Arab states of the Persian Gulf

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The Arab states of the Persian Gulf refers to a group of Arab states which border the Persian Gulf. There are seven member states of the Arab League in the region: Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.[1][2][3] Yemen is bound to the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, based on history and culture.[4]

The term has been used in different contexts to refer to a number of Arab states in the Persian Gulf region. The prominent regional political union Gulf Cooperation Council includes Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.[5][6][7] In modern history, various British Empire protectorates,[8][9][10] including the Trucial States were Arab states along the Persian Gulf.[11][12][13]

Politics

Some of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf are constitutional monarchies with elected parliaments. Bahrain (Majlis al Watani) and Kuwait (Majlis al Ummah) have legislatures with members elected by the population.[14]

The Sultanate of Oman also has an advisory council (Majlis ash-Shura) that is popularly elected.[15] In the United Arab Emirates, a federation of seven monarchical emirates, the Federal National Council, functions only as an advisory body, but some of its members are now chosen via a limited electoral college nominated by the seven rulers.Template:Citation needed

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia remains a hereditary monarchy with limited political representation. In Qatar, an elected national parliament has been mooted and is written into the new constitution, but elections are yet to be held.[16] Saudi Arabia and Qatar are the two Arab states and absolute monarchies to have never held elections since their respective establishments as nations in 1932 and 1971 respectively.[17] Iraq is the only federal republic situated in the Persian Gulf region.

Freedom of the press

Mass media in the seven Arab states of the Persian Gulf have varying degrees of freedom, with Kuwait topping the league with a lively press that enjoys considerably more freedom than its Persian Gulf counterparts according to Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders.Template:Citation needed Both organizations rank Kuwait's press as the freest of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Kuwait ranks amongst the top three for free press in the Arab world.[18][19] Qatar and Oman come in second and third respectively within the regional ranks of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.Template:Citation needed

Peace

The seven Arab states of the Persian Gulf lie in a volatile region and their seven governments, with varying degrees of success and effort, try and advance peace in their own countries and other countries. However, Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region—specifically Saudi Arabia and Qatar—stand accused of funding militant Islamist organizations, such as Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood.[20] According to the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)'s Global Peace Index of 2016, the six governments had varying degrees of success in maintaining peace amongst their respective borders with Qatar ranked number 1 amongst its regional peers as the most peaceful regional and Middle Eastern nation (and ranked 34 worldwide), while Kuwait ranks second both in the Persian Gulf and Middle East regions (and 51 worldwide), followed by the UAE in the third spot (61 worldwide).[21]

Economy

Most of these Arab states have significant revenues from petroleum. The United Arab Emirates has been successfully diversifying its economy. 79% of UAE's total GDP comes from non-oil sectors.[22] Oil accounts for only 2% of Dubai's GDP.[23] Bahrain has the Persian Gulf's first "post-oil" economy because the Bahraini economy does not rely on oil.[24]

Since the late 20th century, Bahrain has heavily invested in the banking and tourism sectors.[25] The country's capital, Manama, is home to many large financial structures. The UAE and Bahrain have a high Human Development Index (ranking 31 and 42 worldwide respectively in 2019) and was recognised by the World Bank as high income economies. According to the World Bank, most of these Arab states have been the world's most generous donors of aid as a share of GDP.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Political Change in the Arab Gulf States: Stuck in Transition{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2011)
  2. ↑ World Migration 2005 Costs and Benefits of International Migration{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. International Organization for Migration(2005). ISBN 9788171885503
  3. ↑ U.S. Official to Tour Persian Gulf Arab Lands. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  4. ↑ A History of Missed Opportunities: Yemen and the GCC. Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 2022-02-12.
  5. ↑ Arab Gulf States : an assessment of nationalisation policies{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2014)
  6. ↑ Life after Oil: Economic Alternatives for the Arab Gulf States{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Duke University Press(2009)
  7. ↑ Gulf countries. European Commission. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820-1971: The Politics of Protection. CIRS Occasional Papers({Template:Date).
  9. ↑ Britain and the Future of the Persian Gulf States. The World Today({Template:Date).
  10. ↑ The Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States. A Study of their Treaty Relations and their International Problems. International & Comparative Law Quarterly({Template:Date).
  11. ↑ From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates{{#if:Bey|, Bey}. Longman(1996). ISBN 978-0-582-27728-1
  12. ↑ Balfour-Paul, G., The End of Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Relinquishment of Power in her Last Three Arab Dependencies, Cambridge University Press, 1984, Template:ISBN
  13. ↑ From trucial states to nation state : decolonization and the formation of the United Arab Emirates, 1952-1971({Template:Date).
  14. ↑ Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Arab World{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2014-04-17). ISBN 9781421414171
  15. ↑ Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Arab World{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2014-04-17). ISBN 9781421414171
  16. ↑ Gerd Nonneman, "Political Reform in the Gulf Monarchies: From Liberalisation to Democratisation? A Comparative Perspective", in Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Steven Wright (eds.)(2007), Reform in the Middle East Oil Monarchies, Template:ISBN, pp. 3-45.
  17. ↑ Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1{{#if:Robbers|, Robbers}(2007). ISBN 978-0-8160-6078-8
  18. ↑ Freedom of the Press 2016. freedomhouse.org(April 26, 2016). Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  19. ↑ 2016 World Press Freedom Index.
  20. ↑ Four huge Middle Eastern powers just cut ties with Qatar over 'terrorism' links. The Independent(June 5, 2017). Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  21. ↑ Global Peace Index 2016.
  22. ↑ Diversification raises non-oil share of UAE's GDP to 71%. gulfnews.com. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
  23. ↑ Oil Makes Up 2% of Dubai GDP Post-Diversification - Gulf Jobs News. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  24. ↑ Bahrain: Reform-Promise and Reality. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
  25. ↑ Bahrain's economy praised for diversity and sustainability. Bahrain Economic Development Board. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  26. ↑ The haves and the have-nots. The Economist(11 July 2013). Retrieved 26 August 2019.

Further reading

  • Khaleeji Identity in Contemporary Gulf Politics. Gulf Affairs({Template:Date).
  • Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman: People of the Dhow{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2009). ISBN 9780415549868
  • Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2005). ISBN 9780415331357
  • Tribalism and Political Power in the Gulf{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Bloomsbury(2021). ISBN 9781838606084

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