| Doab | |
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| Settlement type | Natural region |
| Country | India |
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Doab (Template:IPAc-en) is a term used in South Asia[1] for the tract[2][1] of land lying between two confluent rivers. It is similar to an interfluve.[3] In the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor refers to its Persian origin in defining it as do-āb (Template:Lang, literally "two [bodies of] water") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers."
Template:Anchor Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar
Template:Main Template:See also
Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into doabs (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, khadir and bangar. The regions of the doabs near the rivers consist of low-lying, floodplains, but usually, very fertile khadir and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of bangar, less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.[4][5]
Khadir may also be called nali or naili in northern Haryana, where it refers to the fertile prairie tract between the Ghaggar river and the southern limits of the Saraswati channel depression, which gets flooded during the rainy season.[6]
Within bangar area, the barani is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation.[7] Bagar tract, an example of barani land, is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.[7] Nahri is any canal-irrigated land,[6] for example, the Rangoi tract which is an area irrigated by the Rangoi channel/canal made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.[8][9]
Historically, villages in the doabs have been officially classified as khadir, khadir-bangar (i.e. mixed) or bangar for many centuries, and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.[10][11]
Template:Anchor The Doab
The Doab designates the flat alluvial tract between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers extending from the Sivalik Hills to the two rivers' confluence at Prayagraj. It is also called as Ganges-Yamuna Doab or Ganga Doab. The region has an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km); it is approximately Template:Convert in length and Template:Convert in width.[12]
The British Raj divided the Doab into three administrative districts, viz., Upper Doab (Meerut), Middle Doab (Agra) and Lower Doab (Allahabad).[12]Template:Citation needed
Currently the following states and districts form part of The Doab:[12]
Upper Doab
Main article : Upper Doab
Saharanpur, Shamli, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Gautam Buddh Nagar and Bulandshahr
Central or Middle Doab
Etah, Kasganj, Aligarh, Agra, Hathras, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura is in the trans-Yamuna region of Braj.
Lower Doab
Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur (Urban & Rural), Fatehpur, Kaushambi and Allahabad.[13]
The Punjab Doabs
Each of the tracts of land lying between the confluent rivers of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India has a distinct name, said to have been coined by Raja Todar Mal, a minister of the Mughal emperor Akbar. The names (except for "Indus Sagar") are a combination of the first letters, in the Persian alphabet, of the names of the rivers that bound the Doab. For example, "Chaj" (Template:Lang) = Chanāb (Template:Lang, "Chenab") + Jehlam (Template:Lang, "Jhelum"). The names are from east to west.Template:Citation needed
Sind Sagar Doab
The Sind Sagar Doab lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.Template:Citation needed
Chaj Doab
Template:Main article The Chaj Doab lies between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers.Template:Citation needed
Rachna Doab
Template:Main article The Rachna Doab (considerable portion of the Rechna Doab is Majha[14]) lies between the Chenab and the Ravi rivers.Template:Citation needed
Bari Doab
Template:Main Template:See also The Bari Doab (considerable portion of the Bari Doab is Majha[14]) lies between the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers.Template:Citation needed
Bist Doab
Template:Main article The Bist Doab (or Doaba) - between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers.Template:Citation needed
Other doabs
Raichur Doab
Template:Main article The Raichur Doab is the triangular region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states which lies between the Krishna River and its tributary the Tungabhadra River, named for the town of Raichur.Template:Citation needed
See also
- Ap (water)
- Interamnia, an ancient Latin placename, meaning "between rivers"
- Mesopotamia, in Template:Langx '[land] between rivers'.
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 doab or duab, n.. OED Online, Oxford University Press(March 2014). Quote: "Originally and chiefly in South Asia: (the name of) a strip or narrow tract of land between two rivers; spec. (with) the area between the rivers Ganges and Jumna in northern India."
- ↑ doab or duab, n.. OED Online, Oxford University Press(March 2014). Quote: "confluence, land between two rivers, used in India of the tongue of land between the Ganges and Jumna, and of similar tracts in the Punjab, etc., lit. ‘two waters’ "
- ↑ Doab.. Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged.. Quote: " a tract of land between two rivers : interfluve"
- ↑ Pakistan: Soils. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
- ↑ Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT, Khas Khabar. 7 Dec 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908", British Raj, page 288.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 E. Walter Coward, 1980, "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences", Cornell University press, Template:ISBN.
- ↑ 1987, "gazetteer of India: Hisar District" Template:Webarchive, page 7.
- ↑ 1987, "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987" Template:Webarchive, Government of Haryana, page 162.]
- ↑ Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District. Government of India.
- ↑ Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District. Government of India, 1882.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ganges-Yamuna Doab, Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ↑ Archaeology Of Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab 2 Volumes.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kakshi, S.R.; Pathak, Rashmi; Pathak, S.R.Bakshi R. (2007-01-01). Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. Template:ISBN. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
References
- The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
Template:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh Template:GeoSouthAsia Template:PunjabGeography Template:Historical regions of North India