Aurangabad

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Aurangabad

[[File:|250x250px|frameless|center]]

Settlement type City
Country India
State
District
Subdivision

Aurangabad (Template:Audio),[1][2] officially renamed as Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar in 2023,[3][4][5] is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra.[4] It is the administrative headquarters of Aurangabad district and is the largest city in the Marathwada region.[6] Located on a hilly upland terrain in the Deccan Traps, Aurangabad is the fifth-most populous urban area in Maharashtra, after Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur and Nashik, with a population of 1,175,116.

The city is a major production center of cotton textile and artistic silk fabrics. Several prominent educational institutions, including Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, are located in the city. The city is also a popular tourism hub, with attractions like the Ajanta and Ellora caves lying on its outskirts, both of which have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1983,[7] the Aurangabad Caves, Devagiri Fort, Grishneshwar Temple, Jama Mosque, Bibi Ka Maqbara, Himayat Bagh, Panchakki and Salim Ali Lake. Historically, there were 52 gates in Aurangabad, some of them still extant, which have earned Aurangabad the nickname the "City of Gates".[8] In 2019, the Aurangabad Industrial City (AURIC) became the first greenfield industrial smart city of India under the country's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[9][10]

Paithan, the imperial capital of the Satavahana dynasty (1st century BCE–2nd century CE), as well as Dēvagirī, the capital of the Yadava dynasty (9th century CE–14th century CE), were located within the boundaries of modern Aurangabad. In 1308, the region was annexed by the Delhi Sultanate during the rule of Sultan Alauddin Khalji.[11] In 1327, the capital of the Delhi Sultanate was shifted from Delhi to Daulatabad (in present-day Aurangabad) during the rule of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, who ordered the mass relocation of Delhi's population to Daulatabad.[12]Template:Better source However, Muhammad bin Tughluq reversed his decision in 1334, and the capital was shifted back to Delhi. In 1499, Daulatabad became a part of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. In 1610, a new city named Khaḍkī was established at the location of modern Aurangabad to serve as the capital of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate by the Ethiopian military leader Malik Ambar,[13] who was brought to India as a slave but rose to become a popular prime minister of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Malik Ambar was succeeded by his son Fateh Khan, who changed the name of the city to Fatehnagar. In 1636, Aurangzeb, who was then the Mughal viceroy of the Deccan region, annexed the city into the Mughal Empire. In 1653, Aurangzeb renamed the city as Aurangabad and made it the capital of the Deccan region.[13] In 1724, the Mughal governor of the Deccan, Nizam Asaf Jah I, seceded from the Mughal Empire and founded his own dynasty. The dynasty established the State of Hyderabad, with their capital initially at Aurangabad, until they transferred it to the city of Hyderabad in 1763. Hyderabad State became a princely state during the British Raj and remained so for 150 years (1798–1948). Until 1956, Aurangabad remained part of Hyderabad State. In 1960, Aurangabad and the larger Marathi-speaking Marathwada region became part of the state of Maharashtra.

History

Template:Main

File:Zaibunissa palace.jpg
Zeb-un-Nisa's palace, Aurangabad 1880s.
File:Painting of the profile of Malik Ambar of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the founder of Khadki (later Aurangabad).jpg
Painting of Malik Ambar of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, the founder of Khadki (later Aurangabad)

Khaḍkī was the original name of the village which was made a capital city by Malik Ambar, the Prime Minister of Murtaza Nizam Shah II, Sultan of Ahmednagar. Within a decade, Khaḍkī grew into a populous and imposing city. Malik Ambar died in 1626,[14] and was succeeded by his son Fateh Khan, who changed the name of Khaḍkī to Fatehnagar. With the capture of Devagiri Fort by the imperial troops in 1633, the Nizam Shahi dominions, including Fatehnagar, became a possession of the Mughals.[15]

