1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

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Template:Infobox hurricane season The 1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an above-average cyclone season, featuring eighteen depressions, eight of which intensified into deep depressions. Of those eight systems, six intensified into cyclonic storms. Of these six, three intensified further, becoming severe cyclonic storms and very severe cyclonic storms. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and November, with peaks in late April to May and October to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in the basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), which at the time, was the sole agency issuing warnings on tropical cyclones in the basin. Template:Clear

Season summary

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 from:01/01/1937 till:30/01/1937 text:Jan' 1937

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The 1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season took place during the neutral phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation,[1] which is correlated with less activity in the basin.Template:Sfn Additionally, ENSO-neutral conditions are also correlated to a higher chance of landfall in the eastern coast of India,Template:Sfn hence the fact that a majority of the systems impacted land.Template:Sfn In total, the season had eighteen depressions, eight of which intensified into deep depressions, with six intensifying further into cyclonic storms, and three further developing into severe cyclonic storms and very severe cyclonic storms.Template:Sfn

The season began on April 21, when a cyclone developed in the Bay of Bengal. Peaking as an very severe cyclonic storm, it would make landfall in modern-day Myanmar prior to dissipating.Template:Sfn A month after that system dissipated, another very severe cyclonic storm formed in late May, making landfall in East India prior to dissipating.Template:Sfn Three depressions would form in June, with two developing into cyclonic storms.Template:Sfn In July, three depressions would form, with one of them developing into a deep depression prior to dissipating.Template:Sfn In August, two systems would form, with one of them becoming a deep depression prior to making landfall in Andhra Pradesh.Template:Sfn September would feature three systems.Template:Sfn The first and second systems, weak depression, would not be of much importance.Template:Sfn However, the third system would peak as a very severe cyclonic storm prior to striking Odisha in early October.Template:Sfn In October, only one system, a deadly cyclonic storm would form.Template:Sfn However, November and December would be more active, featuring two depressions each.Template:Sfn The last system, a weak depression offshore Sri Lanka, would form on December 30 and dissipate early the next day.Template:Sfn

Systems

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm One

1936 Burma cyclone Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On April 21, due to a temporary advancement of the southwest monsoon, a low-pressure area was first identified near the Nicobar Islands. Developing over the southeastern Bay of Bengal, later that day, it coalesced into an area of unsettled weather.Template:Sfn Further development occurred, and on 00:00 UTC the next day, the disturbance developed into a depression west of the Nicobar Islands.Template:Sfn[2] Undergoing rapid intensification,Template:Sfn by 12:00 UTC that same day, the cyclone had peaked as a very severe cyclonic storm with sustained winds of Template:Cvt.[2] It later attained a minimum pressure of Template:Cvt at 21:00 UTC that day.Template:Sfn Soon after, the cyclone recurved,[2] with its intensity remaining the same as it tracked northeastward the next few days.Template:Sfn At 03:00 UTC on April 26,[2] the cyclone made its first landfall over Cheduba Island near peak intensity, producing intense winds there.Template:Sfn Soon after, it made its second landfall along the coast of Myanmar, somewhere between Thandwe and Kyaukphyu.Template:Sfn Rapidly weakening, it dissipated later that day.Template:Sfn

The most intense storm to strike Myanmar prior to 1970,[3] immense property damage occurred in Thandwe and Kyaukphyu.Template:Sfn Many villages along the coast were destroyed either due to the cyclone's winds or storm surge.Template:Sfn Over 150,000 were affected by the resulting flooding that came from it.[4] In some villages, torrential rainfall destroyed all of the grain that was stored while thousands of cattle were lost. Initial reports also stated that more than due to the cyclone, over 1000 people had died or drowned,Template:Sfn however, a 2006 report by Jeff Masters of Wunderground stated that only 36 people were killed.[3] Template:Clear

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Two

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On May 22, due to the southwest monsoon strengthening, an area of unsettled weather formed over the Bay of Bengal.Template:Sfn Just a few hours later, this disturbance developed into a depression.Template:Sfn However, further intensification was slow to occur, as it would not become a cyclonic storm until May 25.Template:Sfn Paralleling the eastern coast of India as it recurved northwards prior to resuming its northeastward track a few days later, the next day, the cyclone peaked as a very severe cyclonic storm with sustained winds of Template:Cvt.[5] Despite weakening into a severe cyclonic stormTemplate:Sfn as it made landfall along the coast of eastern India on May 27,[5] it attained a minimum pressure of Template:Cvt at that time.Template:Sfn Tracking northeastward after landfall, it weakened rapidly once inland, eventually dissipating over Mymensingh on May 29.Template:Sfn

