Jasmine

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About: the plant genus

For other uses, see Jasmine (given name).

other uses

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File:Jasmine .jpg
Common jasmine

Jasmine (botanical name: Jasminum, pronounced Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell)[1] is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae.[2][3][4]Template:Rp It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania.[4]Template:Rp Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers.

The village of Shubra Beloula in Egypt grows most of the jasmine used by the global perfume industry.[5]

Description

Template:More citations needed section Jasmine can be either deciduous or evergreen, and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. The leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

The flowers are typically around Template:Convert in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.[4][6]

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52).[4]Template:Additional citation needed

Distribution and habitat

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia within Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[7][8][9] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[10]

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula.[4][11]

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[12][13] Jasminum polyanthum, also known as pink jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[14]

Etymology

The name comes from Old French jessemin, from Template:Langx[15] which is derived from the Middle Persian word Template:Lang and Template:Lang (Template:Lang) in Arabic.[16][17] The word entered Middle French around 1570 and was first used in English in 16th century England.[17] The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, Jasminum.[18]

Taxonomy

Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[4] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[19]

File:Jasmine Rose photo.jpg

Species

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Species include:[20] Template:Div col

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Jasmonates

Template:Main Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[21] Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.[22]

Cultural importance

Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.[23] It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.[24] Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.[25] They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[26][27] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.[28]

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

Symbolism

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

Other plants called "jasmine"

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References

  1. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1995)
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named POWO
  3. ↑ Jasminum L.. World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium(2023). Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. New India Publishing(2006). ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6
  5. ↑ Shubra Beloula: The tiny Egyptian village few know
  6. ↑ A Modern Herbal
  7. ↑ Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.
  8. ↑ Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Jacana Media(2002). ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6
  9. ↑ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
  10. ↑ Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. National Institute Of Industrial Research(2005). ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3
  11. ↑ Template:GRIN
  12. ↑ Template:PLANTS
  13. ↑ Template:PLANTS
  14. ↑ Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum.
  15. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
  16. ↑ Definition of Jasmine. Merriam-Webster(2021-10-23). Retrieved 2022-01-20.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jasmine. Online Etymology Dictionary(2022).
  18. ↑ The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Royal Horticultural Society(2019). ISBN 978-1-78472-677-5
  19. ↑ Jasminum L.. Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  20. ↑ Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  21. ↑ Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin. Helv Chim Acta({Template:Year).
  22. ↑ Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science({Template:Year).
  23. ↑ What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower?. Earth.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  24. ↑ Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding. Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  25. ↑ 10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club. www.gardenloversclub.com(22 February 2020). Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  26. ↑ Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin, Michael, Ayari. Témoignage chrétien. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  27. ↑ La révolution par le feu et par un clic. Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com(2011-02-25). Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  28. ↑ Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age. International Area Studies Review({Template:Date).
  29. ↑ Damascus, the City of Jasmine. Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France(23 February 2017). Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  30. ↑ 7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique. Hawaii Magazine(1 May 2018). Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  31. ↑ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993 Template:Webarchive
  32. ↑ Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird, Akhtar, Moin. ILM.com.pk(26 October 2020). Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  33. ↑ Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita. National Museum of the Philippines(10 November 2021). Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  34. ↑ Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers. Gardening Tips | Flower Wiki(2017-01-03). Retrieved 2019-04-25.
  35. ↑ علت نامگذاری حضرت زهرا (س) به گل یاس و مهدی موعود (عج) به گل نرگس چیست ؟ التماس دها (i.e.: What is the reason for naming Hazrat Zahra (PBUH) after the jasmine flower and the Promised Mahdi (PBUH) after the narcissus flower?)

Further reading

  • Jasminum Linn. Flora of Pakistan.
  • The World in So Many Words{{#if:Metcalf|, Metcalf}. Houghton Mifflin(1999). ISBN 0-395-95920-9

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