Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang-sa) literally means sincerity, straightness, and non-hypocrisy.[1] It is one of the ten Template:Transliteration in ancient Hindu and Jaina texts.[2]
Definition
Template:Transliteration means straightness, sincerity, and harmony in one’s thought, words, and actions towards oneself and towards others.[1] Kane translates Template:Transliteration as straightforwardness.[3] It is described in ancient Indian texts as “self-restraint from hypocrisy", and "the absence of hypocrisy”. It is included as one of several virtuous restraints in an individual's path to spirituality. The Maharashtrian poet Vāmana in Avigita, at xvi.1, posits Template:Transliteration is a form of honesty and purity in a person, and an essential virtue so that one may treat everyone equally, whether that other is one’s child, wife, relative, friend, a stranger, or someone hostile or oneself without any discrimination.[1]
The ethical concept of Template:Transliteration is synonymous with Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang, composite word from Template:Lang). Template:Transliteration also means non-deceitful, straightforwardness, and sincerity.[4] It is listed as a virtue in the Indian Epics.[5]
Literature
Template:Transliteration is one of the ten Template:Transliteration listed by Śāṇḍilya Upanishad,[2] as well as by Svātmārāma.[6][7] The other nine are:
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): nonviolence
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): truthfulness
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): not stealing
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): celibacy and not cheating on one’s spouse
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): forgiveness[8]
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): fortitude
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): compassion[8]
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): measured diet
- Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang): purity, cleanliness
In some texts, such as by Adi Sankara, this virtue is called as Template:Transliteration, and explained as purity of motive and freedom of mind from hypocrisy, both in one’s social conduct and within oneself where one’s thoughts, words, and actions resonate.[1] It is a virtue that empowers one to act and live without anxiety, anger, prejudice, inner conflict, or confusion. It is also discussed in Bhagwad Gita in verse 17.16.[9]
The Mahābhārata, in book 12, chapter 60, lists Template:Transliteration (non-hypocrisy) as a virtue along with Template:Transliteration (non-anger), Template:Transliteration (forgiveness), and others.[5] In chapter 278, the epic explains how and why hypocrisy arises, suggesting that it derives from the sin of covetousness, greed, and attachment to superficial possessions.[10]
Patanjali's treatise on Yoga lists only five Template:Transliteration, which includes non-covetousness and non-possessiveness (Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration respectively), but does not include Template:Transliteration.[11]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sinha, J. (1986), Template:Google books, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidas, Template:Oclc, page 142
- Arjava. Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thirty Minor Upanishads{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Kessinger Publishing(1914). ISBN 978-1164026419
- ↑ History of Dharmaśāstra. Ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India({Template:Year).
- ↑ Adambha. Sanskrit English Dictionary.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ahiṃsā and a Mahābhārata Story{{#if:Proudfoot|, Proudfoot}. Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University(1987). ISBN 978-0-7315-0143-4
- ↑ The Hatha Yoga Pradipika{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Forgotten Books(1997). ISBN 9781605066370
- ↑ The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(1972). ISBN 978-0520018426
- Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics{{#if:Subramuniya|, Subramuniya}. Himalayan Academy Publications(2003). ISBN 9780945497998
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Words from the Soul: Time East/West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative{{#if:Sovatsky|, Sovatsky}. State University of New York Press(1 January 1998). ISBN 978-0-7914-3949-4
- ↑ The Bhagavad Gita{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. State University of New York Press(2009). ISBN 978-1-4384-2842-0
- ↑ Shanti Parva: The Mahabharata, Section CCLXXIII.
- ↑ The yoga-system of Patañjali; or, The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind. Courier Dover Publications.