| Jalandhar district | |
|---|---|
|
[[File:|250x250px|frameless|center]] | |
| Settlement type | District of Punjab |
| Country | India |
| State | |
| District | |
| Subdivision | |
Jalandhar district is a district in Doaba region of the state of Punjab, India. The district headquarters is the city of Jalandhar.
Before the Partition of India, Jalandhar was also the headquarters of the Jalandhar Division, with constituent districts Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ferozepur and Kangra. The entire Jalandhar Division was awarded to India when Punjab was partitioned.[1]
History
Classical
Parmar Rajputs established ancient city of Jalandhar in the 7th century, which is presently known as Jalandhar district. The City consistently had to deter invasion, which were endeavours of invaders.
Jalandhar was the site of the Katoch Rajput kingdom of Jalandhara, also known as Trigartta. The date of its founding is unclear, but its presence is observed by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang in the seventh century, and Kalhana records the defeat of Prithvi Chandra Raja of Trigartta by Sankara Varmma of Kashmir towards the end of the ninth century.[2]
Medieval
Jalandhar became part of the Persianate Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of Ibrahim Shah sometime between 1058 and 1098, and by 1240, it was a fief of the Delhi Sultanate.[2] In 1298, an army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan defeated in battle, and forced the retreat of invading Mongols of the Chagatai Khanate.[2]
The sack and plunder of Delhi by Timur in 1398 gravely weakened the Delhi Sultanate and ushered in a period of lawlessness in the country. In 1416, the governor of Jalandhar, Malik Tughan assassinated the governor of Sirhind, and later rebelled against Khizr Khan, before being defeated.[2] In the following years Jasrath Khokhar led a series of raids across Jalandhar as he challenged the authority of the Sultan.[2] In 1441, Jalandhar came under the authority of Bahlol Lodi who was appointed governor of Lahore province. Lodi made peace with Jasrath, rebelled and in 1450 became sovereign of Delhi.[2]
Early modern
Mughal
When Babur invaded northern India in 1524 he granted the jagir of Jalandhar to Daulat Khan Lodi at whose instigation he had come.[2] The following year Lodi revolted and was defeated by Babur. In 1540, Babur's son Humayun was expelled by Sher Shah Suri and Jalandhar became part of the Sur Empire. On Humayun's return in 1555, Jalandhar was occupied by his general Bairam Khan and later Akbar. While Akbar had moved east to fight Hemu, Sikandar Suri defeated Khizr Khan, governor of Lahore, at Chamiari in the north of the district.[2] On Akbar's return to Jalandhar, Mughal hegemony was re-established.
With the regaining of Humayun, Muslim tribes such as Baloch, Syed and Arain who were settled in Sindh and Balochistan migrated to the Jalandhar Doaba region.
During Akbar's reign, the city of Jalandhar became one of his mint cities. In 1594, the town of Kartarpur was founded by Guru Arjan on land granted by Akbar.[3] The reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan saw significant improvements to the region's infrastructure, and many villages were founded.[2] The town of Phillaur dates from this period, when it was selected for one of the serais on the Delhi to Lahore road, while the town of Nurmahal was re-established by Jahangir's consort Nur Jahan, who is believed to have been raised there. Mughal administrative authority in Jalandhar lasted into the reign of Muhammad Shah, evidenced by the significant number of land grants in the district issued by the Emperor.[2]
Durrani
Nader Shah's invasion of India, culminating in the sack of Delhi in 1739, effectively ended Mughal imperial power. During his fourth invasion, Nurmahal was plundered and its inhabitants slaughtered.[2] In 1756, Adina Beg, Arain settled in Jalandhar, assisted militarily by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, defeated Sarbuland Khan, the Afghan general and captured Jalandhar. In 1758, the Mahrattas, at the instigation of Adina Beg, invaded the Punjab, defeating the Afghans, and installing Adina Beg as governor of the entire province.[2] Adina Beg died in 1759, and in 1761 the Afghans returned, taking control of the Punjab, and driving out the Mahrattas.[2]
Sikh
The death of Adina Beg coincided with the start of increasing Sikh influence in Jalandhar, with many sardars dating the acquisition of their estates from 1759.[2] The Dallewalia Misl, one of twelve Sikh Misls that came to dominate the Punjab during this period originated in the southern extremities of the district. In 1766 the Faizullapuria Misl of Khushal Singh captured the town of Jalandhar and thereafter entrenched their power in the district.[4]
