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Pakistan is administratively divided into four provinces, one federal territory, and two disputed territories: the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan; the Islamabad Capital Territory; and the administrative territories[Note 1] of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan.[Note 2][4][5] As part of the Kashmir conflict with neighbouring India, Pakistan has also claimed sovereignty over the Indian-controlled territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh since the First Kashmir War of 1947–1948. It also has a territorial dispute with India over Junagadh,[6][7][8][9] but has never exercised administrative authority over either regions. All of Pakistan's provinces and territories are subdivided into divisions, which are further subdivided into districts, and then tehsils, which are again further subdivided into union councils.[10]
History
Post-independence
Pakistan inherited the territory comprising its current provinces from India following the Partition of India on 14 August 1947. Two days after independence, the Muslim-majority Murshidabad district in Bengal was moved out of the Dominion of Pakistan and put within the Dominion of India due to a boundary adjustment by the Radcliffe Commission which was aimed at keeping the Hooghly River entirely within India.[11][12] At its inception, Pakistan consisted of two wings, which were separated from each other by around Template:Convert of Indian territory. The western wing consisted of a merger of the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Sind Province, and Baluchistan CCP. The eastern wing consisted of East Bengal. What later became the Princely states of Pakistan chose at first to remain independent.
In 1948, Karachi was separated from Sind Province to form the Federal Capital Territory. In 1950, the North-West Frontier Province absorbed the princely states of Amb and Phulra while West Punjab (designated 'West' to distinguish it from India's Punjab in the east) was renamed to simply Punjab. In 1952, the four princely states in the southwest formed the Baluchistan States Union.
In 1955, the One Unit policy was launched by then-Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra, whereby all the provinces and princely states of the western wing were merged to form the provincial wing of West Pakistan, with Lahore serving as its provincial capital. Simultaneously, East Bengal was redesignated as East Pakistan, with Dacca serving as its provincial capital. The One Unit policy aimed to reduce expenditure and to eliminate provincial prejudices, but the military coup of 1958 brought difficulties when the first military President, Ayub Khan, abolished the office of the Chief Minister of West Pakistan in favour of Governor rule.
On 7 September 1958, after four years of negotiations (including six months of intense negotiations), Pakistan purchased the enclave of Gwadar from Oman for ₨.5.5 billion (US$3 million; approximately $22,410,311.42 in 2017).[13] Gwadar formally became a part of Pakistan on 8 December 1958, ending 174 years of Omani rule. In 1960, the federal capital was moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi and in 1961, the Federal Capital Territory was also merged into West Pakistan. In 1966, the capital was again moved to the newly constructed city of Islamabad. In 1962, Dacca was made the legislative capital of the country due to East Pakistan's high population.[14] Following the 1963 Sino–Pakistan Agreement, a part of the Gilgit Agency (controlled by Pakistan since the First Kashmir War) was formally relinquished by Pakistan to the People's Republic of China (the Trans-Karakoram Tract/Shaksgam Valley in northeastern Kashmir) with the provision that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan.
Since 1970
In 1970, the second military President, Yahya Khan, abolished the political structure of West Pakistan and established four new provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province. In 1971, the Bengali-majority wing of East Pakistan seceded from the Pakistani union following the Bangladesh Liberation War, consequently forming the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh. In 1974, the remaining princely states of Hunza and Nagar were abolished and their territories merged into the Gilgit Agency, following which the Northern Areas were formed. In 1975, portions of the districts of Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan were separated to form the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. In 1981, the region surrounding Islamabad was separated from Punjab province, and renamed to the Islamabad Capital Territory.
In August 2000, divisions were abolished as part of a plan to restructure local governments, followed by elections in 2001. Many of the functions previously handled at a provincial level had been transferred to individual districts and tehsils. In 2008, the government restored the former divisions and appointed commissioners.