In 1653, when Mughal prince Aurangzeb was appointed the Viceroy of the Deccan for the second time, he made Fatehnagar his capital and renamed it Aurangabad. Aurangabad is sometimes referred to as Khujista Bunyad by the chroniclers of Aurangzeb's reign.[16]

In 1667 Muazzam, son of Aurangzeb, became governor of the province. Before him, Mirza Raja Jai Singh was in charge of this province for some time.[17]

In 1681, after Aurangzeb's coronation as emperor, he shifted his court from the capital city of Delhi to Aurangabad in order to conduct his military campaigns in the Deccan. The presence of Mughal elites in the city led to urban development, and numerous public and private buildings were constructed.[18] Aurangabad had a city wall built encircling it around 1683 in response to Maratha raids, of which several gates still stand, such as the Delhi Gate.[19][20] Though Aurangzeb chose not to reside in the city after 1684, the city retained its importance as the primary military outpost of the Mughal Deccan, attracting wealth and turning Aurangabad into a centre of trade; the manufacture of embroidered silks emerged during this period and is still practised in Aurangabad today. Mughal Aurangabad was also a cultural hub, serving as an important centre of Persian and Urdu literature. During the Mughal era, Aurangabad had an estimated population of 200,000 people, living in 54 suburbs.[18]

In 1724, Asaf Jah, a Mughal general and Nizam al-Mulk of the Deccan region, decided to secede from the crumbling Mughal Empire, with the intention of founding his own dynasty in the Deccan. Aurangabad continued to be politically and culturally significant for the next 40 years as the capital of Asaf Jah's new dominion, until his son and successor, Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II, transferred the capital to Hyderabad in 1763.[21][22] The loss of Aurangabad's privileged position led to a period of economic decline; by the beginning of the 19th century, the city had become notably underpopulated, leading to the crippling of its administration, and its buildings were in decay.[23] However, Aurangabad would continue to be important as the "second city" of the Nizam's dominions for the remainder of the polity's lifetime.[24]

In 1816, the British established a cantonment outside Aurangabad (as they did in other parts of the Nizam's dominions), but were discouraged from entering the city proper by the Nizam's officials.[25] As a princely state under British suzerainty, the Nizam's Hyderabad State was quasi-autonomous, meaning that Aurangabad's culture was somewhat free of colonial influence.[26][27]

Aurangabad began to industrialise in the late 19th century, with the city's first cotton mill being opened in 1889.[28] The population of the city was 30,000 in 1881, growing to 36,000 over the next two decades. Aurangabad was particularly affected by Deccan famines in 1899-1900, 1918, and 1920, causing surges in crime.[29][30]

In 1903, the British and the Nizam signed a treaty to train the Nizam's army, and it was decided to establish a proper cantonment. Today the cantonment is spread across Template:Convert, with a civilian population of 19,274 per the 2001 census.[31]

Following Indian independence, Hyderabad State was annexed into the Indian Union in 1948, and consequently Aurangabad became a part of the Indian Union's Hyderabad State. In 1956, it passed into the newly formed bilingual Bombay State, and in 1960 it became a part of Maharashtra state.[32]

Bal Thackeray in 1988 proposed the city be renamed as Sambhajinagar. The local governing body, the City Corporation passed a resolution on the name change in 1995.[33] On 29 June 2022, the Shiv Sena-led Maharashtra cabinet approved the renaming of Aurangabad to Sambhaji Nagar, after Sambhaji Bhosale, second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.[34]

Geography

The co-ordinates for Aurangabad are N 19° 53' 47" – E 75° 23' 54". The city is surrounded by the Ajanta mountain range in all directions.

