Ancient Meitei literature

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About: the literature in Ancient Meitei

For other uses, see Meitei literature.


Template:Contains special characters Template:Infobox literary genre Ancient Meitei literature, also termed as Old Manipuri literature, is literature written in the Ancient Meitei language (Old Manipuri language) from the earliest texts until the time of King Template:Langnf of Template:Langnf. All the ancient Meitei literary works are written in the traditional Meitei script.[1][2][3][4] The ancient Meitei language texts, written in Meitei script, are conventionally termed as "the Puyas".[5][6][7][8]

Many of the ancient Meitei literary works need transliteration and translation, as the language used is often "obscure and unintelligible" to the modern Meitei (modern Manipuri).[9]

Overview

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Ougri (Template:Lang-mni), an ancient Meitei language ritualistic musical work, was composed during the 1st century CE, and was sung mostly for the "destruction and ruination and also for prosperity" of the ancient Meitei society in Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur).[10][11] Many scholars commented that this musical work existed even before the beginning of the Common Era.[12]

The Poireiton Khunthok is a 3rd century ancient Meitei language literary work, which is a narrative of a historical colonisation of the valley by a group of people, led by Poireiton, in an area between the Langgol Hills and the Koubru mountains.Template:Efn[13][14]

The Khencho (Template:Lang-mni), another ancient Meitei language poetry work, was composed before the wake of the 7th century CE.[15][16][17]

Traditionally attributed to be written by Akoijam Tombi[18] (also called Akoijam Tomboy[19]), during the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha Yoiremba in c. 763 CE,[19][18][20] the Panthoibi Khonggul (Ancient Meitei: Template:Lang, romanized: /pān-thoi-pī khōng-kūl/ ; Template:Lang-mni), often misspelled as the Panthoibi Khongul, narrates the adventure of lady Template:Langnf to unite with her ultimate lover Template:Langnf,[21][22] by leaving her former husband's house.[23][24][25][21]

In 1100 CE, the Loyumba Shinyen (Template:Lang-mni), an ancient Meitei language written constitution was finalised and regulated under the patronage of Meitei King Loiyumba (Loyumba) (1074 CE-1112 CE) of the Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). It was a formal declaration of the proto-constitution which was first drafted in 429 CE by Meitei King Naophangba.[26][27]

Notable literary works

The following is a list of a few of the notable literary works of ancient Meitei literature, set in Meitei alphabetical order:

