br />[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br />[[Pakistan]]
| relief= yes
| coordinates           = {{Coord|33|26|53|N|73|14|36|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
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| state                 = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
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| consecration_year     = 2rd century CE
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The '''Mankiala Stupa''' ({{lang-ur|مانكياله اسٹوپ}}) is a 2nd-century Buddhist [[stupa]] near the village of Tope Mankiala, in [[Pakistan]]'s [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province. The stupa was built to commemorate the spot, where according to the [[Jataka tales]], an incarnation of the [[Buddha]] called [[Prince Sattva]] sacrificed himself to feed seven hungry tiger cubs.<ref name="A.A. Knopf">{{cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Richard|title=Ultimate Journey: Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk who Crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment|date=2001|publisher=A.A. Knopf|isbn=9780375400094|url=https://archive.org/details/ultimatejourneyr00bern_0|url-access=registration|quote=Mankiala tiger.|accessdate=16 June 2017}}</ref>

==Location==
Mankiala stupa is located in the village of Tope Mankiala, near the   place name of [[Sagri (Rawalpindi)|Sagri]] and 2nd near village of [[Sahib Dhamyal]]. It is 36&nbsp;km southeast of [[Islamabad]], and near the city of [[Rawalpindi]]. It is visible from the nearby historic [[Rawat Fort]].

==Significance==
[[Image:Manikiala Hoard - British Museum.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Relics from the stupa were excavated during the [[British Raj|British colonial era]], and are now on display at the [[British Museum]]]]
The stupa was built to commemorate the spot, where according to the [[Jataka tales]], the [[Golden Light Sutra]] and popular belief, [[Prince Sattva]], an earlier incarnation of the [[Buddha]], sacrificed some of his body parts or his entire body to feed seven hungry tiger cubs.<ref name="A.A. Knopf"/><ref>[[Golden Light Sutra]] 18.</ref>

==History==
The stupa is said to have been built during the reign of [[Kanishka]] between 128 and 151 CE.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|title=The forgotten Mankiala Stupa|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1140468|accessdate=16 June 2017|agency=Dawn|date=26 October 2014}}</ref> An alternate theory suggest that the stupa is one of 84 such buildings, built during the reign of Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] to house the ashes of the Buddha.<ref name=Dawn/>

The stupa was discovered by [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], the first British emissary to [[Afghanistan]], in 1808 - a detailed account of which is in his memoir 'Kingdom of Caubul' (1815).<ref name=Dawn/> The stupa contains an engraving which indicates that the stupa was restored in 1891.

==Relics==
Mankiala stupa's relic deposits were discovered by [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura]] in 1830. The relics were then removed from the site during the [[British Raj]], and are now housed in the [[British Museum]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=251886&partId=1&place=33154&plaA=33154-3-1&page=1 The British Museum Collection]</ref>

