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Andhra Pradesh, retrospectively referred to as United Andhra Pradesh or Undivided Andhra Pradesh, was a state in India formed by States Reorganisation Act, 1956 with Hyderabad as its capital and was reorganised by Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. The state was made up of three distinct cultural regions of Telangana, Rayalaseema, and Coastal Andhra. Before the 1956 reorganisation, Telangana had been part of Hyderabad State, whereas Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra had been part of Andhra State, formerly a part of Madras Presidency of British India.
Creation of United Andhra Pradesh
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 30 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[1] On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the then-existing Hyderabad State.[2] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State which later bifurcated in Gujarat and Maharashtra and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State which was later renamed as Karnataka.[3]
In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years.[4] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India.[5] Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 have long been pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the supreme court constitutional bench.[6][7]
The Visalandhra, Vishalandhra or Vishala Andhra was a movement in post-independence India for a united state for all Telugu speakers, a Greater Andhra (Telugu: విశాలాంధ్ర Viśālāndhra). This movement was led by the Communist Party of India under the banner of Andhra Mahasabha with a demand to merge all the Telugu-speaking areas into one state. Template:Citation needed (The Communist Party of India demanded the formation of similar linguistic states across India.) The movement succeeded and a separate state of Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (Telangana) with Andhra State on 1 November 1956 as part of the States Reorganisation Act. (Andhra State had been previously carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953.) However, on 2 June 2014, Telangana State separated again from Andhra Pradesh and the Vishalandhra movement came to an end. The residual Andhra Pradesh now has approximately the same borders.
History
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Potti Sreeramulu, whose fast unto death in 1952 led to the formation of Andhra State
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Nagarjuna Sagar Dam (completed in 1967)
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Mee Seva office (initial launch of the E-Seva Project in 2001)
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As the city of Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a committee with Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya was constituted. The committee recommended that Andhra State could be formed provided the Andhras gave up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai). After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. Tanguturi Prakasam became the first chief minister. Based on the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956, the States Reorganisation Act created Andhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956.[8]
The Indian National Congress (INC) ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first chief minister. Among other chief ministers, P. V. Narasimha Rao is known for implementing land reforms and land ceiling acts and securing a reservation for lower castes in politics.[9] Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, completed in 1967, and Srisailam Dam, completed in 1981, are some of the irrigation projects that helped increase the production of paddy in the state.[10]
In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections, and N. T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time after launching his party just nine months earlier.[11] This broke the long-time single-party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. He transformed the sub-district administration by forming mandals in place of earlier taluks, removing hereditary village heads, and appointing non-hereditary village revenue assistants.[12] The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha elections in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus, Naidu held the record for the longest-serving chief minister (1995–2004) of the united Andhra Pradesh.[13] He introduced e-governance by launching e-Seva centres in 2001 for paperless and speedy delivery of government services. He is credited with transforming Hyderabad into an IT hub by providing incentives for tech companies to set up centres.[14]
In 2004, Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face, YS Rajashekara Reddy, better known as YSR. The main emphasis during Reddy's tenure was on social welfare schemes such as free electricity for farmers, health insurance, tuition fee reimbursement for the poor, and the national rural employment guarantee scheme. He took over the free emergency ambulance service initiated by a corporation and ran it as a government project. INC won the 2009 elections under the leadership of YSR in April.[15] He was elected chief minister again but was killed in a helicopter crash that occurred in September 2009. He was succeeded by Congressmen Konijeti Rosaiah and Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy; the latter resigned over the impending division of the state to form Telangana.[16]
During its 58 years as a unified state, the state weathered separatist movements from Telangana (1969) and Andhra (1972) successfully.[17] A new party called Telangana Rashtra Samithi, formed in April 2001 by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), reignited the Telangana movement. A joint action committee formed with political parties, government employees, and the general public spearheaded the agitation. When KCR's health deteriorated due to his fast-unto-death undertaking, the central government decided to initiate the process of forming an independent Telangana in December 2009. This triggered the Samaikyandhra movement to keep the state united. The Srikrishna committee was formed to give recommendations on how to deal with the situation. It gave its report in December 2010.[18] The agitations continued for nearly 5 years, with the Telangana side harping on the marginalisation of food culture, language, and unequal economic development and the Samaikyandhra movement focusing on the shared culture, language, customs, and historical unity of Telugu-speaking regions.[19] The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state, comprising ten districts, despite opposition by the state legislature.[20] The bill included the provision to retain Hyderabad as the capital for up to ten years and the provision to ensure access to educational institutions for the same period.[21] The bill received the assent of the president and was published in the gazette on 1 March 2014.[22] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the president of India, with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.[23] The present form of Andhra Pradesh is the same as that of Andhra State, except for Bhadrachalam town, which continues in Telangana.[24] A number of petitions questioning the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act have been pending before the Supreme Court constitutional bench since April 2014.[25]
In the final elections held in the unified state in 2014, the TDP got a mandate in its favour, defeating its nearest rival, the YSR Congress Party, a breakaway faction of the Congress founded by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, son of former Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP, became the chief minister on 8 June 2014.[26] In 2017, the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital, Amaravati, for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.[27][28] Interstate issues with Telangana relating to the division of assets of public sector institutions and organisations of the united state and the division of river waters are not yet resolved.[29][30]
United Andhra Pradesh demographics
Template:Historical populations
List of governors
Data from Andhra Pradesh State Portal.[31]
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List of chief ministers
On 1 November 1956, Hyderabad State ceased to exist; its Gulbarga and Aurangabad divisions were merged into Mysore State and Bombay State respectively. Its remaining Telugu-speaking portion, Telangana, was merged with Andhra State to form the new state of United Andhra Pradesh. Sanjiva Reddy was the first chief minister.
