Country code top-level domain

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A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today or as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.[1]

Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom) and .il (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included .au (Australia), .de (Germany), .fi (Finland), .fr (France), .is (Iceland), .jp (Japan), .kr (South Korea), .nl (Netherlands) and .se (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included .nz (New Zealand), .ch (Switzerland) and .ca (Canada).[2] The registered country code extensions in 1988 included .ie (Ireland) .it (Italy), .es (Spain) and .pt (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included .in (India) and .yu (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, .cn (People’s Republic of China) and .ru (Russian Federation) were first registered.

There are over 300 delegated ccTLDs. The .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .nl and .ru ccTLDs contain the highest number of domainsTemplate:Citation needed. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domainsTemplate:Citation needed. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.[3]

Delegation and management

IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.[4] Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the United States (us), Japanese (jp), Canadian (ca), French (fr) and German (de) domains, or registration may be open.

History

The first registered ccTLD was .us, which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included .uk and .il. Then, .au, .de, .fi, .fr, .is, .jp, .kr, .nl and .se were also registered in 1986.[5] In 1987, .nz, .ch, .my .ca were registered. Later on, in 1988, .ie, .it, .es and .pt were also registered.

Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 Template:As of, with the addition of internationalized domains.[6]

Latin Character ccTLDs

Template:Big
Name  DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes Template:Code, Template:Code, Template:Code, Template:Code, Template:Code, and Template:Code are not used for country code top-level domains.
Entity  Country, dependency, or region
Explanation  Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. .de for Deutschland, German language name for Germany).
Notes  General remarks
Registry  Domain name registry operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
IDN  Support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
DNSSEC  Presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
SLD  Second level domain
IPv6  Registry fully supports IPv6 access
Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs
Name[7] Entity Explanation Notes Registry[7] IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.ac Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Ascension Island Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, Template:Code is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the United Kingdom (.ac.uk), India (.ac.in) or Indonesia (.ac.id). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries. Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ad Template:Flag Andorra Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required[8][9] Nic.ad Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ae Template:Flag United Arab Emirates .aeDA Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.af Template:Flag Afghanistan Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ag Template:Flag Antigua and Barbuda Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of Aktiengesellschaft). Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ai Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Anguilla Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence). Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.al Template:Flag Albania Citizenship no longer required. Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.am Template:Flag Armenia Also unofficially used by AM radio stations, podcasts or related business. Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ao Template:Flag Angola Template:No Template:No Template:Unknown
.aq Template:Flag Antarctique Defined by the Antarctic Treaty as everything south of latitude 60°S. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge. Template:Dunno Template:No Template:Yes Template:Dunno
.ar Template:Flag Argentina nic.ar Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.as Template:Flag (United States) American Samoa In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "AS" or "A/S" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.at Template:Flag Austria Nic.at Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.au Template:Flag Australia Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.[10] Includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands and Coral Sea Islands. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.[11] auDA Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes (*From 24 Mar 2022)[11] Template:Yes
.aw Template:Flag (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Aruba, West Indies Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ax Template:Flag (Finland) Template:Code and Template:Code already allocated Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.az Template:Flag Azerbaijan Only for Residents. Has no WHOIS-Server. Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ba Template:Flag Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.bb Template:Flag Barbados Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.bd Template:Flag Bangladesh For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh. Template:Yes {{yes}}[12] Template:Yes
.be Template:Flag Belgium Used for YouTube-related domains. Also unofficially used in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. DNS Belgium Template:Yes[13] Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes[14]
.bf Template:Flag Burkina Faso Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.bg Template:Flag Bulgaria See also .бг (Template:Code in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.bh Template:Flag Bahrain Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.bi Template:Flag Burundi Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.bj Template:Flag Template:Code, Template:Code, and Template:Code already allocated Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.bm Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Bermuda Local corporate registration required Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.bn Template:Flag Brunei Template:No Template:No Template:No
.bo Template:Flag Bolivia Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.bq Template:Flag (Template:BON, Template:SAB, and Template:EUS) Template:Code and Template:Code already allocated
.br Template:Flag Brasil Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: Template:Code for higher education institutions, Template:Code for government agencies, etc.).[15] Template:Yes[16] Template:Yes Template:NoTemplate:Efn-ua
.bs Template:Flag Bahamas Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.bt Template:Flag Bhutan Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license[17] Template:No Template:Yes Template:No
.bw Template:Flag Botswana May also be used for the Province of Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium Template:No Template:No[18] Template:Yes
.by Template:Flag Byelorussia Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.bz Template:Flag Belize Also unofficially used in the province of Bozen (or South Tyrol, see .st) Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ca Template:Flag Canada Subject to Canadian Presence Requirements. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of California. CIRA Template:Yes[19] Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.cc Template:Flag Cocos Islands Australian territory: not to be confused with Cocos Island in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a VeriSign company. Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.cd Template:Flag Congo, Democratic Republic Also unofficially used for Compact disc-related domains. Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.cf Template:Flag Central African Republic Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.cg Template:Flag Congo Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.ch Template:Flag Confoederatio Helvetica SWITCH Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ci Template:Flag Côte d'Ivoire Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.ck Template:Flag Cook Islands Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.cl Template:Flag Chile NIC Chile Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.cm Template:Flag Cameroon A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name. Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.cn Template:Flag China A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid Resident Identity Card. See ICP license for more information regarding registrations. Hong Kong and Macau also maintain TLDs.