In 1811, Ranjit Singh despatched Dewan Mokham Chand to annexe Faizullapuria dominions in Jalandhar. By August that year, Budh Singh, son of Khushal Singh, had fled and Jalandhar came under the control of Lahore and part of the Sikh Empire.[4] The petty sardars of the district were gradually ousted from their estates, and were replaced by the direct management of the Sikh governors.[4]
Modern
British
During both the First Anglo-Sikh War and Second Anglo-Sikh War no significant battle took place in Jalandhar.[2] Following the British victory in 1846, Jalandhar was ceded to the East India Company becoming part of the Trans Sutlej States.[5]
When the Indian Rebellion of 1857 began, Jalandhar was strategically important as a main line of communication between the Punjab and Delhi.[2] Incidents of mutiny originated in Jalandhar and Phillaur cantonments, however they were suppressed by the 8th Foot who in turn were strengthened by troops provided by Randhir Singh of Kapurthala, John Nicholson's moveable column and the Tiwana horse under Sher Muhammad Khan.[6]
In 1858, Jalandhar became part of the British Raj and in 1863 became administratively part of Punjab province.[2]
The first case of the plague in the Punjab was reported in the village of Khatkar Kalan in 1897.[7]
Partition
In early 1947, communal tensions heightened in Jalandhar and across the Punjab.[8] In March riots occurred in the district following speeches made by Congress and Sikh leaders at Lahore.[8] In June 1947, the Indian Independence Act 1947 stipulated the partition of the Punjab, and on 17 August the Radcliffe Line was announced, placing Jalandhar in the new Dominion of India.[9] As Jalandhar had a Muslim plurality at the time (45.23 per cent per the 1941 census)[10] it led to significant demographic change in the district, with the Muslim population becoming refugees in Pakistan, and an influx of Hindus and Sikhs arriving having abandoned their homes in the new Pakistan.[9]
Administration
The district is divided into five tehsils:
In addition there are a further five sub-tehsils:[11]
Constituencies
Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 13 Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab.
There are also nine Punjab Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the district:[12]
- Adampur, Jalandhar Cantt, Jalandhar Central, Jalandhar North, Jalandhar West, Kartarpur, Nakodar, Phillaur, and Shahkot
MLA
| No. | Constituency | Name of MLA | Party | Bench | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | Phillaur (SC) | Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary | Template:Full party name with color | Opposition | |
| 31 | Nakodar | Inderjit Kaur Mann | Template:Full party name with color | Government | |
| 32 | Shahkot | Hardev Singh Laddi | Template:Full party name with color | Opposition | |
| 33 | Kartarpur (SC) | Balkar Singh | Template:Full party name with color | Government | |
| 34 | Jalandhar West (SC) | Mohinder Bhagat | Template:Full party name with color | Government | |
| 35 | Jalandhar Central | Raman Arora | Template:Full party name with color | Government | |
| 36 | Jalandhar North | Avtar Singh Junior | Template:Full party name with color | Opposition | |
| 37 | Jalandhar Cantonment | Pargat Singh | Template:Full party name with color | Opposition | |
| 38 | Adampur (SC) | Sukhwinder Singh Kotli | Template:Full party name with color | Opposition | |
Villages
Template:Main Template:Div col
- Abadan, Jalandhar
- Achan Chak
- Adagil
- Addhi Khuyi
- Ade Kali
- Adhi, Jalandhar
- Adraman
- Aemakazi
- Aidalpur
- Ajtani
- Akalpur
- Akbarpur Kalan
- Akbarpur Khurd
- Akhara, Bhogpur
- Akuwal
- Aladinpur
- Alamgir, Bhogpur
- Alampur, Jalandhar
- Alewali
- Ali Chak
- Ali Khel, Jalandhar
- Alipur-1
- Alipur-2
- Aliwal, Jalandhar
- Allowal
- Ambgarh
- Ambia Tohva
- Angi Kiri
- Anihar
- Apra, Punjab
- Arjanwal
- Ashahoor
- Ashaur
- Athola
- Atta, Jalandhar
- Atti, Jalandhar
- Aujla
- Aujla Dhak
- Aulakh, Nakodar
- Awan Chaharmi
- Awan Khalsa
- Baloki
- Chachowal
- Chananpur
- Chandpur[13]
- Chuhan
- Chukhiara[14]
- Damudarpur[15]
- Dhandaur
- Dhandauri
- Dhandwar
- Dhepur
- Diwali
- Ghurial
- Goalpind
- Hardo Pharala
- Hazara
- Isharwal
- Jago Sangha[16]
- Jalbhe
- Kandola
- Kandola Khurd
- Kapur Pind
- Kathar
- Khojpur[17]
- Kot Kalan
- Kotli Jamiat Singh
- Kotli Sheikhan
- Lesariwala
- Mander
- Mianwal Araian[18]
- Nagra
- Nawan Qila
- Partappura
- Sagarpur[19]
- Salaich
- Sanoura
- Sarnana[20]
- Satowali
- Sattowali
- Sitalpur
- Sundar Tatar[21]
Demographics
Template:Historical populations
According to the 2011 census Jalandhar district has a population of 21,93,590[22] roughly equal to the nation of Latvia[23] or the US state of New Mexico.[24] This gives it a ranking of 208th in India (out of a total of 640).[22] The district has a population density of Template:Convert .[22] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11.16%.[22] Jalandhar has a sex ratio of 913 females for every 1000 males,[22] and a literacy rate of 91.4%. Scheduled Castes made up 38.95% of the population.[22]
Gender
The table below shows the sex ratio of Jalandhar district through decades.