Due to the cyclone, the southwest monsoon was able to establish itself in Northern India and Myanmar. As a result, torrential rainfall occurred, peaking with Template:Cvt in Cherrapunji and Template:Cvt in Shillong on May 29. Many rivers flooded, carrying away cattle and making many families homeless. Nearly every single building in Tura was damaged due to flooding as overflowing rivers caused many boats to be lost.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Cyclonic Storm Three

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On June 10, an area of unsettled weather was first over the northern Bay of Bengal. Developing into a cyclonic circulation a few hours later, on June 11, this disturbance developed into a depression.Template:Sfn As it tracked northwest towards India,[6] it intensified into a deep depression a few hours later.Template:Sfn As a result, prior to making landfall southeast of Balasore,Template:Sfn it peaked as a minimal cyclonic storm early on June 13 with peak winds of Template:Cvt.[6] However, once inland, it rapidly weakened, becoming a depression by June 14.Template:Sfn The weakening depression would persist northwestwards, dissipating over Westcentral India on June 17.Template:Sfn

Due to the cyclone, the southwest monsoon was able to establish itself in North and Central India, causing torrential rainfall.Template:Sfn As a result, a country boat travelling in the Gomal River capsized, causing 20 deaths.[7] Locally heavy rain would also occur in the Central Provinces and Orissa, peaking in Kumhari, which received Template:Cvt of rainfall.Template:Sfn The cyclone, which at the time was expected to impact Mount Everest, prevented Hugh Ruttledge and his fellow climbers from successfully completing their expedition.[8] Template:Clear

Depression Four

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On June 21, after temporarily weakening, the monsoon began strengthening over the Bay of Bengal. As a result, three days later, a trough of low pressure was first identified offshore Orissa and Ganjam. This trough would develop in favorable environmental conditions,Template:Sfn becoming a depression on June 25.Template:Sfn Deepening as it travelled near-stationary for the next few days, the depression finally made landfall near Balasore on June 28. Once inland, the depression rapidly weakened, dissipating just a few hours later.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Cyclonic Storm Five

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On June 28, a land depression was first identified over the west Central Provinces.Template:Sfn As it tracked northwestwards and then westwards,[9] it began deepening over Deesa.Template:Sfn As a result, early on July 1, it developed into a cyclonic storm over Badin,Template:Sfn peaking with sustained winds of Template:Cvt later that day.[9] However, weakening soon commenced, and as it crossed into the Arabian Sea on July 2,Template:Sfn it weakened into a deep depression.[9] The weakening cyclone would traverse westwards prior to dissipating over Oman on July 4.Template:Sfn

Heavy rainfall associated with the storm caused three deaths in Ernakulam and uprooted several trees. Additionally, three country boats carrying merchandise were capsized.[10] Template:Clear

Depression Six

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On June 30, a low-pressure area was first identified over Myanmar. Travelling eastwards, this disturbance would spawn an area of unsettled weather over the north and central Bay of Bengal.Template:Sfn As a result of this, on July 2, a depression formed over the bay.Template:Sfn Initially tracking north, after it made landfall between Balasore and Sagar Island the next day, it would begin tracking northwestwards instead. As a result, the weakening depression would persist until finally dissipating on July 5.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Land Depression Seven

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On July 7, a land depression was first identified near Lucknow. This depression would slowly track southwestwards, deepening slightly due to the rains intensifying the monsoon over the United Provinces. However, two days later, it began tracking northwestwards, weakening steadily. As a result, it dissipated over Bareilly on July 11.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Deep Depression Eight

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On July 20, a cyclonic circulation was first identified offshore Orissa. Developing, it soon became a depression the next day.Template:Sfn Developing as it initially moved near-stationary,Template:Sfn on 03:00 UTC that same day, it became a deep depression.[11] Soon after, it tracked northwestwards, making landfall along the coast of Puri and Gopalpur two days later.Template:Sfn Once inland, the depression slowly weakened as it tracked northwestwards,Template:Sfn slowly tracking northwards prior to dissipating on July 29.Template:Sfn[11] Template:Clear

Depression Nine

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On August 15, due to the strengthening monsoon, an area of unsettled weather formed in the northern Bay of Bengal. Developing offshore Odisha, two days later, the disturbance developed into a depression. Tracking northwards, after it made landfall near Chandabali on the evening of August 18, it rapidly weakened, dissipating soon after.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Deep Depression Ten