Also unofficially used for Cartoon Network-related domains.

Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.co Template:Flag Colombia Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register. Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.cr Template:Flag Costa Rica Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.cu Template:Flag Cuba Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.cv Template:Flag Cape Verde Also unofficially used for curriculum vitae-related domains. Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.cw Template:Flag (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Curaçao, West Indies Template:No Template:Unknown
.cx Template:Flag Christmas Xmas Made infamous from Goatse.cx Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.cy Template:Flag Cyprus Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.cz Template:Flag Czech Template:NoTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes
.de Template:Flag Deutschland (The native name for Germany) German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed. DENIC Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.dj Template:Flag Djibouti Also unofficially used by disc jockeys. Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.dk Template:Flag Danmark DK Hostmaster Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.dm Template:Flag Dominica Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.do Template:Flag Dominican Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.dz Template:Flag El Djazair / Dzayer Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ec Template:Flag Ecuador In Japan, "EC" is used as an acronym for "electronic commerce". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".[20] Nic.ec Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.ee Template:Flag Eesti Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes
.eg Template:Flag Egypt Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.eh Template:Flag Español Sahara Unassigned Template:No Template:No Template:No
.er Template:Flag Eritrea Template:No Template:Yes
.es Template:Flag España Red.es Template:Yes[21] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.et Template:Flag Ethiopia Template:No Template:No Template:No
.eu Template:Flag European Union Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the Basque language, but now .eus is in official use. EURid Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes[22]
.fi Template:Flag Finland Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. FICORA Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.fj Template:Flag Fiji Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.fk Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Falkland Template:No Template:No Template:No
.fm Template:Flag Federated States of Micronesia Also unofficially used by FM radio stations, podcasts or related business. Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.fo Template:Flag (Kingdom of Denmark) Føroyar FO Council Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.fr Template:Flag France Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Template:Yes[23] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ga Template:Flag Gabon Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.gd Template:Flag Grenada Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ge Template:Flag Georgia Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).[24] Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.gf Template:Flag (France) Guyane Française Template:No Template:No
.gg Template:Flag Template:Code, Template:Code, and Template:Code already allocated Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see GG (gaming)) Island Networks Ltd. Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.gh Template:Flag Ghana Template:No Template:No Template:No
.gi Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Gibraltar Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.gl Template:Flag (Kingdom of Denmark) Greenland Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now .gal has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014 Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.gm Template:Flag Gambia Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked. Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.gn Template:Flag Guinea A local contact is required Template:No Template:Yes Template:No
.gp Template:Flag (France) Guadeloupe Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.gq Template:Flag Guinée équatoriale Also used as a free domain service to the public. Template:Yes Template:No
.gr Template:Flag Greece Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes
.gs Template:Flag (United Kingdom) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.gt Template:Flag Guatemala Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.gu Template:Flag (United States) Guam Template:No Template:No Template:No
.gw Template:Flag Gine-Bisaawo Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.gy Template:Flag Guyana Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.hk Template:Flag Hong Kong Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.hm Template:Flag Heard Island and McDonald Islands Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use .aq); registry open to the public. Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.hn Template:Flag Honduras Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.hr Template:Flag Hrvatska Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ht Template:Flag Haiti Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.hu Template:Flag Hungary Citizens of the European Union or entities established by law within the territory of the EU Template:Yes[25] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.id Template:Flag Indonesia Restricted to Indonesian companies (Template:Code), organisations (Template:Code), academic (Template:Code & Template:Code) and citizens (Template:Code, Template:Code & Template:Code). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.[26] PANDI Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ie Template:Flag Ireland In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of Ireland (including Northern Ireland).[27][28] Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.il Template:Flag Israel Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.im Template:Flag Isle of Man Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.in Template:Flag India Under INRegistry since April 2005 (except for Template:Code, Template:Code, Template:Code, Template:Code, Template:Code, Template:Code). NIXI[29] Template:Yes[30] Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.io Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Indian Ocean Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for domain hacks. NIC.IO (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.iq Template:Flag Iraq Template:No Template:PartialTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes
.ir Template:Flag Iran IRNIC Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.is Template:Flag Ísland Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example it.is, that.is, etc.). ISNIC Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.it Template:Flag Italy Restricted to companies and individuals in the European Union. Template:Yes[31] Template:Yes[32] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.je Template:Flag Jersey Island Networks Ltd. Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.jm Template:Flag Jamaica Template:No Template:No Template:No