In 2009, the Northern Areas were renamed to Gilgit-Baltistan, and retained its formal status as an autonomous territory.[15][16] In 2010, the North-West Frontier Province was formally renamed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[17] In 2018, the National Assembly of Pakistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly passed the historic FATA Merger Bill with the Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Amendment. On 31 May 2018, the final step in the merger of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was completed, as then-President Mamnoon Hussain signed the 25th Constitutional Amendment Bill into law. The amendment's signing abolished the Federally Administered Tribal Areas as a separate political entity and merged them into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[18][19][20]
Tiers of governance
The diagram below outlines the six tiers of government:
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Division
Template:MainTemplate:Unref section The Provinces and administrative territories of Pakistan are subdivided into administrative "divisions", Divisional Commissioner is the administrative head of a division. Divisional Commissioner is appointed by the government of Pakistan from Pakistan Administrative Service
District
Template:Main The District Coordination Officer is the administrative head of the District Administration. They have wide-ranging responsibility for overseeing, improving and directing the approved plans of the District Government.[21]
The Zila Nazim used to be the executive head of the District Administration until 2010 when the government gave their powers to the District Coordination Officers also. Their role is similar to district governor or prefect, with responsibility for implementing government strategy and developing initiatives arising out of it.[22]
In order to decentralize administrative and financial authority to be accountable to Local Governments, for good governance, effective delivery of services, and transparent decision making through institutionalized participation of the people at grassroots level, elections to the local government institutions are held after every four years on none party basis by the Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan.
Tehsil
Template:Main Among the three tiers of local government, tehsil government is the second tier. It is where the functions, responsibilities, and authorities of districts government are divided into smaller units, these units are known as "tehsils". The tehsils are used all over Pakistan except Sindh province where the word "taluka" is used instead, although the functions and authorities are the same. The head of the Tehsil government is "Tehsil Nazim" who is assisted by the tehsil Naib-Nazim. Every tehsil has a Tehsil Municipal Administration, consisting of a tehsil council, Tehsil Nazim, tehsil/taluka municipal officer (TMO), chief officer and other officials of the local council.[23]
Union council
Template:MainTemplate:Unref section Members of the union council including Union Administrator and Vice Union Administrator are elected through direct elections based on adult franchise and on the basis of joint electorate. However, for the election to the reserved seats for women in Zila Council proportionately divided among tehsils or towns shall be all members of the union councils in a tehsil or town. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to organize and conduct these elections.
Current administrative units
| Name (English) | Abbr. | Capital and largest city |
Emblem | Flag | Map | Map Key | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azad Jammu and KashmirTemplate:Efn | AJK | Muzaffarabad | .png)
|
|
.svg)
|
6 | |
| Balochistan | BA | Quetta | 
|
|
.svg)
|
1 | |
| Gilgit-BaltistanTemplate:Efn | GB | Gilgit | 
|
_(claims_hatched).svg)
|
7 | ||
| Islamabad Capital Territory | IS / ICT | Islamabad | 
|
_(claims_hatched).svg)
|
5 | ||
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | KP / KPK | Peshawar | 
|
|
.svg)
|
2 | |
| Punjab | PB | Lahore | 
|
|
.svg)
|
3 | |
| Sindh | SD | Karachi | 
|
|
.svg)
|
4 | |
| Pakistan | PAK | Islamabad | 
|
|
|
Note: (a) 2023 Population total excludes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan
Uncontrolled administrative units
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| Name (English) | Capital and largest city |
Emblem | Flag | Map | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jammu and KashmirTemplate:Efn | Srinagar | N/A | N/A | .svg)
| |
| JunagadhTemplate:Efn | Junagadh | 
|
|
File:Junaghad state.jpg |
At independence
(i) Provinces of Pakistan
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(ii) Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan
| Name | Capital | Emblem | Flag | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal Capital Territory Template:Nastaliq বেফাকী রাজধানী এলাকা |
Karachi Template:Nastaliq করাচী |
Emblem of Federal Capital Territory | Error creating thumbnail: | Federal Capital Territory |
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(iii) Princely States of Pakistan
Template:Main Between August 1947 and March 1948, the rulers of the following princely states (which had existed alongside but outside British India) acceded their states to Pakistan, giving up control of their external affairs, while all retaining internal self-government, at least to begin with. This was lost by stages, until by 1974 all of the states had been fully integrated into Pakistan.
