Eurasia

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Eurasia (Template:IPAc-en) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.[1][2] Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago and the Russian Far East in the east. The continental landmass is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Africa to the west, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and by Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean to the south.[3] The division between Europe and Asia as two continents is a historical social construct, as many of their borders are over land; thus, in some parts of the world, Eurasia is recognized as the largest of the six, five, or four continents on Earth.[2] In geology, Eurasia is often considered as a single rigid megablock. However, the rigidity of Eurasia is debated based on paleomagnetic data.[4][5]

Eurasia covers around Template:Convert, or around 36.2% of the Earth's total land area; and is home to the largest country in the world, Russia. The landmass contains well over 5 billion people, equating to approximately 70% of the human population. Humans first settled in Eurasia between 60,000 and 125,000 years ago. Some major islands, including Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, and Sri Lanka, as well as those of Japan, the Philippines, and most of Indonesia, are often included in the popular definition of Eurasia, despite being separate from the contiguous landmass.

According to some geographers physiographically, Eurasia is a single continent.[2] The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity, and their borders are geologically arbitrary and have historically been subjected to occasional change. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and Eurasia is sometimes combined with Africa to make the largest contiguous landmass on Earth called Afro-Eurasia.[6] Due to the vast landmass and differences in latitude, Eurasia exhibits all types of climate under the Köppen classification, including the harshest types of hot and cold temperatures, high and low precipitation and various types of ecosystems.

Geology

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File:Mongols-map.png
The boundary of the 13th century Mongol Empire and location of today's Mongols in modern Mongolia, Russia and China.

Eurasia formed between 375 and 325 million years ago with the merging of Siberia, Kazakhstania, and Baltica, which was joined to Laurentia, now North America, to form Euramerica. Chinese cratons collided with Siberia's southern coast.

History

Template:Main article Eurasia has been the host of many ancient civilizations, including those based in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and China. In the Axial Age (mid-first millennium BC), a continuous belt of civilizations stretched through the Eurasian subtropical zone from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This belt became the mainstream of world history for two millennia.

Geopolitics

Originally, “Eurasia” is a geographical notion: in this sense, it is simply the biggest continent; the combined landmass of Europe and Asia. However, geopolitically, the word has several meanings, reflecting specific geopolitical interests.[7] “Eurasia” is one of the most important geopolitical concepts and it figures prominently in the commentaries on the ideas of Halford Mackinder. As Zbigniew Brzezinski observed on Eurasia:

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The Russian "Eurasianism" corresponded initially more or less to the land area of Imperial Russia in 1914, including parts of Eastern Europe.[8] One of Russia's main geopolitical interests lies in ever closer integration with those countries that it considers part of “Eurasia.”[9] This concept is further integrated with communist eschatology by author Alexander Dugin as the guiding principle of "self-sufficiency of a large space" during expansion.[10]

The term Eurasia gained geopolitical reputation as one of the three superstates in 1984,[11] George Orwell's[12] novel where constant surveillance and propaganda are strategic elements (introduced as reflexive antagonists) of the heterogeneous dispositif such metapolitical constructs used to control and exercise power.[13]

File:EEA CES.PNG
Single markets in European and post-Soviet countries; European Economic Area and Common Economic Space

Regional organisations and alliances

Across Eurasia, several single markets have emerged including the Eurasian Economic Space, European Single Market, ASEAN Economic Community and the Gulf Cooperation Council. There are also several international organizations and initiatives which seek to promote integration throughout Eurasia, including:

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ASEM Partners

Asia-Europe Meeting

  • Every two years since 1996 a meeting of most Asian and European countries is organised as the Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM).