.jo Template:Flag Jordan Template:No Template:Yes
.jp Template:Flag Japan Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan. Japan Registry Services Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes[33]
.ke Template:Flag Kenya Template:No Template:No[34] Template:No
.kg Template:Flag Kyrgyzstan Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.kh Template:Flag Khmer Template:No Template:No Template:No
.ki Template:Flag Kiribati Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.km Template:Flag Komori Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.kn Template:Flag Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.kp Template:Flag Korea, Democratic People's Republic Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of internet censorship in North Korea. Template:No Template:No Template:No Template:No
.kr Template:Flag Korea, Republic Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.kw Template:Flag Kuwait Template:Yes Template:No
.ky Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Template:Code and Template:Code already allocated Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes
.kz Template:Flag Kazakhstan Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.la Template:Flag Laos Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Los Angeles.[35] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.lb Template:Flag Lebanon Restricted to registration with a company in Lebanon Template:Yes Template:No
.lc Template:Flag Saint Lucia Template:Yes Template:Yes
.li Template:Flag Liechtenstein Also unofficially used by entities on Long Island, New York or people with the last name Li. In Russian, li can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending li . SWITCH Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.lk Template:Flag Sri Lanka Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.lr Template:Flag Liberia Template:PartialTemplate:Efn-ua Template:No
.ls Template:Flag Lesotho Template:No Template:No
.lt Template:Flag Lithuania Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.lu Template:Flag Luxembourg Also unofficially used in Lucerne, Switzerland Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.lv Template:Flag Latvia IMCS UL Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ly Template:Flag Libya Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ma Template:Flag Maroc Template:PartialTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes
.mc Template:Flag Monaco Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.md Template:Flag Moldova Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.me Template:Flag Montenegro Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example love.me, meet.me, etc.). Template:Yes Template:Yes
.mg Template:Flag Madagascar Restricted to registration with a company in Madagascar NIC-MG Template:No Template:Yes
.mh Template:Flag Marshall Inactive Template:No
.mk Template:Flag Makedonija Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union. Template:No Template:Yes
.ml Template:Flag Mali Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.mm Template:Flag Myanmar Template:No Template:No
.mn Template:Flag Mongolia The second-level domains Template:Code, Template:Code, and Template:Code are reserved for special use. See .mn for more information. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.mo Template:Flag Macao Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register. Template:No Template:Yes
.mp Template:Flag (United States) Marianas Pacific Template:No Template:Yes
.mq Template:Flag (France) Martinique Template:No Template:No
.mr Template:Flag Mauritania Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ms Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Montserrat Also unofficially used for Microsoft-related domains. Template:No Template:Yes
.mt Template:Flag Malta Template:No Template:No
.mu Template:Flag Mauritius Template:No Template:Yes
.mv Template:Flag Maldives Template:No Template:Yes
.mw Template:Flag Malawi Template:No Template:Yes
.mx Template:Flag Mexico Template:Yes Template:Yes
.my Template:Flag Malaysia Restricted to registration by an individual or company in Malaysia MYNIC Template:Yes[36] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.mz Template:Flag Mozambique Template:No Template:No
.na Template:Flag Namibia Template:Yes Template:Yes
.nc Template:Flag (France) New Caledonia Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ne Template:Flag Niger Template:No Template:Yes
.nf Template:Flag Norfolk Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ng Template:Flag Nigeria Template:No Template:Yes
.ni Template:Flag Nicaragua Template:No Template:No
.nl Template:Flag Netherlands First active country-code domain outside the US.[37] Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.no Template:Flag Norway Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address. Norid Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.np Template:Flag Nepal All Template:Code domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal. Template:No Template:No
.nr Template:Flag Nauru Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as Template:Code.[38] Template:No Template:Yes
.nu Template:Flag Niue Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now". The Swedish Internet Foundation Template:Yes[39] Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.nz Template:Flag New Zealand Template:Yes[40] Template:Yes Template:Yes[41] Template:Yes
.om Template:Flag Oman Registrant must have company or trademark registered in Oman as well as a local administrative contact. Template:No Template:No
.pa Template:Flag Panama Some use in Pennsylvania Template:No Template:No
.pe Template:Flag Peru Also unofficially used for Private Equity-related businesses. Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.pf Template:Flag (France) Polynésie française With Clipperton Island Template:No Template:Yes
.pg Template:Flag Papua New Guinea Template:No Template:No
.ph Template:Flag Philippines Template:Yes Template:Yes
.pk Template:Flag Pakistan Operated by PKNIC since 1992 Template:No Template:Yes
.pl Template:Flag Poland Template:Yes[42] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.pm Template:Flag (France) Saint Pierre and Miquelon Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Template:Yes Template:Yes
.pn Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Pitcairn As a part of a marketing campaign, Lionsgate used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to The Hunger Games franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of Panem; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn. Template:No Template:Yes
.pr Template:Flag (United States) Puerto Rico Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ps Template:Flag[43] Palestine Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza Strip. Template:No Template:Yes
.pt Template:Flag Portugal Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes[44]
.pw Template:Flag Pelew Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes[45]
.py Template:Flag Paraguay Template:No Template:No
