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Template:Infobox census

File:Stamp of India - 2011 - Colnect 259244 - Census Of India.jpeg
Postage stamp dedicated to the 2011 census of India

The 2011 census of India or the 15th Indian census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India. The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011. Census has been conducted in India since 1871 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected. According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the Indian population increased to 1.21 billion with a decadal growth of 17.70%.[1] Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of the census was Our Census, Our Future.

Spread across 28 statesTemplate:Efn and 8 union territories, the census covered 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts, 7,935 towns and more than 600,000 villages. A total of 2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935 towns and 600,000 villages, classifying the population according to gender, religion, education and occupation.[2] The cost of the exercise was approximately Template:INR convert[3] – this comes to less than Template:USD per person, well below the estimated world average of Template:USD per person.[2]

Information on castes was included in the census following demands from several ruling coalition leaders including Lalu Prasad Yadav, and Mulayam Singh Yadav supported by opposition parties Bharatiya Janata Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Shiv Sena and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[4] Information on caste was last collected during the British Raj in 1931. During the early census, people often exaggerated their caste status to garner social status and it is expected that people downgrade it now in the expectation of gaining government benefits.[5] Earlier, there was speculation that there would be a caste-based census conducted in 2011, the first time in 80 years (last was in 1931), to find the exact population of the "Other Backward Classes" (OBCs) in India.[6][7][8][9] This was later accepted and the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 was conducted whose first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Central Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.[10] Mandal Commission report of 1980 quoted OBC population at 52%, though National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) survey of 2006 quoted OBC population at 41%.[11]

There is only one other instance of a caste count in post-independence India. It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Government of Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes. The census was termed Socio-Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala, 1971.[12]

History

C. Chandramouli IAS was the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India for the 2011 Indian census. Census data was collected in 16 languages and the training manual was prepared in 18 languages. In 2011, India and Bangladesh also conducted their first-ever joint census of areas along their border.[13][14] The census was conducted in two phases. The first, the house-listing phase, began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of data about all the buildings and census houses.[15] Information for the National Population Register was also collected in the first phase. The second, the population enumeration phase, was conducted from 9 – 28 February 2011 all over the country. The eradication of epidemics, the availability of more effective medicines for the treatment of various types of diseases and the improvement in the standard of living were the main reasons for the high decadal growth of population in India.Template:Cn

Information

House-listings

The House-listing schedule contained 35 questions.[16]

  1. Building number / Census house number
  2. Predominant material of floor, wall and roof of the census house
  3. Ascertain use of actual house
  4. Condition of the census house
  5. Household number
  6. Total number of persons in the household
  7. Name of the head of the household
  8. Sex of the head
  9. Caste status (SC or ST or others)
  10. Ownership status of the house
  11. Number of dwelling rooms
  12. Number of married couples in the household
  13. Main source of drinking water
  14. Availability of drinking water source
  15. Main source of lighting
  16. Latrine within the premises
  17. Type of latrine facility
  18. Waste water outlet connection
  19. Bathing facility within the premises
  20. Availability of kitchen
  21. Fuel used for cooking
  22. Radio/Transistor
  23. Television
  24. Computer/Laptop
  25. Telephone/Mobile phone
  26. Bicycle
  27. Scooter/Motor cycle/Moped
  28. Car/Jeep/Van
  29. Availing Banking services

Population enumeration

The Population enumeration schedule contained 30 questions.[17][18]

  1. Name of the person
  2. Relationship to head
  3. Sex
  4. Date of birth and age
  5. Current marital status
  6. Age at marriage
  7. Religion
  8. Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe
  9. Disability
  10. Mother tongue
  11. Other languages known
  12. Literacy status
  13. Status of attendance (Education)
  14. Highest educational level attained
  15. Working any time during last year
  16. Category of economic activity
  17. Occupation
  18. Nature of industry
  19. Trade or service
  20. Class of worker
  21. Non economic activity
  22. Seeking or available for work
  23. Travel to place of work
  24. Birthplace
  25. Place of last residence
  26. Reason for migration
  27. Duration of stay in the place of migration
  28. Children surviving
  29. Children ever born
  30. Number of children born alive during last one year

National Population Register

The National Population Register household schedule contained 9 questions.[19]

  1. Name of the person and resident status
  2. Name of the person as should appear in the population register
  3. Relationship to head
  4. Gender
  5. Date of birth
  6. Marital status
  7. Educational qualification
  8. Occupation/Activity
  9. Names of father, mother and spouse

Once the information was collected and digitised, fingerprints were taken and photos collected. Unique Identification Authority of India was to issue a 12-digit identification number to all individuals and the first ID have been issued in 2011.[20][21]

Census report

File:Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, India.svg
Decadal growth of Indian population (1901–2011).
File:2011 Census India population density map, states and union territories.svg
2011 census density map of India, by state and UT.

