Arihant-class submarine

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The Arihant-class (Template:Lit) is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines in service with the Indian Navy. They were developed under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.[1] The project is being seen as a black project.[2] These vessels are classified as 'strategic strike nuclear submarines' by India.[3][4]

The lead vessel of the class, Template:Ship, was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009 and, after extensive sea trials, confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.[5][6][7] Arihant holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[8] Template:As of INS Arihant and INS Arighaat are already on deep sea patrols.[9]

History

In December 1971, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74, led by the nuclear-powered Template:USS into the international waters of the Bay of Bengal in a show of force.[10][11] Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which Enterprise would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict but it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that region and were silent on Bangladesh genocide committed by Pakistani military. In response, the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok to trail the US task force in support of India.[12] The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[13] Following the 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).[14]

The Indian Navy's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.[15] Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998.[16] The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998 at Pokhran Test Range and the Indian pledge of no first use, the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's nuclear triad.[17][18][19]

Description

PM Narendra Modi addressing the crew of INS Arihant. Note the picture of the submarine in the background.

The Arihant-class submarines are nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.[20] Originally, three submarines were to be built under the ATV project, which itself is part of a larger programme to construct five nuclear submarines[21] for the Indian Navy. Later, a fourth submarine was added[1] to the Template:INRConvert-worth project.[22] These are the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.[23] The total cost of the project had hiked to Template:INRConvert by 2017.[1]

The first two submarines are Template:Convert long[24] with a beam of Template:Convert, a draught of Template:Convert, displacement of Template:Convert.[25] The latter submarines included an additional Template:Convert-long section of four launch tubes increasing the displacement by Template:Convert.[1] The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.[26] The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 82.5[24] MWe-rated pressurised light-water reactor (PWR)[27] and can achieve a maximum speed of Template:Convert when surfaced and Template:Convert when submerged.[26][28]

The submarines, being constructed at the Ship Building Centre (SBC), Visakhapatnam using a US HY-80 grade equivalent Russian steel, has two compartments including propulsion and combat management systems, platform management centre, and the torpedo room. The vessels feature a double hull encompassing ballast tanks, two standby auxiliary engines, and a retractable thruster for emergency power and mobility.[24]

Sagarika SLBM

The initial batch of two submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve K-15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each (with a range of Template:Convert) or four K-4 missiles (with a range of Template:Convert).[29][30][31] The third and fourth submarines, featuring Arihant Stretch design,[32] will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles, due to the addition of four launch tubes.[1] The Indian Navy personnel received training on Template:INS, an Template:Sclass leased from Russia in 2012.[33][34]

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K-4 can target all of Pakistan.[35] The K-4 may also be capable of targeting Beijing, but would need to be in the northern most waters of Bay of Bengal.[35] Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.[35]

Development

Conceptual drawing of INS Arihant

The classified project is headquartered in New Delhi and remains under direct supervision of the Prime Minister's Office and the National Security Advisor.[1] The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel.[2][36] The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam.[37] It included a Template:Convert section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.[38] The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.[13] Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for Arihant.[27][39] The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in Visakhapatnam.[40] Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.[13] The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at Kalpakkam by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.[1]

Larsen & Toubro undertook critical detailed engineering based on design provided by the Navy and DRDO at its submarine design centre. The firm was also the single largest contributor to the programme ranging from the steel cutting of the submarines to their launch.[41][42] The facility served as the site for hull construction. Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine.[43] The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries. Former Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, had lauded ATV project as a "productive public–private partnership".[44]

In 2006, a high-level committee led by R. Chidambaram, the then principal scientific advisor to the Government of India, had assessed India's ability to construct three S5 series of SSBNs. The project with a budget of Template:INRConvert divided among DRDO, BARC and the ATV headquarters. The construction would tentatively begin in 2015 followed with the first submarine to be deployed in 2021. Its projected specifications of the submarine included displacement of Template:Convert, 12 VLS with an MIRV-equipped SLBM with a range of Template:Convert. The missile later evolved as K-6 ballistic missile.[1]

Around 2007, the then finance minister, P. Chidambaram, who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Thereafter, the ATV project team evolved the design into Arihant-stretch.[32] The improved design incorporated a 10-metre-long section for four more missile tubes to be equipped with K-4 SLBMs. This design would be applied to S4 boat.[1] The boat can, hence, accommodate 24 B-05 short-range missiles or 8 K-4 long-range missiles.[32][45]