.qa Template:Flag Qatar Template:No Template:No
.re Template:Flag (France) Réunion Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Template:Yes[23] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ro Template:Flag Romania Template:Yes[46] Template:Yes[47] Template:Yes Template:Yes[48]
.rs Template:Flag Republika Srbija See also .срб (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for Rust (programming language)-related domains. Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ru Template:Flag Russia See also .su, still in use, and .рф, for IDN. Template:No Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.rw Template:Flag Rwanda RICTA Template:No Template:Yes
.sa Template:Flag Saudi Arabia Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.[49] Template:Yes[13] Template:Yes[50] Template:Yes Template:Yes[51]
.sb Template:Flag Solomon Islands, British Template:Yes Template:No
.sc Template:Flag Seychelles Also unofficially used for Snapchat-related domains. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.sd Template:Flag Sudan Template:No Template:Yes
.se Template:Flag Sverige The Swedish Internet Foundation Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.sg Template:Flag Singapore Also unofficially used in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland Template:Yes Template:Yes
.sh Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Saint Helena NIC.SH (run by Internet Computer Bureau) Template:Yes[52] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.si Template:Flag Slovenia Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes
.sk Template:Flag Slovensko Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.sl Template:Flag Sierra Leone Template:No Template:Yes
.sm Template:Flag San Marino Domain name must be same as company name or trademark. Template:No Template:Yes
.sn Template:Flag Senegal Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.so Template:Flag Somalia Relaunched on 1 November 2010. SONIC Template:No Template:No Template:Yes
.sr Template:Flag Suriname Template:No Template:Yes
.ss Template:Flag South Sudan Template:Yes
.st Template:Flag São Tomé Also unofficially used in South Tyrol (or province of Bozen, see .bz). Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.su Template:Flag Soviet Union Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions. Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes[53]
.sv Template:Flag Salvador Template:No Template:No
.sx Template:Flag (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Template:Code, Template:Code, and Template:Code already allocated; airport code is SXM Template:Yes Template:No
.sy Template:Flag Syria Template:No Template:Yes
.sz Template:Flag Swaziland Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses. Template:No Template:No
.tc Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Turks and Caicos Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC. Template:No Template:Yes
.td Template:Flag Tchad Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only. Template:No Template:Yes
.tf Template:Flag Terres australes et antarctiques françaises Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game Team Fortress 2.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Template:Yes[23] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.tg Template:Flag Togo Template:No Template:Yes
.th Template:Flag Thai Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:No
.tj Template:Flag Tajik Template:No Template:Yes
.tk Template:Flag Tokelau Also used as a free domain service to the public. Freenom (for free domains) Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.tl Template:Flag Timor-Leste Old code .tp has been deactivated since 2015. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.tm Template:Flag Turkmen Template:Yes[54] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.tn Template:Flag Tunisia Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for Tamil Nadu[55] Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.to Template:Flag Tonga Often used unofficially for Torrent, Turin (Torino in Italian), Toronto, Tokyo, or Tocantins, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it). Template:Yes Template:No Template:Yes
.tr Template:Flag Turkey .ct.tr and .nc.tr used by Northern Cyprus Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:No Template:Yes Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua
.tt Template:Flag Trinidad and Tobago Template:Yes Template:Yes
.tv Template:Flag Tuvalu Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a VeriSign company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.tw Template:TWN Taiwan Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with ISO 3166-1, IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".[56] Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes Template:Yes
.tz Template:Flag Tanzania TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required. TCRA Template:Yes Template:No
.ua Template:Flag Ukraina Hostmaster Ltd. Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ug Template:Flag Uganda Uganda Online Ltd. Template:Yes Template:Yes
Template:Anchor.uk Template:Flag United Kingdom The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB (for Great Britain). UK is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the ISO 3166-1 list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.[57] Nominet UK Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
.us Template:Flag United States Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by U.S. State and local governments, see also .gov TLD. Go Daddy Template:Yes Template:Yes
.uy Template:Flag Uruguay 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.[58] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.uz Template:Flag Uzbekistan Uzinfocom Template:Yes Template:Yes
.va Template:Flag Vatican Limited to the official sites of the Holy See (including those of the Vatican City State). Template:No Template:No
.vc Template:Flag Vincent Template:PartialTemplate:Efn-ua Template:Yes
.ve Template:Flag Venezuela Registration is at the third level. Template:Yes Template:No
.vg Template:Flag (United Kingdom) Virgin Islands Template:No Template:Yes
.vi Template:Flag (United States) Virgin Islands Template:No Template:Yes
.vn Template:Flag Viet Nam Template:Yes[59] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.vu Template:Flag Vanuatu Template:Yes Template:Yes
.wf Template:Flag Wallis and Futuna Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua AFNIC Template:Yes[23] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.ws Template:Flag Western Samoa Marketed for use in general Websites Template:Yes Template:Yes[60] Template:Yes
.ye Template:Flag Yemen Template:No Template:No
.yt Template:Flag Mayotte Restricted to individuals and companies in European Union, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.Template:Efn-ua Also unofficially used for YouTube-related domains. AFNIC Template:Yes[23] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.za Template:Flag Zuid-Afrika .za derives from the Dutch name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language. ZA Domain Name Authority[61][62][63] Template:Yes Template:Yes
.zm Template:Flag Zambia Template:No Template:YesTemplate:Efn-ua
.zw Template:Flag Zimbabwe Template:No Template:No
Table Notes