Provisional data from the census was released on 31 March 2011 (and was updated on 20 May 2013).[22][23][24][25] Transgender population was counted in population census in India for the first time in 2011.[26][27] The overall sex ratio of the population is 943 females for every 1,000 males in 2011.[28] The official count of the third gender in India is 490,000[29]

Population Total 1,210,854,977
Males 623,724,568
Females 586,469,294
Literacy Total 74%
Males 82.10%
Females 65.46%
Density of population per km2 382
Sex ratio per 1000 males 943 females
Child sex ratio (0–6 age group) per 1000 males 919 females

Population

The population of India as per 2011 census was 1,210,854,977.[30] India added 181.5 million to its population since 2001, slightly lower than the population of Brazil. India, with 2.4% of the world's surface area, accounts for 17.5% of its population. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state with roughly 200 million people. Over half the population resided in the six most populous states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.[31] Of the 1.21 billion Indians, 833 million (68.84%) live in rural areas while 377 million stay in urban areas.[32][33] 453.6 million people in India are migrants, which is 37.8% of total population.[34][35][36]

India is home to many religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism, while also being home to several indigenous faiths and tribal religions which have been practiced alongside major religions for centuries. According to the 2011 census, the total number of households in India is 248.8 million. Of which 202.4 million are Hindu, 31.2 million are Muslim, 6.3 million are Christian, 4.1 million are Sikh, and 1.9 million are Jain.[37][38] According to 2011 census, there are around 3.01 million places of worship in India.[39] Template:Static row numbersTemplate:Sort underTemplate:Table alignmentTemplate:Row hover highlight