Commonwealth of Independent States

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  • The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a political and economic association of 10 post-Soviet republics in Eurasia formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It has an estimated population of 239,796,010. The CIS encourages cooperation in economical, political and military affairs and has certain powers to coordinate trade, finance, lawmaking and security. In addition, six members of the CIS have joined the Collective Security Treaty Organization, an intergovernmental military alliance that was founded in 1992.
File:Eurasian Economic Union.svg
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Eurasian Union

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Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges

  • The Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges (FEAS) is an international organization headquartered in Yerevan, comprising the main stock exchanges in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. The purpose of the Federation is to contribute to the cooperation, development, support and promotion of capital markets in the Eurasian region.
File:Lisbon to Vladivostok.svg
Area from Lisbon to Vladivostok with all European and CIS countries

Russia-EU Common Spaces

  • The Russia - EU Four Common Spaces Initiative, is a joint European Union and Russian agreement to closer integrate Russia and the EU, remove barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness. In 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin called for common economic space, free-trade area or more advanced economic integration, stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok. However, no significant progress was made and the project was put on hold after Russia-EU relations deteriorated following the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

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  • The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a Eurasian political, economic and security alliance, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China. It is the largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical coverage and population, covering three-fifths of the Eurasian continent and nearly half of the human population.

Use of term

History of the Europe–Asia division

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File:Asia-map.png
Physical map of Asia

In ancient times, the Greeks classified Europe (derived from the mythological Phoenician princess Europa) and Asia which to the Greeks originally included Africa [14] (derived from Asia, a woman in Greek mythology) as separate "lands". Where to draw the dividing line between the two regions is still a matter of discussion. Especially whether the Kuma-Manych Depression or the Caucasus Mountains form the southeast boundary is disputed, since Mount Elbrus would be part of Europe in the latter case, making it (and not Mont Blanc) Europe's highest mountain. Most accepted is probably the boundary as defined by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg in the 18th century. He defined the dividing line along the Aegean Sea, Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Bosporus, Black Sea, Kuma–Manych Depression, Caspian Sea, Ural River, and the Ural Mountains. However, at least part of this definition has been subject to criticism by many modern analytical geographers like Halford Mackinder, who saw little validity in the Ural Mountains as a boundary between continents.[15]

Geography

In modern usage, the term "Eurasian" is a demonym usually meaning "of or relating to Eurasia" or "a native or inhabitant of Eurasia".[16] It is also used to describe people of combined "Asian" and "European" descent.

Located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres, Eurasia is considered a supercontinent, part of the supercontinent of Afro-Eurasia or simply a continent in its own right.[17] In plate tectonics, the Eurasian Plate includes Europe and most of Asia but not the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula or the area of the Russian Far East east of the Chersky Range.

From the point of view of history and culture, Eurasia can be loosely subdivided into Western and Eastern Eurasia.[18]

Soviet states after decentralization

File:Cold War border changes.png
Changes in national boundaries after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc

Nineteenth-century Russian philosopher Nikolai Danilevsky defined Eurasia as an entity separate from Europe and Asia, bounded by the Himalayas, the Caucasus, the Alps, the Arctic, the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, a definition that has been influential in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union.[19] Nowadays, partly inspired by this usage, the term Eurasia is sometimes used to refer to the post-Soviet space – in particular Russia, the Central Asian republics, and the Transcaucasus republics – and sometimes also adjacent regions such as Turkey and Mongolia.

The word "Eurasia" is often used in Kazakhstan to describe its location. Numerous Kazakh institutions have the term in their names, like the L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University (Template:Lang-kk; Template:Lang-ru)[20] (Lev Gumilev's Eurasianism ideas having been popularized in Kazakhstan by Olzhas Suleimenov), the Eurasian Media Forum,[21] the Eurasian Cultural Foundation (Template:Lang-ru), the Eurasian Development Bank (Template:Lang-ru),[22] and the Eurasian Bank.[23] In 2007 Kazakhstan's president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, proposed building a "Eurasia Canal" to connect the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea via Russia's Kuma-Manych Depression to provide Kazakhstan and other Caspian-basin countries with a more efficient path to the ocean than the existing Volga-Don Canal.[24]

This usage can also be seen in the names of Eurasianet,[25] The Journal of Eurasian Studies,[26] and the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies,[27] as well as the titles of numerous academic programmes at US universities.[28][29][30][31][32]

This usage is comparable to how Americans use "Western Hemisphere" to describe concepts and organizations dealing with the Americas (e.g., Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation).