Template:Notelist-ua


Internationalized ccTLDs

Internationalized country code top-level domains[64]
DNS name IDN ccTLD Country/Region Language Script Transliteration Comments Other ccTLD DNSSEC
xn--lgbbat1ad8j .الجزائر Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Jazā'ir .dz Template:No
xn--y9a3aq .հայ Template:Flag Armenian Armenian hay .am Template:Yes
xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a .البحرين Template:Flag Arabic Arabic al-Baḥrain Not in use .bh Template:Yes
xn--54b7fta0cc .বাংলা Template:Flag Bengali Bengali Bangla .bd Template:No
xn--90ais .бел Template:Flag Belarusian Cyrillic bel .by Template:Yes
xn--90ae .бг[65] Template:Flag Bulgarian Cyrillic bg .bg Template:Yes
xn--fiqs8s .中国 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngguó .cn Template:Yes
xn--fiqz9s .中國 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Zhōngguó .cn Template:Yes
xn--wgbh1c .مصر Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Miṣr / Maṣr[66] .eg Template:Yes
xn--e1a4c .ею Template:Flag Bulgarian Cyrillic eyu .eu Template:Yes
xn--qxa6a .ευ Template:Flag Greek Greek ey In use since 2022 .eu Template:Yes
xn--node .გე Template:Flag Georgian Georgian (Mkhedruli) GE .ge Template:No
xn--qxam Template:Lang[65] Template:Flag Greek Greek el In use since July 2018 .gr Template:Yes
xn--j6w193g .香港 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Hoeng1 gong2 / Xiānggǎng .hk Template:Yes
xn--h2brj9c .भारत Template:Flag Hindi Devanagari Bhārat Became available 27 August 2014[67] .in Template:Yes
xn--mgbbh1a71e .بھارت Template:Flag Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Template:Yes
xn--fpcrj9c3d .భారత్ Template:Flag Telugu Telugu Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Template:Yes
xn--gecrj9c .ભારત Template:Flag Gujarati Gujarati Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Template:Yes
xn--s9brj9c .ਭਾਰਤ Template:Flag Punjabi Gurmukhī Bhārat Became available 2017 .in Template:Yes
xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h .இந்தியா Template:Flag Tamil Tamil Intiyā Became available 2015 .in Template:Yes
xn--45brj9c .ভারত Template:Flag Bengali Bengali Bharôt Became available 2017 .in Template:Yes
xn--2scrj9c .ಭಾರತ Template:Flag Kannada Kannada Bhārata Became available 2020 .in Template:Yes
xn--rvc1e0am3e .ഭാരതം Template:Flag Malayalam Malayalam Bhāratam Became available 2020 .in Template:Yes
xn--45br5cyl .ভাৰত Template:Flag Assamese Bengali Bharatam Became available 2022 .in Template:Yes
xn--3hcrj9c .ଭାରତ Template:Flag Oriya Oriya Bhārat Became available 2021 .in Template:Yes
xn--mgbbh1a .بارت Template:Flag Kashmiri Arabic (Kashmiri) Bārat Became available 2022 .in Template:Yes
xn--h2breg3eve .भारतम् Template:Flag Sanskrit Devanagari Bhāratam Became available 2022 .in Template:Yes
xn--h2brj9c8c .भारोत Template:Flag Santali Devanagari Bharot Became available 2022 .in Template:Yes
xn--mgbgu82a .ڀارت Template:Flag Sindhi Arabic (Sindhi) Bhārat Became available 2022 .in Template:Yes
xn--mgba3a4f16a .ایران Template:Flag Persian Arabic (Persian) Īrān .ir Template:No
xn--mgbtx2b .عراق Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿIrāq Not in use .iq Template:No
xn--4dbrk0ce .ישראל Template:Flag Hebrew Hebrew Israel Became available 2022 .il Template:Yes