Population distribution in India by states[40]
State /
Union Territory (UT) 		Capital Type Population Males Females Sex
Ratio
[41] 		Literacy
rate (%) 		Population Area[42]
(km2) 		Density
(1/km2) 		Decadal
Growth%
(2001–11)
number % of total[43] Rural[44] Urban[44]
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow State 199,812,341 Template:Percentage bar 104,480,510 95,331,831 912 Template:Percentage bar 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828 20.1%
Maharashtra Mumbai State 112,374,333 Template:Percentage bar 58,243,056 54,131,277 929 Template:Percentage bar 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365 16.0%
Bihar Patna State 104,099,452 Template:Percentage bar 54,278,157 49,821,295 918 Template:Percentage bar 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102 25.1%
West Bengal Kolkata State 91,276,115 Template:Percentage bar 46,809,027 44,467,088 950 Template:Percentage bar 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030 13.9%
Andhra PradeshTemplate:Efn Hyderabad State 84,580,777 Template:Percentage bar 42,442,146 42,138,631 993 Template:Percentage bar 56,361,702 28,219,075 275,045 308 10.98%
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal State 72,626,809 Template:Percentage bar 37,612,306 35,014,503 931 Template:Percentage bar 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236 20.3%
Tamil Nadu Chennai State 72,147,030 Template:Percentage bar 36,137,975 36,009,055 996 Template:Percentage bar 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555 15.6%
Rajasthan Jaipur State 68,548,437 Template:Percentage bar 35,550,997 32,997,440 928 Template:Percentage bar 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201 21.4%
Karnataka Bengaluru State 61,095,297 Template:Percentage bar 30,966,657 30,128,640 973 Template:Percentage bar 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319 15.7%
Gujarat Gandhinagar State 60,439,692 Template:Percentage bar 31,491,260 28,948,432 919 Template:Percentage bar 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308 19.2%
Odisha Bhubaneshwar State 41,974,218 Template:Percentage bar 21,212,136 20,762,082 979 Template:Percentage bar 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269 14.0%
Kerala Thiruvananthapuram State 33,406,061 Template:Percentage bar 16,027,412 17,378,649 1,084 Template:Percentage bar 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859 4.9%
Jharkhand Ranchi State 32,988,134 Template:Percentage bar 16,930,315 16,057,819 948 Template:Percentage bar 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414 22.3%
Assam Dispur State 31,205,576 Template:Percentage bar 15,939,443 15,266,133 958 Template:Percentage bar 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397 16.9%
Punjab Chandigarh State 27,743,338 Template:Percentage bar 14,639,465 13,103,873 895 Template:Percentage bar 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550 13.7%
Chhattisgarh Raipur State 25,545,198 Template:Percentage bar 12,832,895 12,712,303 991 Template:Percentage bar 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189 22.6%
Haryana Chandigarh State 25,351,462 Template:Percentage bar 13,494,734 11,856,728 879 Template:Percentage bar 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573 19.9%
Delhi Delhi UT 16,787,941 Template:Percentage bar 8,887,326 7,800,615 868 Template:Percentage bar 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297 21%
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu(winter)
Srinagar(summer) 		State 12,541,302 Template:Percentage bar 6,640,662 5,900,640 889 Template:Percentage bar 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56 23.7%
Uttarakhand Dehradun State 10,086,292 Template:Percentage bar 5,137,773 4,948,519 963 Template:Percentage bar 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189 19.2%
Himachal Pradesh Shimla State 6,864,602 Template:Percentage bar 3,481,873 3,382,729 972 Template:Percentage bar 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123 12.8%
Tripura Agartala State 3,673,917 Template:Percentage bar 1,874,376 1,799,541 960 Template:Percentage bar 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350 14.7%
Meghalaya Shillong State 2,966,889 Template:Percentage bar 1,491,832 1,475,057 989 Template:Percentage bar 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132 27.8%
Manipur Imphal State 2,721,756 Template:Percentage bar 1,290,171 1,280,219 992 Template:Percentage bar 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 122 18.7%
Nagaland Kohima State 1,978,502 Template:Percentage bar 1,024,649 953,853 931 Template:Percentage bar 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119 −0.5%
Goa Panaji State 1,458,545 Template:Percentage bar 739,140 719,405 973 Template:Percentage bar 551,414 906,309 3,702 394 8.2%
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar State 1,383,727 Template:Percentage bar 713,912 669,815 938 Template:Percentage bar 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17 25.9%
Puducherry Pondicherry UT 1,247,953 Template:Percentage bar 612,511 635,442 1,037 Template:Percentage bar 394,341 850,123 479 2,598 27.7%
Mizoram Aizawl State 1,097,206 Template:Percentage bar 555,339 541,867 976 Template:Percentage bar 529,037 561,997 21,081 52 22.8%
Chandigarh Chandigarh UT 1,055,450 Template:Percentage bar 580,663 474,787 818 Template:Percentage bar 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252 17.1%
Sikkim Gangtok State 610,577 Template:Percentage bar 323,070 287,507 890 Template:Percentage bar 455,962 151,726 7,096 86 12.4%
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair UT 380,581 Template:Percentage bar 202,871 177,710 876 Template:Percentage bar 244,411 135,533 8,249 46 6.7%
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa UT 343,709 Template:Percentage bar 193,760 149,949 774 Template:Percentage bar 183,024 159,829 491 698 55.5%
Daman and Diu Daman UT 243,247 Template:Percentage bar 150,301 92,946 618 Template:Percentage bar 60,331 182,580 112 2,169 53.5%
Lakshadweep Kavaratti UT 64,473 Template:Percentage bar 33,123 31,350 946 Template:Percentage bar 14,121 50,308 32 2,013 6.2%
India 1,210,854,977 Template:Percentage bar 623,724,248 586,469,174 943 Template:Percentage bar 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382 17.64%

Religious demographics

The religious data on India census 2011 was released by the Government of India on 25 August 2015.[45][46][47] Hindus are 79.8% (966.3 million) while Sikhs are 20.8 million comprising 1.72% of the population,[48] Muslims are 14.23% (172.2 million) in India[46][49][50] and Christians are 2.30% (28.7 million). According to the 2011 census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India.[51][52] For the first time, a "No religion" category was added in the 2011 census.[53] 2.87 million were classified as people belonging to "No Religion" in India in the 2011 census,[54][55] 0.24% of India's population of 1.21 billion.[56][57] Given below is the decade-by-decade religious composition of India until the 2011 census.[58][59][60] There are six religions in India that have been awarded "National Minority" status – Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Parsis.[61][62] Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam in India.[63][64][65] As per 2011 census, six major faiths – Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains make up over 99.4% of India's 1.21 billion population, while "other religions, persuasions" (ORP) count is 8.2 million. Among the ORP faiths, six faiths – 4.957 million-strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million-strong Gond, 506,000-strong Sari, Donyi-Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate.[66] Maharashtra is having the highest number of non-religious in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala.[67]

Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951–2011)[68]
Year Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jains Zoroastrians Atheists or
other religion
1951 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1961 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1971 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1981 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
1991 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2001 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2011 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Template:Tooltip Template:Decrease 5.12% Template:Increase 45.21% Template:Increase 3.04% Template:Decrease 3.91% Template:Decrease 5.41% Template:Decrease 19.56% Template:Decrease 61.53% Template:Increase 12.51%

Template:Clear

Language demographics

Template:Main

File:Fastest growing languages of India — Hindi (first), Kashmiri (second), Gujarati & Meitei alias Manipuri (third), Bengali (fourth) — based on 2011 census of India.jpg
Fastest growing languages of India — Hindi (first), Kashmiri (second), Gujarati & Meitei/Manipuri (third), Bengali (fourth) — based on 2011 census of India[69]

The 2011 Census of India reported 121 languages having over 10,000 speakers, constituting 1.20Template:Nbspbillion (~99%) of the population, consolidated from 1,369 classified and 1,474 unclassified forms out of 19,569 raw mother tongue entries recorded from respondents.[70] Out of 121 languages, 22 languages designated as scheduled language of India, which spoken by 96.71 percent of population as mother tongue.[71] The language data was released on 26 June 2018.[72] As per census, 57.1% of Indian population know Hindi,[73] in which 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue.[74][75] However, the census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages" which is widely spoken language in northern parts of India.[76][77] Hindi is the fastest growing language of India, followed by Kashmiri in the second place, with Meitei (officially called Manipuri) as well as Gujarati, in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India.[69]

The 2011 census report on bilingualism and trilingualism, which provides data on the two languages in order of preference in which a person is proficient other than the mother tongue, was released in September 2018.[78][79][80] The number of bilingual speakers in India is 314.9 million, which is 26% of the population in 2011.[81] 7% of Indian population is trilingual.[82] Hindi, Bengali speakers are India's least multilingual groups.[83]

First, Second, and Third languages by number of speakers in India (2011 census)
Language First language
speakers 		Second language
speakers 		Third language
speakers 		Total speakers
num.[84] % of total pop. num.[73][85] % of total pop.
Hindi 528,347,193 Template:Percentage bar 139,207,180 24,000,000 692,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
English 259,678 Template:Percentage bar 83,125,221 46,000,000 129,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Bengali 97,237,669 Template:Percentage bar 9,037,222 1,000,000 107,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Marathi 83,026,680 Template:Percentage bar 13,000,000 3,000,000 99,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Telugu 81,127,740 Template:Percentage bar 12,000,000 1,000,000 95,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Tamil 69,026,881 Template:Percentage bar 7,000,000 1,000,000 77,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Urdu 50,772,631 Template:Percentage bar 11,000,000 1,000,000 63,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Gujarati 55,492,554 Template:Percentage bar 4,000,000 1,000,000 60,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Kannada 43,706,512 Template:Percentage bar 14,000,000 1,000,000 59,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Odia 37,521,324 Template:Percentage bar 5,000,000 390,000 43,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Punjabi 33,124,726 Template:Percentage bar 2,230,000 720,000 36,600,000 Template:Percentage bar
Malayalam 34,838,819 Template:Percentage bar 500,000 210,000 36,000,000 Template:Percentage bar
Maithili 13,063,042 Template:Percentage bar 400,000 130,000 13,583,464 Template:Percentage bar
Sanskrit 24,821 Template:Percentage bar 1,230,000 1,960,000 3,190,000 Template:Percentage bar

Literacy

Any individual above age seven who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered literate. In censuses before 1991, children below the age five were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age seven and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate". Effective literacy rate increased to a total of 74.04% with 82.14% of the males and 65.46% of the females being literate.[86]