Climate

Aurangabad features a semiarid climate under the Köppen climate classification. Annual mean temperatures range from 17 to 33 °C, with the most comfortable time to visit being in winter – October to February. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was Template:Convert on 25 May 1905. The lowest recorded temperature was Template:Convert on 2 February 1911. In the cold season, the district is sometimes affected by cold waves in association with the eastward passage of western disturbances across north India, when the minimum temperature may drop down to about Template:Convert.[35]

Most of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September. Thunderstorms occur between November and April. Average annual rainfall is 710 mm. The city is often cloudy during the monsoon season and the cloud cover may persist for days. The daily maximum temperature in the city often drops to around 22 °C due to the cloud cover and heavy rains.[36]

Template:Weather box Aurangabad has been ranked the 36th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.[37]

Geology

File:Ahilyabai Holkar Chowk.jpg
Ahilyabai Holkar Chauk, Station Road, Aurangabad

The entire area is covered by the Deccan Traps lava flows of the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene ages. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana rivers. The basaltic lava flows are the only major geological formation in Aurangabad. The lava flows are horizontal, and each flow has two distinct units. The upper layers consist of vesiculara and amygdaloidal zeolitic basalt, while the bottom layer consists of massive basalt. The lava flows are individually different in their ability to receive as well as hold water in storage and to transmit it. The difference in the productivity of groundwater in various flows arises as a result of their inherent physical properties, such as porosity and permeability. The groundwater occurs under water table conditions and is mainly controlled by the extent of its secondary porosity, i.e. thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures. The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water-yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and is black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles.[38]

Demographics

File:CIDCO Aerial- Canought Place.jpg
Aerial View of Aurangabad CIDCO

Template:Historical population

According to the 2011 Indian Census, Aurangabad had a population of 1,175,116, of which 609,206 were males and 565,910 were females. Of these, 158,779 were in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Aurangabad was 889,224, which constituted 75.67% of the population with male literacy of 79.34% and female literacy of 71.72%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Aurangabad was 87.5%, of which male literacy rate was 92.2% and female literacy rate was 82.5%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 229,223 and 15,240, respectively. There were 236659 households in Aurangabad in 2011.[39]

Religion

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The majority of the population in Aurangabad are Hindu (51%), followed by Muslim (30%), Buddhist (15.2%) and Jain (1.6%). There are also a substantial number of adherents of Sikhism and Christianity in the city.[40] Buddhists are of Navayana tradition, who are mostly scheduled castes.Template:Citation needed

Language

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Marathi is the official language of the city.[41] It is also the most commonly spoken language in the city, followed by Urdu and Hindi.[42]

Administration and politics

Local administration

The Aurangabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is the local civic body. It is divided into six zones. The Municipal Council was established in 1936, and administers an area of about 54.5 km2. It was elevated to the status of municipal corporation on 8 December 1982, simultaneously including eighteen peripheral villages, raising the total area under its jurisdiction to 138.5 km2.

The city is divided in 115 electoral wards called Prabhag, and each ward is represented by a corporator elected by the people from each ward. There are two committees, the General Body and Standing Committee, headed by the mayor and the chairman, respectively. The AMC is responsible for providing basic amenities, such as drinking water, drainage facilities, roads, street lights, healthcare facilities, primary schools, etc. The AMC collects its revenue from urban taxes collected from its citizens. The administration is headed by the Municipal Commissioner; an IAS Officer, assisted by the other officers of different departments. The Aurangabad Metropolitan Region Development Authority (AMRDA) is being formed for the development of the region.[43]

Municipal finance

According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,[44] the Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹758 crore (US$91 million) and total expenditure of ₹769 crore (US$93 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 14.4% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹371 crore in grants during the financial year.

State and central administration

Aurangabad division is one of the six administrative divisions of Maharashtra state in India. Aurangabad division almost completely coincides with the Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Aurangabad has one seat in the Lok Sabha. In the 2024 general election, Shiv Sena candidate Sandipanrao Bhumre was elected as a member of parliament from Aurangabad.[45]

Aurangabad also has three state assembly seats, Aurangabad East, Aurangabad Central and Aurangabad West, which are represented by Atul Moreshwar Save (BJP), Pradeep Jaiswal (Shiv-Sena) and Sanjay Shirsat (Shiv-Sena), respectively, since the 2019 Maharashtra Legislation Assembly election.[46][47]