See also

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Further reading

  • The Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order by Bruno Maçães, Publisher: Allen Lane
  • D. Lane, V. Samokhvalov, The Eurasian Project and Europe Regional Discontinuities and Geopolitics, Palgrave: Basingstoke (2015)
  • V. Samokhvalov, The new Eurasia: post-Soviet space between Russia, Europe and China, European Politics and Society, Volume 17, 2016 – Issue sup1: The Eurasian Project in Global Perspective (Journal homepage)
  • The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(1997). ISBN 978-0-520-20743-1

References

  1. ↑ Continental Divide, Nield, Ted. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 How many continents are there?. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  3. ↑ What is Eurasia?. geography.about.com. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  4. ↑ Siberian Paleomagnetic Data and the Problem of Rigidity of the Northern Eurasian Continent in the Post Paleozoic. Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth({Template:Year).
  5. ↑ Magnetic inclination shallowing problem and the issue of Eurasia's rigidity: insights following a palaeomagnetic study of upper Cretaceous basalts and redbeds from SE China. Geophysical Journal International({Template:Date).
  6. ↑ continents' – Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1'{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Golson Books Ltd.(2005). ISBN 9780816072293
  7. ↑ The Concept of Eurasia. Blogger.com /. Comment and Outlook(2014-04-15). Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  8. ↑ Geopolitika : [učebnik]{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Edinstvo(2004). ISBN 978-5238006826
  9. ↑ The Concept of Eurasia. Blogger.com. Commentary and Outlook. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  10. ↑ Eurasia: A Special Worldview. The Fourth Political Theory(2017-03-21). Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  11. ↑ The changing nature of geostrategy, 1900-2000: the evolution of a new paradigm{{#if:Tovy|, Tovy}. Air University Press. Air Force Research Institute(2015). ISBN 978-1-58566-253-1
  12. ↑ The Maps are Too Small: Geography, Strategy and the National Interest, Porter, Patrick. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Government Digital Service(27 February 2012). Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  13. ↑ Art, Geopolitics and Metapolitics at Tate Galleries London. Geopolitics({Template:Date).
  14. ↑ Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789 By Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, University Merry E Wiesner-Hanks
  15. ↑ Europe: A History{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1996). ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7
  16. ↑ American Heritage Dictionary
  17. ↑ Pangaea Supercontinent. Geology.com. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  18. ↑ "Anthropologically, historically and linguistically Eurasia is more appropriately, though vaguely subdivided into West Eurasia (often including North Africa) and East Eurasia", Anita Sengupta, Heartlands of Eurasia: The Geopolitics of Political Space, Lexington Books, 2009, p.25
  19. ↑ Is Putin Pursuing a Policy of Eurasianism?. Demokratizatsiya({Template:Date).
  20. ↑ L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Emu.kz(29 July 2010). Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  21. ↑ The Eurasian Media Forum. Eamedia.org. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  22. ↑ Eurasian Development Bank. Eabr.org. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  23. ↑ Eurasian Bank. Eurasian-bank.kz. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  24. ↑ Canal will link Caspian Sea to world Template:Webarchive (The Times, 29 June 2007)
  25. ↑ Eurasianet. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  26. ↑ Journal of Eurasian Studies{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
  27. ↑ About ASEEES. Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  28. ↑ Slavic and Eurasian Studies. Duke Graduate School. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  29. ↑ Russian and Eurasian Studies. George Mason University. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  30. ↑ Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  31. ↑ Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Stanford University. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  32. ↑ Institute of Slavic, East European and Eurasian Studies. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 13 March 2017.

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