==Inscription==
On one of the stones of the stupa there is an inscription which reads as:<ref>Baums, Stefan. (2012). ''Catalog and Revised Text and Translations of Gandhāran Reliquary Inscriptions''. Gandhāran Buddhist Reliquaries. D. Jongeward. Seattle, University of Washington Press, p. 240-142</ref>
{| class ="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Inscription of the Mankiala Stupa
|-
!Inscription
!Original ([[Kharosthi|Kharosthi script]])
!Transliteration
!English translation
|- 
| '''Line 1'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨎 𐩄 𐩃 𐩃 𐨀𐨅𐨟𐨿𐨪 𐨤𐨂𐨪𐨿𐨬𐨀𐨅 𐨨𐨱𐨪𐨗𐨯 𐨐𐨞𐨅}}
| {{transl|pra|Saṃ 10 4 4 etra purvae maharajasa Kaṇe-}}
| In the year 18, of the great king
|-
| '''Line 2'''
| {{big|𐨮𐨿𐨐𐨯 𐨒𐨂𐨮𐨣𐨬𐨭𐨯𐨎𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨢𐨐 𐨫𐨫}}
| {{transl|pra|ṣkasa Guṣanavaśasaṃvardhaka Lala}}
| [[Kanishka]], Lala, increaser of the [[Kushana]] line,
|-
| '''Line 3'''
| {{big|𐨡𐨜𐨞𐨩𐨒𐨆 𐨬𐨅𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨭𐨁𐨯 𐨐𐨿𐨮𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨤𐨯}}
| {{transl|pra|daḍaṇayago Veśpaśisa kṣatrapasa}}
| judge, the Satrap Veśpaśi's
|-
| '''Line 4'''
| {{big|𐨱𐨆𐨪𐨨𐨂𐨪𐨿𐨟𐨆 𐨯 𐨟𐨯 𐨀𐨤𐨣𐨒𐨅 𐨬𐨁𐨱𐨪𐨅}}
| {{transl|pra|horamurto sa tasa apanage vihare}}
| donation master - he is in his own monastery
|-
| '''Line 5'''
| {{big|𐨱𐨆𐨪𐨨𐨂𐨪𐨿𐨟𐨆 𐨀𐨅𐨟𐨿𐨪 𐨞𐨞𐨧𐨒𐨬𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨰𐨬}}
| {{transl|pra|horamurto etra ṇaṇabhagavabudhazava}}
| the donation master - here several relics of the Lord, the Buddha,
|-
| '''Line 6'''
| {{big|𐨤𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨁𐨯𐨿𐨟𐨬𐨩𐨟𐨁 𐨯𐨱 𐨟𐨀𐨅𐨣 𐨬𐨅𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨭𐨁𐨀𐨅𐨞 𐨑𐨂𐨡𐨕𐨁𐨀𐨅𐨣}}
| {{transl|pra|pratistavayati saha taena Veśpaśieṇa Khudaciena}}
| establishes, together with the group of three, Veśpaśia, Khudacia, and
|-
| '''Line 7'''
| {{big|𐨦𐨂𐨪𐨁𐨟𐨅𐨞 𐨕 𐨬𐨁𐨱𐨪𐨐𐨪𐨵𐨀𐨅𐨞}}
| {{transl|pra|Buriteṇa ca viharakaravhaeṇa}}
| Burita, the builder of the monastery,
|-
| '''Line 8'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨎𐨬𐨅𐨞 𐨕 𐨤𐨪𐨁𐨬𐨪𐨅𐨞 𐨯𐨢 𐨀𐨅𐨟𐨅𐨞 𐨐𐨂}}
| {{transl|pra|saṃveṇa ca parivareṇa sadha eteṇa ku-}}
| and together with his whole retinue. Through this
|-
| '''Line 9'''
| {{big|𐨭𐨫𐨨𐨂𐨫𐨅𐨣 𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨅𐨱𐨁 𐨕 𐨮𐨬𐨀𐨅𐨱𐨁 𐨕}}
| {{transl|pra|śalamulena budhehi ca ṣavaehi ca}}
| root of good as well as through the Buddhas and disciples
|-
| '''Line 10'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨨𐨎 𐨯𐨡 𐨦𐨬𐨟𐨂}}
| {{transl|pra|samaṃ sada bhavatu}}
| may it always be
|-
| '''Line 11'''
| {{big|𐨧𐨿𐨪𐨟𐨪𐨯𐨿𐨬𐨪𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨁𐨯 𐨀𐨒𐨿𐨪𐨤𐨜𐨁𐨀𐨭𐨀𐨅}}
| {{transl|pra|Bhratarasvarabudhisa agrapaḍiaśae}}
| for the best share of (his) brother Svarabudhi.
|-
| '''Line 12'''
| {{big|𐨯𐨢 𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨁𐨫𐨅𐨣 𐨣𐨬𐨐𐨪𐨿𐨨𐨁𐨒𐨅𐨞}}
| {{transl|pra|sadha Budhilena navakarmigeṇa}}
| Together with Budhila, the superintendent of construction.
|-
| '''Line 13'''
| {{big|𐨐𐨪𐨿𐨟𐨁𐨩𐨯 𐨨𐨰𐨅 𐨡𐨁𐨬𐨯𐨅𐨁 𐩅}}
| {{transl|pra|Kartiyasa maze divase 20}}
| On the 20th day of the month Kārttika.
|}

==Conservation==
The stupa has not been restored since 1891, and remains largely abandoned.<ref name=Dawn/> The stupa features a large defect in its mound, which was created by plunderers.

==Access ==
Mankiala's stupa is located near the ''Mankiala'' Road in the village of Tope Mankiala. Towards the west, the ''Mankiala'' Road intersects the [[N-5 National Highway]], which provides access to [[Islamabad]] and [[Rawalpindi]]. The site can also be accessed by the [[Mankiala railway station]] in the nearby village of [[Mankiala]], which is served by the [[Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:KITLV 87969 - Unknown - Manikyala stupa at Rawalpindi in British India - 1897.tif|The stupa in 1897
File:Mankiala Stupa-1.JPG 
File:Mankiala Stupa-2.JPG
File:Mankiala Stupa-3.JPG
File:Mankiala Stupa-5.JPG
File:Mankiala Stupa-4.JPG
File:Capital detail - Buddhist stupa Mankiala, Rawalpindi.jpg
File:Manikyala relics II.jpg|Manikyala relics
File:Manikyala relics I.jpg|Manikyala relics
File:Manikyala inscriptions.jpg|Manikyala [[Kharoshthi]] inscriptions
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Takht Bahi]]
*[[Gandhara]]
*[[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]]
*[[Dharmarajika Stupa]] - largest of the stupas which form the [[Ruins of Taxila]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Gandhara}}
{{Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan |state=open}}

[[Category:Stupas in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan]]


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