Economy

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Aurangabad is considered to be a classic example of efforts of state government towards balanced industrialisation of state.[48] The city was a major silk and cotton textile production center. A fine blend of silk with locally grown cotton was developed as Himroo textile. Paithani silk saris are also made in Aurangabad. With the opening of the Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railways in the year 1900 several ginning factories were started.[49] After 1960, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) began acquiring land and setting up industrial estates. The Maharashtra Center For Entrepreneurship Development's main office is in Aurangabad.[50] Major industries in Auragabad are manufacturing, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobiles etc.[51] In the 1990s, land near Shendra village on the Aurangabad-Jalna route was purchased. The MIDC created the Waluj and Chikalthana Industrial Areas as part of its efforts, which were quickly purchased.Template:Citation needed

Aurangabad is surrounded by the industrial areas (MIDCs) of Chikhalthana, Shendra and Waluj MIDC. A new industrial belt namely Shendra - Bidkin Industrial Park is being developed under DMIC.[52] Major Siemens and automotive companies such as BMW, Audi India, Skoda Auto, Bajaj Auto and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company have there units in the city.[51] One of the largest Russian Steel Company NLMK has set up plant in DMIC Shendra phase.[53]

Culture/Cityscape

Culture

Template:See also The culture of Aurangabad city is heavily influenced by the culture of Hyderabad. The old city still retains the cultural flavour and charms of Muslim culture of Hyderabad. Its influence is reflected in the language and cuisine of the locals. Although Urdu is among the principal languages of the city, along with Marathi and Hindi, it is spoken in the Dakhni – Hyderabadi Urdu dialect.[54]Template:Better source needed

Tourist attractions

Template:Main Aurangabad is a historical city along with its surrounding towns and villages.[58]

Indian religions

Indian rock-cut architecture

Template:Main

  • Aurangabad Caves: These are situated at a distance of Template:Convert, nestled amidst the hills are 12 Buddhist caves dating back to 3 A.D. Of particular interest are the Tantric influences evident in the iconography and architectural designs of the caves.
Hindu and Jain temples
File:Kachner Parshwanath Idol.jpg
Chintamani Parshvanath idol at Kachner temple
  • Kachner Jain Temple: This is a 250 years old temple dedicated to Parshvanath. The idol here is called Chintamani Parshvanath.[59]

Gates and forts

File:Bhadkal Gate.JPG
Bhadkal Gate, part of Gates in Aurangabad
  • Gate: The city is also known for the 52 gates built during Mughal era which gives it the name of "City of Gates".[60]

Mughal architecture

File:BIBI KA MAQBARA (TOMB OF THE LADY) 2.jpg
Bibi Ka Maqbara

Other

  • Panchakki: Panchakki, which literally means water mill, is a 17th-century watermill situated within the old city is known for its underground water channel, which traverses more than 8 km from nearby hills. The channel culminates into an artificial waterfall that powers the mill.
  • Salim Ali Lake & Bird Sanctuary: Popularly known as Salim Ali Talab (lake) is located in the northern part of the city near Delhi Darwaza, opposite Himayat Bagh. During the Mughal period, it was known as Khiziri Talab. It has been renamed after the great ornithologist and naturalist Salim Ali. It also has a bird Sanctuary and a garden maintained by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation.
  • Siddharth Garden and Zoo: is a park and zoo situated in near of the central bus station in Aurangabad. This is the only zoo in Marathwada region. There are various types of animals, birds, flowers and trees. The name of "Siddhartha" has been kept on the name of Gautama Buddha.[63][64][65]

Mashru and Himroo

  • Himroo: The fabric is said to have originated in Persia, though not conclusively proved, Himroo is associated with the times of Mohammad Tughlaq who ruled in the 14th century. Fabrics and shawls from Aurangabad are much in demand for their unique style and design.[66]
  • Kaghzipura: A place situated near Daulatabad made first handmade paper in India after the technology was brought here by Mongol invaders. However, the use of paper was not widespread there until the 12th century. Template:Citation needed