| Census year | Ratio |
|---|---|
| 2011 | 915 |
| 2001 | 887 |
| 1991 | 897 |
| 1981 | 890 |
| 1971 | 883 |
| 1961 | 867 |
| 1951 | 857 |
| 1941 | 859 |
| 1931 | 841 |
| 1921 | 807 |
| 1911 | 783 |
| 1901 | 848 |
The table below shows the child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in the rural and urban areas of Jalandhar district.
| Year | Urban | Rural |
|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 865 | 885 |
| 2001 | 793 | 817 |
Religion
Hinduism is the majority religion. In rural areas, Hindus and Sikhs are in roughly equal proportions, but in urban areas, Hindus are predominant.[27]
| Religious group |
2011[27] | |
|---|---|---|
| [[Population|Template:Abbr]] | Template:Abbr | |
| Hinduism File:Om.svg | 1,394,329 | Template:Percentage |
| Sikhism File:Khanda.svg | 718,363 | Template:Percentage |
| Islam File:Star and Crescent.svg | 30,233 | Template:Percentage |
| Christianity File:Christian cross.svg | 26,016 | Template:Percentage |
| Others | 24,649 | Template:Percentage |
| Total Population | 2,193,590 | Template:Percentage |
The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Jalandhar district.
| Religion | Urban (2011) | Rural (2011) | Urban (2001) | Rural (2001) | Urban (1991) | Rural (1991) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hindu | 8,63,936 | 5,30,393 | 6,72,889 | 4,85,979 | 4,60,102 | 5,09,318 |
| Sikh | 2,52,274 | 4,66,089 | 2,30,709 | 5,10,132 | 1,42,700 | 6,00,666 |
| Muslim | 14,363 | 12,408 | 9,835 | 9,092 | 4,452 | 4,048 |
| Christian | 17,825 | 11,653 | 8,216 | 12,271 | 1,381 | 7,231 |
| Other religions | 14,363 | 11,876 | 9,835 | 13,243 | 4,452 | 720 |
| Tehsil | Hinduism (%) | Sikhism (%) | Islam (%) | Christianity (%) | Others (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shahkot | 31.84 | 66.51 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 0.29 |
| Nakodar | 52.71 | 44.07 | 1.27 | 1.10 | 0.85 |
| Phillaur | 61.86 | 34.17 | 1.39 | 0.43 | 2.15 |
| Jalandhar - I | 72.66 | 23.34 | 1.50 | 1.36 | 1.14 |
| Jalandhar - II | 55.91 | 40.48 | 1.43 | 1.74 | 0.44 |
.svg){kind=link}
Language
At the time of the 2011 census, 88.15% of the population spoke Punjabi and 9.83% Hindi as their first language. Hindi is predominantly spoken in urban areas.[38]
Health
The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Jalandhar, as of year 2020.
| Indicators | Number of children (<5 years) | Percent (2020) | Percent (2016) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stunted | 38,536 | 25% | 29% |
| Wasted | 15,967 | 10% | 17% |
| Severely wasted | 6,834 | 4% | 6% |
| Underweight | 25,877 | 17% | 25% |
| Overweight/obesity | 2,827 | 2% | 1% |
| Anemia | 96,595 | 69% | 60% |
| Total children | 155,323 |
The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Jalandhar of women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, as of year 2020.