Ancient Meitei language literary work(s)Template:Efn Romanisation Literal meaning(s) / literal translation(s) Note(s) (if any) Reference(s)
Template:Lang Template:Lang the song that ushers in a new season ritual song, philosophical and moral teachings, Meitei mythology [28]
Template:Lang Template:Lang male ox records of 7 fights of well grown bulls owned by elite people [29]
Template:Lang Template:Lang royal welcome hymns [30]
Template:Lang Template:Lang religious work [31]
Template:Lang Template:Lang a treatise on administration and social conduct [32][33]
Template:Lang Template:Lang religious song, religious poem, Meitei mythology [34]
Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Lang / Template:Lang account of Langgol hills description of the extensive Langgol hills with praise [35]
Template:Lang Template:Lang scripture, Meitei mythology [36]
Template:Lang Template:Lang account of flowers rhythmic and musical descriptions of 100 flowers and orchids known to ancient Meitei people [37]
Template:Lang Template:Lang Constitution [38]
Template:Lang Template:Lang hymns, prayer to deities for bountiful blessings to agriculture [39]
Template:Lang Template:Lang ritual song, hero worship [40]
Template:Lang Template:Lang fire hymns, ditty to the fire god [41]
Template:Lang Template:Lang royal chronicle [42]
Template:Lang Template:Lang grande passion, love supramundane [43]
Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Lang / Template:Lang scripture, Meitei mythology [44]
Template:Lang Template:Lang religious work [45]
Template:Lang Template:Lang ritual song, coronation ceremonial poetry, philosophical riddles [46]
Template:Lang Template:Lang story of an ancient civilization [47][48]
Template:Lang Template:Lang historical tragedy [49]
Template:Lang Template:Lang royal chronicle [50]
Template:Lang Template:Lang the shooting down of the sun heroism, Meitei mythology [51]
Template:Lang Template:Lang love supramundane epic, Meitei mythology [52]
Template:Lang Template:Lang religious work [53]
Template:Lang Template:Lang hymns (sung during severe drought) [54]
Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Lang / Template:Lang account of Nongmaiching mountains description of a number of cliffs, slopes and adjacent locations in the Nongmaiching Ching [55]
Template:Lang Template:Lang royal chronicle [56][57]
Template:Lang Template:Lang an account of combats collection of 27 stories of bellicosity among the clan dynasties [58]
Template:Lang Template:Lang narrative of the Chenglei clan heroic legend of Chenglei King Chingjen Naran Panganba [59]
Template:Lang Template:Lang dredging the channels of rivers heroic saga of two Meitei royal brothers [60]
Template:Lang Template:Lang account of toponyms of places in riverbanks [61]
Template:Lang Template:Lang royal chronicle of Khuman dynasty [62]
Template:Lang Template:Lang religious song, religious poem [63]
Template:Lang Template:Lang tragedy, comedy, Meitei mythology [64][65]
Template:Lang Template:Lang historical tragedy of crime passionnel [66]
Template:Lang Template:Lang lore of months poetic account of the twelve lunar months of a year [67]
Template:Lang Template:Lang ritual song [68]
Template:Lang Template:Lang poem collection [69]
Template:Lang Template:Lang account of herbs rhythmic description of 66 herbs used by the Meiteis, in delicacies and medicine [70]
Template:Lang Template:Lang narrative poem [71]
Template:Lang Template:Lang hymns, prayer to goddess of crops (Phouoibi) [72]
Template:Lang Template:Lang hymns [73]
Template:Lang Template:Lang religious song, religious poem, Meitei mythology [74]
Template:Lang Template:Lang ritual song [75]
Template:Lang Template:Lang religious song, religious poem [76]
Template:Lang Template:Lang

Translations and literary adaptations to modern Meitei

Many scholars and writers, including but not limited to M. Chandra Singh,[77] Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra[78] and O. Bogheswor,[79] have dedicated their long lives in the translations, literary adaptations and restorations of ancient Meitei literary works. The contributions of these group of people make the new generations of readers aware of the essence and values of the old literature. In addition to them, the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad published books of old literature along with the modern versions.[80][81]

Significance in modern times

The Civil Services Examination (CSE), conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), for the recruitment of the bureaucrat civil services of the Government of India, offers its aspirant candidates across the entire country an optional subject of Meitei literature (Manipuri literature), in which the "Old Manipuri Literature" is an integral part of it.[82][83]

The literary works of ancient Meitei literature that are in the syllabus are: (1) O. Bhogeswar Singh (Ed.) : Numit Kappa (2) M. Gourachandra Singh (Ed.) : Thawanthaba Hiran (3) N. Khelchandra Singh (Ed.) : Naothingkhong Phambal Kaba (4) M. Chandra Singh (Ed.) : Panthoibi Khonggul[82][83]