xn--mgbayh7gpa .الاردن Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Urdun .jo Template:No
xn--80ao21a .қаз Template:Flag Kazakh Cyrillic (Kazakh) qaz .kz Template:No
xn--q7ce6a .ລາວ Template:Flag Lao Lao Lao Became available 2020 .la Template:Yes
xn--mix082f .澳门 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Not in use .mo Template:No
xn--mix891f .澳門 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Ou3 mun4 / Àomén Became available 2020 .mo Template:No
xn--mgbx4cd0ab .مليسيا Template:Flag Malay Arabic (Jawi) Malaysīyā .my Template:Yes
xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd .موريتانيا Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Mūrītāniyā .mr Template:Yes
xn--l1acc .мон Template:Flag Mongolian Cyrillic (Mongolian) mon .mn Template:Yes
xn--mgbc0a9azcg .المغرب Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Maġrib .ma Template:No
xn--d1alf .мкд Template:Flag Macedonian Cyrillic (Macedonian) mkd .mk Template:No
xn--mgb9awbf .عمان Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) ʿUmān .om Template:No
xn--mgbai9azgqp6j .پاکستان Template:Flag Urdu Arabic (Urdu) Pākistān .pk Template:Yes
xn--ygbi2ammx .فلسطين Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Filasṭīn .ps Template:No
xn--wgbl6a .قطر Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Qaṭar .qa Template:No
xn--p1ai .рф Template:Flag Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rf .ru Template:Yes
xn--mgberp4a5d4ar .السعودية Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) as-Suʿūdīya .sa Template:Yes
xn--90a3ac .срб Template:Flag Serbian Cyrillic (Serbian) srb .rs Template:Yes
xn--yfro4i67o .新加坡 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Xīnjiāpō .sg Template:Yes
xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd .சிங்கப்பூர் Template:Flag Tamil Tamil Cinkappūr .sg Template:Yes
xn--3e0b707e .한국 Template:Flag Korean Hangul Han-guk .kr Template:Yes
xn--fzc2c9e2c .ලංකා Template:Flag Sinhala Sinhala Lanka .lk Template:No
xn--xkc2al3hye2a .இலங்கை Template:Flag Tamil Tamil Ilaṅkai .lk Template:No
xn--mgbpl2fh .سودان Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūdān .sd Template:No
xn--ogbpf8fl .سورية Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Sūriyya .sy Template:No
xn--kprw13d .台湾 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Táiwān .tw Template:Yes
xn--kpry57d .台灣 Template:Flag Chinese Chinese (Traditional) Táiwān .tw Template:Yes
xn--o3cw4h .ไทย Template:Flag Thai Thai Thai .th Template:Yes
xn--pgbs0dh .تونس Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Tūnis .tn Template:Yes
xn--j1amh .укр Template:Flag Ukrainian Cyrillic (Ukrainian) ukr .ua Template:No
xn--mgbaam7a8h .امارات Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) Imārāt .ae Template:No
xn--mgb2ddes .اليمن Template:Flag Arabic Arabic (Arabic) al-Yaman Not delegated .ye Template:No
Table notes

Template:Notelist-ua

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

Template:Main Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

Relation to ISO 3166-1

Template:Quote

Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy to not assign any at present. Two French territories—bl (Saint Barthélemy) and mf (Saint Martin)—Template:As of await local assignment by France's government.