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy of Indian National Congress was the first chief minister of United Andhra Pradesh, N. Chandrababu Naidu of Telugu Desam Party was the longest served chief minister and Bhaskar Rao was the shortest serving both belonging to TDP. Kiran Kumar Reddy of the Indian National Congress was the last chief minister of United Andhra Pradesh.
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List of Deputy chief ministers
The list of deputy chief ministers in the Indian former state of United Andhra Pradesh include:
Keys: Template:Legend2
List of Leaders of opposition in Assembly
In fact N. Chandrababu Naidu is the longest-serving leader of the opposition. He served as leader of opposition in United Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly for a period of 2004 – 2014 in Andhra which includes current day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states N. Chandrababu Naidu is the last leader of opposition of United Andhra Pradesh before its bifurcation.
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Creation of Telangana
After decades of protests and agitations, the central government, under the United Progressive Alliance, decided to bifurcate the existing Andhra Pradesh state and on 2 June 2014, the Union Cabinet unilaterally cleared the bill for the creation of Telangana. Lasting for almost 5 decades, it was one of the longest lasting movements for statehood in South India.[34] On 18 February 2014, the Lok Sabha passed the bill with a voice vote. Subsequently, the bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha two days later, on 20 February.[35] As per the bill, Hyderabad would be the capital of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of the residual state of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. Hyderabad was the de jure joint capital. On 2 June 2014, Telangana was created with Hyderabad as its capital
The Telangana movement refers to a movement for the creation of a state, Telangana, from the pre-existing state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The new state corresponds to the Telugu-speaking portions of the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad.
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Post-Independence Era, then and now. aponline.gov.in. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ↑ Know Hyderabad: History. Pan India Network. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ↑ How Andhra Pradesh celebrated its formation day. Live Mint(1 November 2013). Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ↑ The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. India Code Legislative Department. Ministry of Law and Justice(1 March 2014). Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ↑ Telangana State to Be Born on June 2. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ↑ Supreme court refers Telangana petitions to constitution bench. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- ↑ The story of India's 29th State — Telangana. The Hindu(1 June 2016). Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ↑ Post-independence era, then and now. aponline.gov.in. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Irrigation development in Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ↑ N.T. Rama Rao: A timeline. The Hindu(28 May 2017). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ↑ The mandal System in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Economic & Political Weekly({Template:Date).
- ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ KTR's admission: Chandrababu Naidu helped IT grow in Hyderabad. Economic Times(15 December 2017). Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ↑ YSR: From aggressive politician to mass leader. The Hindu(3 September 2009). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ↑ Kiran beats PV, Rosaiah, Anjaiah in tenure. The Hindu(25 November 2012). Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ↑ Bitter memories. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ↑ Committee for consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh Report{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2010)
- ↑ A state that must fulfil a higher purpose. The Hindu(31 July 2013). Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ↑ A challenge to Indian federalism. The Hindu(28 October 2013). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ↑ The Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act, 2014{{#if:ICLD|, ICLD}. Ministry of Law and Justice(2014)
- ↑ The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ↑ Telangana state formation gazette. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ↑ Explained: Why was Andhra's three-capital act controversial. NDTV.com. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
- ↑ Supreme court refers Telangana petitions to constitution bench. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
- ↑ CBN to be sworn as CM of Andhra on June 8th. Deccan-Journal. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ↑ Andhra Pradesh to get new capital Amaravati today, PM Modi to inaugurate. NDTV(22 October 2015). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ↑ Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates new Andhra Pradesh assembly. India Today(2 March 2017). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ↑ Explained : The stalemate between Telangana and AP. The Hindu(10 January 2023). Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ↑ Explained : The Telangana- Andhra Pradesh water dispute. The Hindu(23 May 2023). Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ↑ List of Governors. AP State Portal. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
- ↑ Raja Narasimha is deputy CM. The Times of India(11 June 2011). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ↑ Andhra Pradesh to be under President's Rule. The Hindu(28 February 2014). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ↑ Cabinet clears Telangana Bill. The Hindu(7 February 2014). Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ↑ Lok Sabha passes Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Bill. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 18 February 2014.