Cuisine

File:Naan Qalia.jpg
Naan Qaliya, Aurangabad

Aurangabadi food is much like Mughlai or Hyderabadi cuisine with its fragrant pulao and biryani. Meat cooked in fresh spices and herbs is a speciality, as are the delectable sweets. The local cuisine is a blend of Mughlai and Hyderabadi cuisine, with an influence of the spices and herbs of the Marathwada region.[67]

  • Naan Qalia is a dish that is associated with Aurangabad in India. It is a concoction of mutton and a variety of spices. Naan is the bread made in tandoor (Hot furnace) while Qalia is a mixture of mutton and various spices.
  • Aurangabad/Marathwada/Dakhni cuisine is a blend of the Puneri and the Hyderabadi cuisine (which blends the use of typical South Indian ingredients such as curry leaves, tamarind and coconut into their celebrated culinary practices).[68]

Transport

Air

Aurangabad Airport is an airport serving the city and has connecting flights to Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Goa, Lucknow and Bangkok. In 2008, flights were made available to the people travelling to the Hajj pilgrimage.[69][70]

Rail

Aurangabad railway station is the major railway station under Nanded railway division of the South Central Railway zone. It is located on the Kacheguda-Manmad section and has rail connectivity with major cities such as Delhi, Hyderabad, Latur Road, Manmad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik Road, Nizamabad and Pune. The work of DPR preparation is ongoing for metro in Aurangabad from Shendra and Waluj.[71] The work of surveys and DPR is also ongoing for high speed rail line from Mumbai to Nagpur, which will have a halt in Aurangabad.

Road

Central Bus Stand and CIDCO bus stand, Aurangabad of MSRTC are the main public transport centres. Buses are available to every major bus depots of Maharashtra. Ola Cabs service is available in city. Major long route Aurangabad buses reach Delhi, Jaipur, Gandhinagar and Hyderabad in 2–3 days. MSRTC buses are also available for all district of Maharashtra and neighbouring State's cities like Indore, Ujjain, Surat, Vadodara, Khandwa, Burhanpur, Khargone, Bhopal. There are Smart City Bus service in Aurangabad as the part of public transport in Aurangabad Metro City.

Education

File:BAMU gate.jpg
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University gate

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University (BAMU) is located in Aurangabad city. Many colleges in the region are affiliated to it. The university has 101 affiliated colleges in Aurangabad, among them Government College of Arts and Science, Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad and Shivchhatrapati College, Vasantrao Naik Mahavidyalaya, Aurangabad and S.B.E.S. College of Science, 99 in Beed, 53 in Jalna and 55 in Osmanabad.[72]

Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad is an autonomous engineering college. It was affiliated with the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University and was established in 1960. The construction of the college was started in 1957 and completed in 1960. Marathwada Institute of Technology and Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College are two other engineering colleges in Aurangabad.

Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad is a state university[73] located in Aurangabad. It was established in 2017 by the Government of Maharashtra, the third and final university to be installed through the Maharashtra National Law University Act, 2014.[74]

Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science was founded in 1963 by Rafiq Zakaria, who formed a trust called Maulana Azad Education Society to manage its affairs. The college is affiliated with Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University of Aurangabad.

The National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology Aurangabad (NIELIT Aurangabad) is located on the Dr. B.A.M. University campus. It is a central government engineering institute under the Ministry of Communication & Information Technology Government of India. It offers DEPM, B. TECH (Electronics Engineering), M. tech (Electronics Design Technology), Ph.D., and short-term courses.Template:Citation needed

Aurangabad has schools run by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) and private schools owned and run by trusts and individuals. Government Polytechnic Aurangabad and CSMSS College of Polytechnic are among the polytechnic institutions in Marathwada region.

The Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad, is affiliated with University of Huddersfield. Students have internships in the Vivanta, Taj in Aurangabad.[75]

Sports

Garware Stadium is the municipal stadium in the city.[76] International-standard cricket stadium at Aurangabad District Cricket Association Stadium is under construction. Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College Sports Complex is a sports complex with in Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College mainly used by college sports event.Template:Citation needed

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ Eknath Shinde renames Aurangabad as Sambhajinagar again, says 'legal' this time. Hindustan Times(16 July 2022). Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  2. ↑ It's Aurangabad for now, says HC. Hindustan Times(25 April 2023). Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  3. ↑ Aurangabad and Osmanabad finally renamed as Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar and Dharashiv. The Indian Express(24 February 2023). Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Renaming of Aurangabad, Osmanabad | Bombay High Court validates Maharashtra government's notifications. The Hindu(8 May 2024). Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  5. ↑ Centre approves renaming of Aurangabad and Osmanabad. The Hindu(24 February 2023). Retrieved 3 January 2025.
  6. ↑ Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad and Ahmadnagar{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Jaico(2015). ISBN 9788184957020
  7. ↑ India through the ages{{#if:Gopal|, Gopal}. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India(1990)
  8. ↑ Aurangabad Smart City. aurangabadsmartcity.in. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
  9. ↑ India's first industrial integrated smart city set for inauguration. The Times of India(6 September 2019). Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  10. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  11. ↑ This Fort In Aurangabad Is Known For Its Three-Layer Defense System. Times Now(23 July 2024). Retrieved 1 March 2025.
  12. ↑ Google Search. www.google.com. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Aurangabad: The city that has many names. Deccan Herald(4 January 2021). Retrieved 1 March 2025.
  14. ↑ Qureshi Dulari, "Tourism Potential in Aurangabad," p. 6
  15. ↑ Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, and Ahmadnagar{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Deccan Heritage Foundation; Jaico(2015). ISBN 9788184957020
  16. ↑ Kujista Bunyad. The Times of India(1 August 2019). Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  17. ↑ Shivaji And His Times{{#if:Sarkar|, Sarkar}. Longmass, Green and Co.(1920)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Indian Sufism since the seventeenth century : saints, books and empires in the Muslim Deccan{{#if:Green|, Green}. Routledge(2006). ISBN 0-203-96536-1
  19. ↑ Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates{{#if:Michell|, Michell}. Cambridge University Press(1999). ISBN 978-0-511-46884-1
  20. ↑ [{{{url}}} Architecture of Mughal India]. Cambridge University Press.
  21. ↑ Making space : Sufis and settlers in early modern India{{#if:Green|, Green}. Oxford University Press(2012). ISBN 978-0-19-807796-1
  22. ↑ '{{#if:Heitzman|, Heitzman}. Routledge(31 March 2008). ISBN 9780203483282
  23. ↑ Indian Sufism since the seventeenth century : saints, books and empires in the Muslim Deccan{{#if:Green|, Green}. Routledge(2006). ISBN 0-203-96536-1
  24. ↑ Stories of saints and sultans remembering history at the Sufi shrines of Aurangabad. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  25. ↑ Allah's naked rebels. Cambridge University Press.
  26. ↑ Terrains of Exchange{{#if:Green|, Green}. Oxford University Press(5 February 2015). ISBN 978-0-19-022253-6
  27. ↑ Islam and the Army in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press.
  28. ↑ Missionaries, Mystics and Mill-Owners. Oxford University Press(5 February 2015).
  29. ↑ Allah's naked rebels. Cambridge University Press.
  30. ↑ Indian Sufism since the seventeenth century : saints, books and empires in the Muslim Deccan{{#if:Green|, Green}. Routledge(2006). ISBN 0-203-96536-1
  31. ↑ Aurangabad. Aurangabad Cantonment Board. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  32. ↑ Aurangabad | City & History | Britannica. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  33. ↑ Explained: Why has the Maharashtra government renamed Aurangabad city as Sambhajinagar?. The Indian Express(1 July 2022). Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  34. ↑ Maharashtra cabinet approves renaming of Aurangabad to Sambhaji Nagar. The Times of India(29 June 2022). Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  35. ↑ Maharashtra government web site Template:Webarchive