The code eh, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb[68] (ISO 3166-1 for the United Kingdom), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use uk (see below).

The former .um ccTLD for the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, .um is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.

  • uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the DNS root. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.[69]
  • su This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the Soviet Union was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new su registrations are accepted.
  • ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
  • eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the European Economic Area.

Historical ccTLDs

ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia), zr (for Zaire) and tp (for East Timor). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.

The temporary reassignment of country code cs (Serbia and Montenegro) until its split into rs and me (Serbia and Montenegro, respectively) led to some controversies[70][71] about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.

The previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia, YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the yu ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian rs and Montenegrin me, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.

Australia was originally assigned the oz country code, which was later changed to au with the .oz domains moved to .oz.au.

Internationalized ccTLDs

An internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a web browser, in its native language script or a non-alphabetic writing system, such as Latin script (.us, .uk and .br), Indic script (.Template:Lang) and Korean script (.Template:Lang), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the internationalized domain name (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the United Kingdom, or independent geographic regions.

ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,[72] and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.[73]

ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid IDN homograph attacks. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.

Generic ccTLDs

Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain or gccTLD refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs (gTLDs) rather than "country"-targeted ones.[74][75][76] Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as domain hacks:

gccTLD Country/Region Domain hacks
.ac Ascension Island Template:Unbulleted list
.ad Andorra advertising
.ag Antigua and Barbuda Aktiengesellschaft (German for corporation)
.ai Anguilla Artificial intelligence
.am Armenia Template:Unbulleted list
.as American Samoa Template:Unbulleted list
.az Azerbaijan Arizona
.bz Belize Template:Unbulleted list
.cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands Template:Unbulleted list
.cd Congo Compact disc
.co Colombia Template:Unbulleted list
.cu Cuba see you
.cv Cape Verde curriculum vitae
.dj Djibouti Disc jockey
.fm Federated States of Micronesia Template:Unbulleted list
.ga Gabon Georgia
.gg Bailiwick of Guernsey Template:Unbulleted list
.io British Indian Ocean Territory Template:Unbulleted list
.is Iceland it.is, that.is, etc.
.it Italy Information technology
.kg Kyrgyzstan Keygen
.la Laos Template:Unbulleted list
.ly Libya words ending in -ly
.md Moldova Template:Unbulleted list
.me Montenegro Template:Unbulleted list
.ms Montserrat Template:Unbulleted list
.nu Niue Template:Unbulleted list
.pe Peru Private Equity
.pn Pitcairn Phone number
.pw Palau Pwned (leet speak)
.re Réunion Reverse engineering
.rs Serbia Rust
.sc Seychelles Template:Unbulleted list
.sh Saint Helena Shell
.sk Slovakia Saskatchewan
.sx Sint Maarten sex
.tf French Southern and Antarctic Lands Template:Unbulleted list
.tk Tokelau Template:Unbulleted list
.tm Turkmenistan Trademark
.to Tonga link-to
.tv Tuvalu television and broadcasts
.ws Western Samoa Template:Unbulleted list
.yt Mayotte YouTube

Unconventional usage

Template:Main Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various domain hacks. Domain names such as I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the second-level domain and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), youtu.be of Belgium (be), del.icio.us of the United States (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). The .co domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for company.[77]

Several ccTLDs allow the creation of emoji domains.

Some ccTLDs may also be used for typosquatting. The domain cm of Cameroon has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter o for sites in the com.[78]