Effective literacy rate (1901–2011)Template:Citation needed[87]
S.No. Census year Total (%) Male (%) Female (%)
1 1901 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
2 1911 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
3 1921 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
4 1931 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
5 1941 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
6 1951 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
7 1961 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
8 1971 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
9 1981 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
10 1991 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
11 2001 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
12 2011 Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar

See also

Template:Portal

Template:Clear

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

  1. ↑ India's population at 5pm today – 127,42,39,769. The Times of India(11 July 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Census of India 2011 – A Story of Innovations. Press Information Bureau, Government of India(23 August 2011). Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  3. ↑ Do we really need the census?. The Economic Times(26 August 2017). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  4. ↑ Demand for caste census rocks Lok Sabha. The Times of India(4 May 2010). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  5. ↑ India to conduct first record of nation's caste system since days of the Raj. The Times(10 May 2010).
  6. ↑ OBC data not in 2011 Census, says Moily. The Indian Express(18 December 2009). Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  7. ↑ No data since 1931, will 2011 Census be all-caste inclusive?. The Times of India(11 March 2010).
  8. ↑ Caste in Census 2011: Is it necessary?. The Economic Times(28 May 2010).
  9. ↑ OBCs form 41% of population: Survey. The Times of India(1 September 2007).
  10. ↑ Govt releases socio-economic and caste census for better policy-making. Hindustan Times(3 July 2015).
  11. ↑ OBc count: 52 or 41%?. The Times of India(1 November 2006).
  12. ↑ G.O.K dew1971: Appendix XVIII
  13. ↑ Joint Bangladesh and India census. BBC News(14 July 2011). Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  14. ↑ Census in Indian and Bangladesh enclaves ends. The Hindu(19 July 2011). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  15. ↑ House listing operations for Census 2011 progressing well. The Hindu(4 April 2010). Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  16. ↑ Census of India 2011; Houselisting and Housing Census Schedule. Government of India. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  17. ↑ Census of India 2011; Household Schedule-Side A. Government of India. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  18. ↑ Census of India 201a1; Household Schedule-Side B. Government of India. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  19. ↑ National population register; Household Schedule. Government of India. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  20. ↑ Census operation in history kicks off. The Hindu(1 April 2010). Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  21. ↑ India launches biometric census. BBC News(1 April 2010). Retrieved 1 April 2010.
  22. ↑ India's total population is now 121 crore. Mint(30 April 2013). Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  23. ↑ It's official. We are the second most populous nation in the world at 1.2 billion. India Today(30 April 2013). Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  24. ↑ India's total population is now 1.21 billion. The Economic Times(30 April 2013).
  25. ↑ India's total population is 1.21 billion, final census reveals. NDTV(30 April 2013). Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  26. ↑ Pakistan counts transgender people in national census for first time. The Times of India(9 January 2017).
  27. ↑ Over 70,000 transgenders in rural India, UP tops list: Census 2011. India Today(4 July 2015).
  28. ↑ Sex ratio worsens in small families, improves with 3 or more children. The Times of India(15 February 2016). Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  29. ↑ First count of third gender in census: 4.9 lakh. The Times of India(30 May 2014). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  30. ↑ Why activists are upset with Census disability numbers. The Indian Express(15 June 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  31. ↑ Contemporary India - I{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. NCERT(2022). ISBN 978-81-7450-520-0 Alt URL
  32. ↑ About 70 per cent Indians live in rural areas: Census report. The Hindu(15 July 2011).
  33. ↑ Rural population (% of total population) | Data. data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  34. ↑ Every 3rd Indian migrant, most headed south. The Indian Express(5 December 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  35. ↑ Migration in India still largely remains a social rather than an economic phenomenon. The Times of India(5 December 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  36. ↑ Migration in India is slowly becoming more urban and driven by economic factors. The Times of India(10 December 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  37. ↑ 248.8 Million Households Across India; 202 mn Hindus, 31 mn Muslims. News18 India(20 May 2016). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  38. ↑ Indian Muslim Family Size Shrinking Rapidly: Census Report. The Quint(21 May 2016). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  39. ↑ India has more places of worship than schools or colleges. Mint(5 July 2016). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  40. ↑ Basic Population Figures of India and States, 2011. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
  41. ↑ Population. Census of India.
  42. ↑ Area ofIndia/state/district. Census of India. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  43. ↑ Ranking of States and Union territories by population size: 1991 and 2001. Census of India. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Provisional Population Totals. Census of India. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  45. ↑ Census 2011: Hindus dip to below 80 per cent of population; Muslim share up, slows down. The Indian Express(26 August 2015).