| Indicators | Number of women (15–49 years) | Percent (2020) | Percent (2016) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m^2) | 85,534 | 12% | 7% |
| Overweight/obesity | 347,827 | 48% | 27% |
| Hypertension | 234,262 | 33% | 12% |
| Diabetes | 128,120 | 18% | NA |
| Anemia (non-preg) | 412,752 | 57% | 54% |
| Anemia (preg) | NA | NA | 49% |
| Total women (preg) | 35,199 | ||
| Total women | 720,586 |
The table below shows the number of road accidents and people affected in Jalandhar district by year.
| Year | Accidents | Killed | Injured | Vehicles Involved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 273 | 197 | 127 | 456 |
| 2021 | 354 | 306 | 127 | 415 |
| 2020 | 317 | 223 | 155 | 381 |
| 2019 | 380 | 322 | 163 | 463 |
Economy
Jalandhar has a major sports items manufacturing industry. It produces around 90% of all sports items produced in Punjab.[41]
Notable people
- Hoon Balakram, a mathematician, civil servant and Bombay High Court judge
- Prakash Chandra Sood, a nuclear physicist and professor and receiver of Padam Shri
- Harminder Dua, an Indian-British medical doctor and prominent researcher in the field of ophthalmology, known for discovery of a previously unknown layer of the human cornea now called Dua's layer
- Guru Prakash Dutta, a cell biologist and immunologist, known for his contributions to experimental protozoology and immunology
- Satya Paul Agarwal, an neurosurgeon, academician, public health administrator, secretary general of the Indian Red Cross Society and recipient of Padam Bhushan award
- Satinder Singh, a 400-meter hurdle athlete
- Fauja Singh, a British marathon runner
- Davinder Singh Kang, a javelin throw athlete
- Diljit Dosanjh, a singer and actor
- Achal Kumar Jyoti, a retired IAS officer who served as 21st Chief Election Commissioner of India from 6 July 2017 to 23 January 2018
- Dilbagh Singh, the head of the Indian Air Force from 1981 to 1984, as Chief of the Air Staff
- Malkiat Singh (IPS) - Former DGP and Chairman UPPSC
- Iqbal Preet Singh Sahota - Former DGP Punjab Police
- Sukhjeet Singh - Indian field hockey player
- Harbhajan Singh - Indian Cricket Player
References
- ↑ Jalandhar Division. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 Government of Punjab, Punjab District Gazetteers, Volume XIV A. Jullundur District, with maps, 1904, Lahore, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1908
- ↑ Harish Dhillon, Janamsakhis, Ageless Stories, Timeless Values, Hay House, 2015
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sir William Wilson Hunter, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Trübner & Company, 1885, p.85
- ↑ History, Institutions and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India (BREAD Working Paper No. 003){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Bureau for Research in Economic Analysis of Development(January 2003)
- ↑ Cannon, Cannon & Cunningham (1883), pp. 103
- ↑ James, C. H., Report on the outbreak of plague in the Jullundur and Hoshiarpur districts of the Punjab, 1897-98, 1898
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3, Cambridge University Press, 1998
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Palgrave Macmillan UK(22 August 1990). ISBN 978-1-349-20942-2
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ↑ Welcome to Official Website of Jalandhar Divisional Commissioner, Punjab. commissionerjalandhar.gov.in. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ↑ Constituencies | Jalandhar Web Portal | India.
- ↑ Village population per Census India.
- ↑ Village Population per Census India.
- ↑ Village Population per Census India.
- ↑ Village Population per Census India.
- ↑ Village Population per Census India.
- ↑ Mianwal Araian Village Population - Shahkot - Jalandhar, Punjab.
- ↑ Sagarpur Village Population - Phillaur - Jalandhar, Punjab. www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
- ↑ Sarnana Population - Jalandhar, Punjab. www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ↑ Sundar Tatar Population per Census 2011.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 District Census Hand Book – Jalandhar. Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ↑ Country Comparison:Population. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ↑ 2010 Resident Population Data. U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- ↑ District-wise Decadal Sex ratio in Punjab. Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ↑ District-wise Rural and Urban Child Population (0-6 years) and their sex ratio in Punjab. Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab. censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ↑ Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022).
- ↑ Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I.. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II.. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III.. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province.]. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ↑ Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ↑ Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ↑ Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ↑ Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Punjab. censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 District Nutrition Profile - Jalandhar, Punjab. www.niti.gov.in. Poshan(March 2022).
- ↑ Road Accidents in Punjab. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ↑ Jalandhar Industries.
External links
Template:Jalandhar district Template:Punjab (India) Template:Authority control