  36. ↑ Marathwada – SANDRP. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  37. ↑ Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024. Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024(7 September 2024).
  38. ↑ Aher K.R. 'Groundwater Quality studies of Chikalthana area of Aurangabad', PhD Thesis, Dr. B.A.M.University, Aurangabad (Maharashtra State), India, 2012, p. 38
  39. ↑ Census of India: Aurangabad. censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  40. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Religion
  41. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NCLMreport
  42. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MCorpLang
  43. ↑ AMRDA will soon get office, administrative officer - www.lokmattimes.com. Lokmat Times(3 September 2021). Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  44. ↑ Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar Municipal Corporation Finance. CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  45. ↑ Shinde Sena's Sandipanrao Bhumre gets Aurangabad ticket. Hindustan Times(21 April 2024). Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  46. ↑ Map of Aurangabad Loksabha and Assembly seats. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  47. ↑ Election Commission of India Template:Webarchive
  48. ↑ History revisited at Aurangabad. The Times of India(12 April 2009). Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  49. ↑ "Hyderabad" by Mirza Mehdy Khan, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Government Printing Press, Calcutta, 1909.
  50. ↑ Maharashtra Centre For Entrepreneurship Development. mced.in. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Economy of Aurangabad, Business and Economy in Aurangabad. www.aurangabadlive.in. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  52. ↑ Share on emailShare on printShare on redditMore Sharing Services Four mega industrial towns, Ashar, Sandeep(15 October 2011). Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  53. ↑ Russian investment in Auric to generate 2,000 jobs | Aurangabad News - Times of India. The Times of India(31 January 2020). Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Dakhni – The Language of India's Composite Culture. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  55. ↑ Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi. Official website of the Jamaat-e-Islami. Template:Webarchive
  56. ↑ Adams, p.100-101
  57. ↑ Founder of Jamaat-e-Islami. jamaat.org. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  58. ↑ Tourist Places | District Aurangabad. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  59. ↑ Aurangabad cops return 1.7kg gold stolen from temple. The Times of India(12 February 2023). Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  60. ↑ History revisited at Aurangabad the 'city of gates'. The Economic Times(12 April 2009). Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  61. ↑ The Taj of Deccan. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  62. ↑ A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage. Journal of Islamic Architecture({Template:Date).
  63. ↑ Aurangabad News: Promise trees, wild animals - वृक्ष, वन्यप्राण्यांचे सवंर्धन करा | Maharashtra Times. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  64. ↑ औरंगाबादच्या सिद्धार्थ उद्यानातील प्राणी संग्रहालय बंद होणार !. ABP(1 December 2018). Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  65. ↑ Siddharth Garden Zoo. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  66. ↑ Tourism Potential in Aurangabad{{#if:Qureshi|, Qureshi}. Bhartiya Kala Prakashan(1 January 1999). ISBN 978-81-86050-44-6
  67. ↑ The cuisine of Auguranbad Template:Webarchive
  68. ↑ Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  69. ↑ Direct Haj flights from Aurangabad. Daily News and Analysis(22 November 2008). Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  70. ↑ Aurangabad Airport AAI website. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  71. ↑ Aurangabad Metro: शेंद्रा डीएमआयसी ते वाळूजपर्यंत डबल डेकर पुलावरून धावणार मेट्रो !. Lokmat(12 January 2022). Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  72. ↑ List of Affiliated Colleges and Institutions. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  73. ↑ List of State Universities as on 18.09.2017. University Grants Commission(18 September 2017). Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  74. ↑ Maharashtra National Law University Act, 2014. Government of Maharashtra(20 March 2014). Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  75. ↑ National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Aurangabad. Aurangabad.nielit.gov.in. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  76. ↑ Garware stadium set for a facelift. The Times of India(25 February 2017). Retrieved 1 June 2023.

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