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On August 25, an area of unsettled weather with a weak low-level circulation formed over the northern Bay of Bengal.Template:Sfn Developing into a shallow depression early the next day, it initially stalled prior to deepening.Template:Sfn As a result, as it tracked southwestwards prior to recurving on August 28,[12] it peaked as a deep depression.Template:Sfn However, as it neared the coast, the system weakened into a depression,Template:Sfn prior to making landfall near Kalingapatnam on 03:00 UTC on August 29.Template:Sfn[11] Tracking northwestwards soon after,[12] it persisted inland prior to dissipating on September 1.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Depression Eleven

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On September 4, due to the strengthening monsoon, an area of unsettled weather formed in the northern Bay of Bengal. Developing into a depression a day later, it began tracking northwestwards. Never developing further, after it made landfall in Odisha on September 7, it kept moving northwestwards prior to being absorbed by a trough of low pressure over northern India.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Depression Twelve

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On September 27, an area of unsettled weather was first identified over the Bay of Bengal. The next day, ship reports revealed that two cyclonic circulations had formed from this disturbance. Both developing into depressions on September 29, the former one would intensify further prior to making landfall in Tharrawaddy. Tracking northwestwards soon after, it would degenerate into a weak low-pressure area. Despite that it was able to retain its upper-level circulation.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thirteen

1936 Odisha cyclone Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On September 29, two depressions would form from an area of unsettled weather over the Bay of Bengal. While the former one would make landfall in Tharrawaddy and dissipate,Template:Sfn the latter one would track northeastwards due to favorable upper-level conditions.Template:Sfn As a result, on October 2, it would deepen into a deep depression, developing into a cyclonic storm a few hours later.Template:Sfn Further developing, the next day, the system intensified into a severe cyclonic storm,Template:Sfn peaking with sustained winds of Template:Cvt.[13] On 21:00 UTC that same day,[13] the cyclone would make landfall alongside the coast of Odisha.Template:Sfn Rapidly weakening once inland, by the next day, the cyclone had weakened into a deep depression, further weakening as it recurved northeastwards.Template:Sfn It would finally dissipate over Bangladesh on October 7.Template:Sfn

Widespread rainfall from the cyclone affected Myanmar, Bangladesh, and portions of India, with the most concentrated amounts seeing in Odisha. As a result, extensive damage occurred in the state, with Cuttack alone seeing 300 homes collapsing.Template:Sfn In Bangladesh, many areas in Noakhali District were inundated due to the cyclone's storm surge.[14] In West Bengal, the cyclone produced a tornado which capsized several country boats carrying jute.[15] In total, the cyclone caused one death.[16] Template:Clear

Cyclonic Storm Fourteen

1936 Andhra Pradesh cyclone Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On October 25, due to the northeast monsoon establishing itself, a cyclonic circulation developed in the southern Bay of Bengal.Template:Sfn Developing into a depression later that day, the cyclone would develop into a cyclonic storm as it tracked north-northwestwardly.Template:Sfn Soon after, it peaked with sustained winds of Template:Cvt on October 27.[17] Tracking northwestwardly for a while, it later made landfall near Machilipatnam on 06:00 UTC the next day.Template:Sfn[17] Weakening soon after, it became a deep depression over Hyderabad, finally dissipating over the Central Provinces on October 31.Template:Sfn

Severe rainfall from the cyclone caused immense damage in Andhra Pradesh. Many villages were either inundated or collapsed due to heavy rainfall, causing thousands to become homeless. In Chirala, the tobacco factory sustained 2 lakh rupees ($75,000) in damage.Template:Sfn[18] In total, the storm killed 233 people in India.[19] In the storm's aftermath, Mahatma Gandhi visited flooded areas to bring help pay for flood relief.[20]

Deep Depression Fifteen

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On November 1, a low-pressure area formed near the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. Developing further, as it tracked into the Arabian Sea two days later, it became a depression. Tracking westwards and then northwestwards, on November 6, the depression intensified further, becoming a deep depression.Template:Sfn Further deepening as it tracked northwards towards the coast of Gujarat, it attained a minimum pressure of Template:Cvt on November 12. However, soon after, it rapidly weakened, dissipating on November 15 over Kutch.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Depression Sixteen