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

  1. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo{{#if:Datta|, Datta}. Sahitya Akademi(1987). ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1
  2. ↑ Fragrance of Peace{{#if:Sharmila|, Sharmila}. Zubaan(2013). ISBN 978-93-83074-48-8
  3. ↑ Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur{{#if:Parratt|, Parratt}. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-053-6
  4. ↑ Introduction to Manipur{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. S. Babudhan Singh; to be had of: Students' Store(1963)
  5. ↑ Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose{{#if:George|, George}. Sahitya Akademi(1992). ISBN 978-81-7201-783-5
  6. ↑ Shamanism [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture [2 volumes]{{#if:Walter|, Walter}. Bloomsbury Publishing USA(2004). ISBN 978-1-57607-646-0
  7. ↑ The Effects of Burning of Meitei Puyas By Madhu Chandra. e-pao.net. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  8. ↑ Biodiversity Conservation and Legal Aspects{{#if:Gupta|, Gupta}. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7910-187-2
  9. ↑ Report on the Administration of the Province of Assam{{#if:Assam (India)|, Assam (India)}. University of California(1899)
  10. ↑ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections{{#if:Ayyappappanikkar|, Ayyappappanikkar}. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
  11. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  12. ↑ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections{{#if:Ayyappappanikkar|, Ayyappappanikkar}. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
  13. ↑ History Of Old Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Digital Library of India
  14. ↑ The Cultural Heritage of India: Languages and literatures{{#if:Bhaṭṭācāryya|, Bhaṭṭācāryya}. Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture(1953)
  15. ↑ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections{{#if:Ayyappappanikkar|, Ayyappappanikkar}. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5
  16. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  17. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 The relationship between Thang-Ta & Meitei Pung maintained by our Ancient .... ccrtindia.gov.in. Centre for Cultural Resources and Training.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Glimpses of Manipuri Culture{{#if:Devi|, Devi}. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7
  20. ↑ A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850{{#if:Mukherjee|, Mukherjee}. Orient Blackswan(1998). ISBN 978-81-250-1453-9
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Proceedings of North East India History Association{{#if:North East India History Association. Session|, North East India History Association. Session}. The Association(2003)
  22. ↑ Glimpses of Manipuri Culture{{#if:Dr. Yumlembam Gopi Devi|, Dr. Yumlembam Gopi Devi}. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7
  23. ↑ Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray{{#if:Ray|, Ray}. Concept Publishing Company(2008). ISBN 978-81-8069-572-8
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named google2004
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named google1
  26. ↑ Manipur: Treatise & Documents{{#if:Sanajaoba|, Sanajaoba}. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-399-5
  27. ↑ Law and Society: Strategy for Public Choice, 2001{{#if:Sanajaoba|, Sanajaoba}. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4
  28. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  29. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  30. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  31. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  32. ↑ Himalaya Today - Volume 4, Issue 1 - Volume 5, Issue 1{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Himalaya Today Publications(1992)
  33. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  34. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  35. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  36. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  37. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  38. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  39. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  40. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  41. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  42. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  43. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  44. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  45. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  46. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  47. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  48. ↑ History Of Old Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Digital Library of India
  49. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  50. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  51. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  52. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  53. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  54. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  55. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  56. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  57. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo{{#if:Datta|, Datta}. Sahitya Akademi(1987). ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1
  58. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  59. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  60. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  61. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  62. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  63. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  64. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  65. ↑ The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai{{#if:Devi|, Devi}. Mittal Publications(2002). ISBN 978-81-7099-849-5
  66. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  67. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  68. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  69. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  70. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  71. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  72. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  73. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  74. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  75. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  76. ↑ A History of Manipuri Literature{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Sahitya Akademi(1996). ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9
  77. ↑ Folk Culture of Manipur{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Manas Publications(1993). ISBN 978-81-7049-063-0
  78. ↑ Social Change in Manipur{{#if:Ahluwalia|, Ahluwalia}. Cultural Publishing House
  79. ↑ Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose{{#if:George|, George}. Sahitya Akademi(1992). ISBN 978-81-7201-783-5
  80. ↑ The Cultural Heritage of Manipur{{#if:Meitei|, Meitei}. Routledge(2020). ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2
  81. ↑ History of Manipur{{#if:Roy|, Roy}. Eastlight Book House(1973)
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 UPSC Manipuri Literature Syllabus for IAS Mains. BYJUS. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 UPSC - Manipuri Syllabus. Unacademy. Retrieved 2023-08-01.

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