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Proposed provinces
- Bahawalpur Province
- South Punjab Province
- South Balochistan[24]
- Karachi Province[25] / Jinnahpur Province
- Hazara Province[26][27]
- Gilgit-Baltistan Province[28][29] / Balawaristan Province / Karakoram Province
- Review of the Divisions of Pakistan for New Provinces[30][31]
See also
- Cantonment (Pakistan), permanent military stations, which may include significant civilian populations
- Former administrative units of Pakistan
- Former princely states of Pakistan
- ISO 3166-2:PK
- List of administrative units of Pakistan by Human Development Index
- List of capitals in Pakistan
- List of cities in Pakistan by population
- List of Pakistani administrative units by gross state product
- List of Pakistani administrative divisions by highest elevation
- Local government in Pakistan
Notes
- ↑ Fifth province. Fifth province Template:Pipe The Express Tribune. The Express Tribune(2 November 2020). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
- ↑ Pakistani PM says he will upgrade status of part of Kashmir, angering India. Reuters(1 November 2020). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
- ↑ Gilgit-Baltistan to get provisional provincial status post-election: PM Imran. The News International(2 November 2020). Retrieved 14 November 2020.
- ↑ Azad Kashmir | quasi-state, Kashmir region, India-Pakistan. Encyclopedia Britannica(1998-07-20). Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ↑ Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan: Between the Kashmir conflict and China. Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan: Between the Kashmir conflict and China. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ↑ Why Did Pakistan Lay Claim to the Indian Territory of Junagadh?. The Diplomat(10 August 2020). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ↑ Pakistan, India and mapping the contested accession of South Asia's princely states, Jagessar, Philip. University of Nottingham(3 October 2019). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ↑ After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts. The Himalayan Times(4 August 2020). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ↑ Why Pakistan has claimed Junagadh in its new political map. India Today(7 August 2020). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ↑ List of Districts, Tehsils/Talukas. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics(July 2014). Retrieved 15 October 2016.
- ↑ Murshidabad Govt Website. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ↑ The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2007). ISBN 9781139468305
- ↑ Who Purchased Gwadar?, Harris, Matt. CPIC Global(2019-02-11). Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ↑ Pakistan Affairs{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan.(1968)
- ↑ Northern Areas renamed Gilgit-Baltistan Poll for assembly, CM in Nov Regional groups unhappy: Autonomy package for NAs approved. DAWN(August 30, 2009). Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ↑ Disputed Northern Areas renamed as Gilgit-Baltistan. Hindustan Times(Aug 30, 2009). Retrieved 3 November 2019.
- ↑ From NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. DAWN(April 1, 2010). Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ↑ New dawn for FATA as K-P approves merger - The Express Tribune(27 May 2018). Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ↑ KP Assembly approves landmark bill merging Fata with province, Hayat, Arif(27 May 2018). Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ↑ President signs KP-Fata merger bill into law, Wasim, Amir(31 May 2018). Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ↑ DCO job description Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Zila Nazim job description Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Administrative Structure of the Tehsil Municipal Administration. ResearchGate(January 2006).
- ↑ A new province in south Balochistan?. www.thefridaytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-09-12.Template:Dead link
- ↑ Karachi as a province, Zaidi, S. Akbar(11 January 2014). Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ↑ TSH to shut Hazara after Eid. Dawn(22 May 2018). Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ↑ Treasury benches demand appreciation, opposition criticize govt for ignoring development -(8 May 2018). Retrieved 31 May 2018.
- ↑ Gilgit-Baltistan: A question of autonomy. The Indian Express(29 April 2010). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ↑ Pakistan's disputed Northern Areas go to polls. Reuters(12 November 2009). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ↑ New provinces?, Babakhel, Mohammad Ali. DAWN.COM(2019-01-16). Retrieved 2020-11-06.
- ↑ A new provincial map of Pakistan?(7 February 2019). Retrieved 5 January 2021.
References
External links
- Government of Azad Jammu & Kashmir
- Government of Balochistan
- Government of Gilgit-Baltistan
- Government of Islamabad Capital Territory Template:Webarchive
- Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Government of Punjab Template:Webarchive
- Government of Sindh Template:Webarchive
Template:Administrative units of Pakistan
Template:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries
Template:Geography of Pakistan
Template:Pakistan topics
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