List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty, ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857. They were monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur (Template:Reign), a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan). He was a direct descendant of both Timur and Genghis Khan.

The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Indian and Persian princesses.

During the reign of 6th Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP, controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from Dhaka in the east to Kabul in the west and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River in the south.

File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg

Genealogy of the Mughal dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.

Its population at the time is estimated to be around 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's total population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles). Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj in India.

Background

Titular emperors

Over the course of the empire, there were several claimants to the Mughal throne who ascended the throne or claimed to do so but were actually never recognized.

Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.

1. Shahryar Mirza (1627–1628)
2. Dawar Baksh (1627–1628)
3. Jahangir II (1719–1720)

List of Mughal emperors

No.	Portrait	Titular Name	Birth Name	Birth	Reign	Death
1	File:Humayun and Babur (Late Shah Jahan Album) Babur detail.jpg	Babur Template:Uninastaliq	Zahir ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	14 February 1483 Andijan	21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 Template:Small	26 December 1530 (aged 47) Agra
2	File:Darbar of Humayun, detail, Humayun. Akbarnama, 1602-4, British Library.png	Humayun Template:Uninastaliq	Nasir ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	6 March 1508 Kabul	26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 Template:Small 22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 Template:Small	27 January 1556 (aged 47) Delhi
3	File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg	Akbar I Template:Uninastaliq	Jalal ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	15 October 1542 Umerkot	11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 Template:Small	27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra
4	File:Jahangircrop.jpeg	Jahangir Template:Uninastaliq	Nur ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	31 August 1569 Agra	3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 Template:Small	28 October 1627 (aged 58) Bhimber
5	File:Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg	Shah Jahan I Template:Uninastaliq	Shihab ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	5 January 1592 Lahore	19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 Template:Small	22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra
6	File:Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707).jpg (Cropped).jpg	Aurangzeb Template:Uninastaliq Alamgir I Template:Uninastaliq	Muhi al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	3 November 1618 Dahod, Gujarat	31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 Template:Small	3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar
7	File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg	Azam Shah Template:Uninastaliq	Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	28 June 1653 Burhanpur	14 March – 20 June 1707 Template:Small	20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra
8	File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg	Bahadur Shah I Template:Uninastaliq Shah Alam I Template:Uninastaliq	Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam Template:Uninastaliq	14 October 1643 Burhanpur	19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 Template:Small	27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore
9	File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg	Jahandar Shah Template:Uninastaliq	Muiz ud-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Template:Small	9 May 1661 Deccan	27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 Template:Small	12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi
10	File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg	Farrukhsiyar Template:Uninastaliq	Muin al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Template:Small	20 August 1685 Aurangabad	11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 Template:Small	19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi
11	File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg	Rafi ud-Darajat Template:Uninastaliq	Shams al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Template:Small	1 December 1699	28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 Template:Small	6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra
12	File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg	Shah Jahan II Template:Uninastaliq	Rafi al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Template:Small	5 January 1696	6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 Template:Small	18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra
13	File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg	Muhammad Shah Template:Uninastaliq	Nasir al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Template:Small	7 August 1702 Ghazni	27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 Template:Small	26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi
14	File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg	Ahmad Shah Bahadur Template:Uninastaliq	Mujahid al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	23 December 1725 Delhi	29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 Template:Small	1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi
15	File:Alamgir II of India.jpg	Alamgir II Template:Uninastaliq	Aziz al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	6 June 1699 Burhanpur	3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 Template:Small	29 November 1759 (aged 60) Delhi
16	File:Shah Jahan III of India.jpg	Shah Jahan III Template:Uninastaliq	Muhi al-Millat Template:Uninastaliq	1711	10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 Template:Small	1772 (aged 60–61)
17	File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg	Shah Alam II Template:Uninastaliq	Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar Template:Uninastaliq	25 June 1728 Delhi	10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 Template:Small	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi
18	File:Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg	Shah Jahan IV Template:Uninastaliq	Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Shah Jahan IV Template:Uninastaliq	1749 Delhi	31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 Template:Small	1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi
17*	File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg	Shah Alam II Template:Uninastaliq	Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar Template:Uninastaliq Template:Small	25 June 1728 Delhi	16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 Template:Small	19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi
19	File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg	Akbar Shah II Template:Uninastaliq	Muin al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq Template:Small	22 April 1760 Mukundpur	19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 Template:Small	28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi
20	File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg	Bahadur Shah II Zafar Template:Uninastaliq	Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad Template:Uninastaliq	24 October 1775 Delhi	28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 Template:Small	7 November 1862 (aged 87) Rangoon

See also

• Timurid family tree
• Mughal-Mongol genealogy
• List of Mughal empresses

References

Sources

• India before Europe{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2006). ISBN 0-521-80904-5
• The Mughul Empire{{#if:Majumdar|, Majumdar}. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan(1974)
• The Mughal Empire{{#if:Richards|, Richards}. Cambridge University Press(1995). ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2
• A History of India. Macmillan International Higher Education.
• A History of India. John Wiley & Sons.
• Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King{{#if:Truschke|, Truschke}. Stanford University Press(2017). ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5
• Keay, John, India, a History, 2000, HarperCollins, Template:ISBN
• A History of India, Volume 2. New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298..
• Template:Country study – India Template:Webarchive Pakistan Template:Webarchive