Commercial use

Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like .tk.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Template:Cite report
  2. ↑ ccTLD. ICANN (iana.org)(2012-02-25). Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  3. ↑ Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021. verisign.com. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  4. ↑ list of ccTLDs. IANA (iana.org). Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  5. ↑ Root Zone database. IANA (iana.org). Retrieved 2020-02-01.
  6. ↑ IANA — Root Zone Database. iana.org. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 IANA — Root Zone Database. iana.org. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  8. ↑ Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy. Nic.ad. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  9. ↑ Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy. Nic.ad. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  10. ↑ Rules for .au Domains. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 .au Direct. auDA.org.au. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
  12. ↑ BTCL Expands DNSSEC Deployment to .com.bd and .net.bd - ITBlog: Single Page Layout - domain.btcl.gov.bd. domain.btcl.gov.bd. Retrieved 2026-03-26.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named idn.tables
  14. ↑ DNS Belgium and IPv6. economie.fgov.be. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  15. ↑ Domínios .br. Registro.br. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  16. ↑ Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS. Registro.br(4 May 2005). Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  17. ↑ Domain Registration. Nic.Bt. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  18. ↑ DNSViz probe 27 July 2022. dnsviz.net. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  19. ↑ About internationalized domain names. Cira.ca. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  20. ↑ BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成, BASE. BASE (ベイス) | ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  21. ↑ Other applicable Regulations. dominios.es. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  22. ↑ .eu and IPv6. EURid.eu. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs. Afnic.fr. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  24. ↑ Template:Cite report Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article.
  25. ↑ Delegation Rules. The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  26. ↑ Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year. Tech in Asia. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  27. ↑ Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions. Silicon Republic(17 December 2002). Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  28. ↑ Template:Cite report
  29. ↑ .IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD). Registry.In. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  30. ↑ Now, get Internet domain names in regional languages. The Hindu. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  31. ↑ Idn: un successo. Nic.it. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  32. ↑ TLD DNSSEC Report. stats.research.icann.org. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  33. ↑ .JP technical update. jprs.jp(2 September 2003). Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  34. ↑ DNSViz probe 15 September 2022. dnsviz.net. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  35. ↑ .LA - The Official .LA Registry. La. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  36. ↑ .my Domain Registry. Domainregistry.my. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  37. ↑ our milestones. sidn.nl. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  38. ↑ Free Domain Name Pro. freedomain.pro. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  39. ↑ nu teckentabell. iis.se. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  40. ↑ F.A.Q. for Domain Names with macrons (IDNs). Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  41. ↑ second level domains. dnc.org.nz. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  42. ↑ IDN intro www.dns.pl. Retrieved 11 September 2003.
  43. ↑ Delegation Record for .PS. Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  44. ↑ Notícias. Dns.pt. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  45. ↑ Registrars. Registry.PW. Poets & Writers. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  46. ↑ Romania Top Level Domain. Rotld.ro. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  47. ↑ Romania Top Level Domain. Rotld.ro(6 June 2016). Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  48. ↑ Romania Top Level Domain. Rotld.ro. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  49. ↑ Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa). nic.sa. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  50. ↑ DNSSEC is Officially Enabled in Saudi Arabia's TLD. Nic.sa(22 June 2017). Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  51. ↑ Saudi NIC. nic.sa. Retrieved 2021-05-17.
  52. ↑ IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain. Nic.sh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  53. ↑ ccTLD.su. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  54. ↑ IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain. Nic.tm. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  55. ↑ .TN for Tamil Nadu. tamil.tn. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  56. ↑ IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center. Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  57. ↑ Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace{{#if:Mueller|, Mueller}. MIT Press(2002). ISBN 9780262632980
  58. ↑ New rules for the registration of domain names under UY. Nic.org.uy. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  59. ↑ Trung tâm internet Viêt Nam – Tên mien tieng viet. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  60. ↑ You are being redirected. Domain.me(15 December 2010). Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  61. ↑ Root Zone Database. ICANN. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  62. ↑ za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf. ICANN. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  63. ↑ .za Domain Delegation Data. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
  64. ↑ String evaluation completion. Icann.org. ICANN(2014-02-19). Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review. ICANN(2014-10-14).
  66. ↑ دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية. Dotmasr.eg. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  67. ↑ Launch of .भारत domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad. Registry.in. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  68. ↑ DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
  69. ↑ Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace{{#if:Mueller|, Mueller}. MIT Press(2002). ISBN 9780262632980
  70. ↑ IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166, Daigle, Leslie. IAB(2003-09-24). Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  71. ↑ IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards, Daigle, Leslie. IAB(2003-09-24). Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  72. ↑ Template:Cite press release
  73. ↑ 'Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live. BBC News(6 May 2010). Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  74. ↑ What is gccTLD?. dynadot.com. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  75. ↑ What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search. name.com(Nov 2016). Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  76. ↑ gccTLD generic country-code domains. dynadot.com. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  77. ↑ General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity?. cointernet.co. .CO Internet S.A.S.. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  78. ↑ The man who owns the Internet. CNN Money(2007-06-01). Retrieved 2010-11-05.

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