Template:Hinduism Template:Transliteration (Sanskrit: Template:Lang) literally means "free from anger".[1] It's an important virtue in Indian philosophy and Hindu ethics.[2]
Etymology
Template:Transliteration is a fusion word between the Sanskrit prefix Template:Transliteration (Sanskrit: Template:Lang; "without", "non") and the term Template:Transliteration (Sanskrit: Template:Lang; "anger"),[3] meaning "without anger".
A related word is Template:Transliteration (Sanskrit: Template:Lang), which also means "absence of anger".[1]
Discussion
Template:Transliteration is considered a virtue and desirable ethical value in Hinduism. When there is cause of anger but nevertheless there is absence of anger, this is non-anger or Template:Transliteration.[4] Absence of anger (Template:Transliteration) means being calm even when insulted or rebuked, or despite great provocation. Template:Transliteration does not mean absence of causes of anger, it means not getting angry and keeping an even, calm temper despite the circumstances.[5]
Template:Transliteration ("anger") is excessive mental turmoil on account of obstacles interfering with the gratification of some desire; it is manifestation of the quality of Template:Transliteration (dark, negative, destructive), an undesirable psychological state.[6] The opposite of Template:Transliteration is Template:Transliteration: a productive, positive, and constructive state.
Template:Clarify states that Template:Transliteration is necessary for peace and happiness, which is a state of contentment (Template:Transliteration) where there is absence of spite or envy (Template:Transliteration), absence of anger (Template:Transliteration), and absence of violence (Template:Transliteration).[7] Template:Transliteration relies on Template:Transliteration, because it creates an environment of serenity, a rational principle of life, and because it is a moral virtue inspired by love.[8]
Literature
According to Vedic sages, when work becomes akin to a Template:Transliteration (a worship ceremony), the effect of that work is transformed into Template:Transliteration, that is, it becomes something unique, unprecedented, and empowering. In contrast, anger clouds reason, which results in the loss of discrimination between right and wrong and virtue and vice. When the discriminating faculty is ruined, the person loses self-identity and the inner good perishes. With freedom from anger, a person reaches an Template:Transliteration state.[9]
The Upanishads
The Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad states the nature of Template:Transliteration for a person who seeks self-knowledge and liberation (Template:Transliteration) as follows:
Template:Transliteration, states Template:Clarify,[10] is related to the concept Template:Transliteration (Sanskrit: Template:Lang) in the Upanishads. Template:Transliteration means, depending on the context, "to bear", "endure", "suffer", and "put up with".[10] Template:Transliteration is considered an ethical value in Hinduism, not out of Template:Clarify, but for the cause of the Ultimate Truth. It is the attribute by which a person willingly bears what is unpleasant in order to "win over" the opponent or whatever is offensive, in the pursuit of holding on to Truth, in order to achieve oneness with Template:Transliteration, the Ultimate Truth. This endurance, this striving to overcome the adversaries through Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration, is the constructive way to pursue Truth.[10]
The Epics
The Hindu epic Mahabharata repeatedly emphasizes the virtue of Template:Transliteration. For example, in Adi Parva, it states:[11]
In Vana Parva, the Mahabharata states:[12]
In Shanti Parva, the Mahabharata states:[13]
The Bhagavad Gita (Slokas XVI.1–3), in the Mahabharata, gives a list of twenty-six divine attributes beginning with Template:Transliteration ("fearlessness") and Template:Transliteration ("purity of mind"), ending with Template:Transliteration ("bearing enmity to none") and Template:Transliteration ("absence of arrogance"), and including Template:Transliteration:[14]
Dharmasastra
Manu listed Template:Transliteration among the ten primary virtues. The Apastambhadharmasutra (I.iii.22) rules that a student be not given to anger, and that a house-holder abstains from anger and from action or words that would provoke someone else to anger (II.xviii.2). The Baudhayanadharmasutra (I.xv.30) requires a house-holder never to be angry, and the Gautamdharmasutra (II.13) advises that he must not feel angry. The Vashisthadharmasutra (IV.4) avers that refraining from anger is a virtue like truthfulness or charity.[15]
Manu mentions ten Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration is one of these Template:Transliteration (attribute, sign of a dharmic person). The other nine are: Template:Transliteration (patience), Template:Transliteration (forgiveness), Template:Transliteration (temperance), Template:Transliteration (non-stealing), Template:Transliteration (purity), Template:Transliteration (freedom from sensual craving), Template:Transliteration (reason), Template:Transliteration (knowledge), and Template:Transliteration (truth).[16]
Shaivism
The Shaivite doctrine considers four Template:Transliteration for the Pashupata ascetic who smears on his body Template:Transliteration. These four Template:Transliteration are – non-injury, celibacy, truthfulness, and non-stealing; the Template:Transliteration consist of non-irritability (Template:Transliteration), attendance on the teachers, purity, lightness of diet, and carefulness (Template:Transliteration). Template:Transliteration is a virtue.[17]
Universalism
Hinduism and Buddhism both suggest ten freedoms needed for good life.[18] These are – Ahimsa ('freedom from violence'), Asteya ('freedom from want, stealing'), Aparigraha ('freedom from exploitation'), Amritava ('freedom from early death') and Arogya ('freedom from disease'), Akrodha ('freedom of anger'), Jnana or Vidya ("freedom from ignorance"), Pravrtti ("freedom of conscience"), Abhaya ('freedom from fear') and Dhrti ('freedom from frustration and despair').[18]
See also
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 akrodhah. Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
- ↑ Hinduism: Analytical Study{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Mittal Publications(1993). ISBN 978-81-7099-388-9
- ↑ krodha. Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary.
- ↑ Integrated Development Plan for India{{#if:Gupta|, Gupta}. Concept Publishing(1992). ISBN 9788170224112
- ↑ Bhagavad Gita{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Llumina Press. ISBN 9781605948775
- ↑ Shrimad Bhagavad Gita{{#if:Anand|, Anand}. Arpana publications(2000). ISBN 9788186338322
- ↑ Spirituality and Indian Psychology{{#if:Bhawuk|, Bhawuk}. Springer(2011). ISBN 978-1-4419-8109-7
- ↑ Hinduism: Analytical Study{{#if:Mohapatra|, Mohapatra}. Mittal Publications(1993). ISBN 9788170993889
- ↑ The Hindu Mind{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. New Age Books(2001). ISBN 9788178220079
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Consciousness, Indian Psychology, and Yoga{{#if:Manickam|, Manickam}. Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture(2004). ISBN 978-81-87586-17-3
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmndap - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmndap2 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedmndap3 - ↑ Srimadbhagavadgita Tattvavivecani{{#if:Goyandaka|, Goyandaka}. Gita Press(2013)
- ↑ A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Concept Publishing(2008). ISBN 9788180695445
- ↑ Dharmic Education: A Panacea for Social Evils in Emerging Economies. Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies({Template:Year).
- ↑ A History of Indian Philosophy{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Motilal Banarsidass(1975). ISBN 9788120804166
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 The History of Human Rights{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(2 June 2008). ISBN 9780520256415
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