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Muslim population growth slows. The Hindu(25 August 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  47. ↑ India Census 2011. Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  48. ↑ India's religions by numbers. The Hindu(26 August 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  49. ↑ Muslim representation on decline. The Times of India(31 August 2015). Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  50. ↑ Muslim share of population up 0.8%, Hindus' down 0.7% between 2001 and 2011. The Times of India(26 August 2015). Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  51. ↑ Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages. The Indian Express(24 October 2017). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  52. ↑ Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001–2011: study. The Hindu(26 July 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  53. ↑ Why a Tinder date is better than 72 virgins in paradise. DailyO(29 August 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  54. ↑ Against All Gods: Meet the league of atheists from rural Uttar Pradesh. The Indian Express(6 September 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  55. ↑ People without religion have risen in Census 2011, but atheists have nothing to cheer about. Scroll.in(7 September 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  56. ↑ 2.87 million Indians have no faith, census reveals for first time. The Times of India(27 August 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  57. ↑ 1.88 lakh people in Tamil Nadu state 'no religion' in 2011 census. DNA India(27 August 2015). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  58. ↑ Muslim politics:At a crossroads. Mint(30 May 2014). Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  59. ↑ Demographic Dividend and Indian Muslims – i(1–15 May 2013). Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  60. ↑ Demographic Dividend and Indian Muslims – i(1–15 May 2013). Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  61. ↑ National minority status for Jains. The Telegraph (India)(20 January 2014).
  62. ↑ Jains become sixth minority community. DNA India(21 January 2014). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  63. ↑ Ahmadiyyas find place as Islam sect in census. The Indian Express(4 August 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  64. ↑ Protest against inclusion of Ahmediyyas in Muslim census. The Times of India(11 January 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  65. ↑ Minority in a minority. The census acknowledges Ahmadis as Muslims. It is a recognition long overdue.. The Indian Express(5 August 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  66. ↑ Fewer minor faiths in India now, finds Census; number of their adherents up. The Indian Express(1 August 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  67. ↑ God versus Atheism, Bengal vouches for believers. Mint(10 August 2016). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  68. ↑ Hindu Muslim Population in India. www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 2025-04-07.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 —What census data reveals about use of Indian languages. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
    —Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language(2018-06-28). Retrieved 2023-11-16.
    —Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
    —Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate. India Today(11 April 2022). Retrieved 2023-11-16.
  70. ↑ More than 19,500 mother tongues spoken in India: Census. The Indian Express(2018-07-01). Retrieved 2025-07-05.
  71. ↑ More Than 19,500 Languages Spoken In India: Census. www.ndtv.com. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
  72. ↑ Hindi mother tongue of 44% in India, Bangla second most spoken. The Times of India(28 June 2018). Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 How languages intersect in India. Hindustan Times(22 November 2018). Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  74. ↑ What India speaks: South Indian languages are growing, but not as fast as Hindi. The News Minute(28 June 2018). Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  75. ↑ Surging Hindi, shrinking South Indian languages: Nine charts that explain the 2011 language census. Scroll.in(4 July 2018). Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  76. ↑ Hindi the first choice of people in only 12 States. The Hindu(4 June 2019). Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  77. ↑ Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011. Census of India. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  78. ↑ C-17 Population by Bilingualism and Trilingualism. Census of India. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  79. ↑ After mother tongue, city more proficient in English. The Tribune (Chandigarh)(2 October 2018). Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  80. ↑ C-18 Population by Bilingualism, Trilingualism, Age and Sex. Census of India. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  81. ↑ Hindi migrants speaking Marathi rise to 60 lakh. The Times of India(4 October 2018). Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  82. ↑ 52% of India's urban youth are now bilingual, 18% speak three languages. The Times of India(7 November 2018). Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  83. ↑ Hindi, Bengali speakers India's least multilingual groups. The Times of India(14 November 2018). Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  84. ↑ Comparative Speakers'strength of Scheduled Languages - 1971, 1981, 1991,2001 and 2011. Census of India. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  85. ↑ How many Indians can you talk to?. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  86. ↑ Census Provional Population Totals. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  87. ↑ Census 2011: Literacy Rate and Sex Ratio in India Since 1901 to 2011. Jagranjosh(2016-10-13). Retrieved 2024-07-27.

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