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On November 3, an area of unsettled weather formed in the southern Bay of Bengal, developing into a depression early the next day. Never intensifying further, the depression would track northwestwardly and then west-northwestwardly prior to weakening four days later. It soon made landfall along the coast of Chennai, dissipating a few hours later.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Depression Seventeen

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small From November 28–30, a low-pressure area in the Gulf of Thailand would produce convective activity in the Andaman Sea. As it passed through Thailand and entered the Andaman Sea on December 1, it would produce an area of unsettled weather which developed into a depression early the next day. Never intensifying further, the depression degenerated into a trough of low pressure on December 4. This remnant trough would persist prior to dissipating two days later.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Depression Eighteen

Template:Infobox tropical cyclone small On December 30, an area of unsettled weather formed offshore Sri Lanka over the southwest Bay of Bengal, developing into a depression a few hours later. Never intensifying further, the depression would track southwesterly into the Arabian Sea prior to degenerating into a low-pressure area early the next day.Template:Sfn Template:Clear

Other systems

  • According to IBTrACS, on July 2, a tropical cyclone formed in the border of India and Pakistan. Crossing into the Arabian Sea the next day, it dissipated.[21]
  • According to IBTrACS, on July 15, a depression with sustained winds of Template:Cvt formed in modern-day Pakistan. Crossing into the Arabian Sea the next day, it dissipated.[22]

Bibliographies

Season effects

This is a table of all storms in the 1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities according to the IMD storm scale, damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low. All of the damage figures are in 1936 USD.

Template:North Indian Ocean areas affected (Top) |- | One || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Template:Convert|| Myanmar || Template:Ntsh Unknown || 36 ||[3] |- | Two || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Template:Convert|| Myanmar, Bangladesh, North India || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Three || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || North India, Central India, Bangladesh || Template:Ntsh Unknown || 20 ||[7] |- | Four || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || Myanmar || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Five || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || India (primarily Gujarat and Kerala), Pakistan, Oman || Template:Ntsh Unknown || 3 ||[10] |- | Six || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || Myanmar, West Bengal || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Seven || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || North India || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Eight || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || India || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Nine || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || East India (primarily Odisha), Myamnar (primarily Rakhine) || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Ten || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || North India (primarily Odisha and Andhra Pradesh), Myamnar || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Eleven || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || East India (primarily Odisha), North India || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Twelve || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || Myanmar || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Thirteen || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Template:Convert|| Myanmar, Odisha, West Bengal, Bangladesh || Template:Ntsh Unknown || 1 ||[16] |- | Fourteen || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || India (primarily Andhra Pradesh) || Template:Ntsh $75,000 || 233 ||Template:Sfn[19][18] |- | Fifteen || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Template:Convert|| Sri Lanka, West India (primarily Gujarat) || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Sixteen || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || Tamil Nadu || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Seventeen || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || Thailand, Andaman Islands || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- | Eighteen || Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|Template:Sort || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour|≤Template:Convert || bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour| Not specified || Sri Lanka || Template:Ntsh Unknown || None || |- Template:TC Areas affected (Bottom)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Past Events. Physics Science Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Template:Cite report
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Top weather story of 2008: Cyclone Nargis. Category 6™(5 January 2009). Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  4. ↑ MYANMAR{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. National Institute of Disaster Management(2014)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite report
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Template:Cite report
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Boats Capsize In Rivers(15 June 1936). Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  8. ↑ Mountain Climbers Are Balked By Storm(12 June 1936).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Template:Cite report
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Storm Havoc In Ernakulam(1 July 1936). Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Template:Cite report
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Template:Cite report
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Template:Cite report
  14. ↑ Severe Cyclone on East Coast(5 October 1936). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  15. ↑ Severe Tornado and Cyclone(7 October 1936). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cyclone in Orrisa(7 October 1936). Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Template:Cite report
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 [=India Measures of worth, inflation rates, saving calculator, relative value, worth of a dollar, worth of a pound, purchasing power, gold prices, GDP, history of wages, average wage]. Measuring Worth. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 ADRC 20th Century Asian Natural Disasters Data Book{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Asian Disaster Reduction Center(August 2002)
  20. ↑ When Mahatma Gandhi toured Andhra Pradesh to raise cyclone relief fund. The Times of India(3 October 2019). Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  21. ↑ Template:Cite report
  22. ↑ Template:Cite report

Template:Tropical cyclone season

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