On 24 December 2009, the Hindustan Shipyard, located at Visakhapatnam, was transferred from the Ministry of Shipping to the Ministry of Defence to support the construction of Arihant-class submarine programme. This would help in utilising the shipyard's infrastructure in the project.[46][47]

Around 2012, with the S5 project remaining in developmental stage, another Arihant-class submarine was cleared for production to avoid idling of the production line. The new unit was designated as S4* (between S4 and S5). The boat would also feature the Arihant Stretch design.[1]

In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and Template:INS started sea trials in 2017. As per reports released in August 2024, INS Arighaat was commissioned before October 2024.[48][49] On 29 August 2024, after extensive trials and upgrades INS Arighaat was formally commissioned.[50]

INS Aridhaman was launched in November 2021.[1][51] The submarine begun sea trials in 2022.[52] On 30 August 2024, a report suggested that this submarine will be commissioned in the next 6 months.[53]

In August 2024, it was reported that a fifth Arihant class submarine is planned to be constructed.[54]

Project timeline

  • 1974: The nuclear submarine project was sanctioned following the Smiling Buddha tests under the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.[55]
  • 1983: Additional funds were allotted for the project during the Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry.[55]
  • 1998: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam cut the first steel for the submarine hull at the Larsen & Toubro facility at Hazira. L&T had received the submarine hull construction contract.[44][55] Simultaneously, the submarine's design was upgraded from nuclear attack profile to nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine following Pokhran-II.[1]
  • 12 February 2009: The Advanced Technology Vessel project, meant to deliver three submarines, is part of a $2.9 billion programme to build five nuclear submarines. As per the then Defence Minister, A. K. Antony, the first submarine was in the final stages of construction after supply chain bottlenecks were cleared and DRDO was already developing submarine-launched ballistic missile.[21][56] The project was conceived in 1970s and operationalised in 1980s, though public acknowledgement never came from official sources until this announcement by the defence minister.[57] There were delays to miniaturise the nuclear reactor core for the submarine and Russian technology help was sought to solve the issues without delays. Another factor that resulted in delays was lack of metallurgical expertise and lack of experience of Indian hull makers on the chosen material for the submarine. The successful development of a nuclear submarine came after two failed attempts in the 1970s and 1980s.[58]
  • 16 July 2009: Multiple reports suggested that the first vessel under the Advanced Technology Vessel would be launched by Gursharan Kaur, the wife of the then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, on 26 July 2009. The ceremony would be held in Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam). The vessel was named Template:INS, meaning "destroyer of enemies". The design is based on Charlie-I submarines, while both the displacement and submerged speed are higher than the Charlie-I designs. While being launched, the dry dock in the Shipbuilding Centre in Visakhapatnam will be flooded and the submarine would be moved out of the SBC. The vessel would be then towed to a nearby pier for harbour trials during which, the nuclear power plant and auxiliary systems would be validated before its sea trials in the Bay of Bengal. The submarine was expected to be commissioned within two to three years. Meanwhile, hull sections of two additional ATVs have been completed in the Hazira facility of Larsen & Toubro and are to be transported to the SBC soon after Arihant exits the dock space.[59][60][56]
  • 26 July 2009: The first submarine of the class, Arihant, was launched into the water. The launch took place after three decades of initiating the design stage of the project. The Defence Minister would also attended the event. The harbour acceptance and system trials was scheduled for one year. The submarine was built at a cost of $2.9 billion.[61] Meanwhile, many expected that the operationalisation of the submarine would take much longer than two years.[62] Harbour acceptance trials and followed by sea acceptance trials, including the surface and sub-surface domains, respectively, were to be conducted before commissioning the submarine.[20] Even the nuclear reactor was yet to be fitted onboard and would be followed by the reactor reaching criticality, which would be a milestone.[63] The submarine, equipped with Sagarika missiles,[20] would serve as a technology demonstrator for the following nuclear submarines.[64][2]
  • 9 August 2014: The submarine's nuclear reactor became critical for the maiden time after four years of harbour acceptance patrol. The Navy wanted the submarine ready for deterrent patrol in 2014. Meanwhile, the second submarine was already at an advanced stage of construction at the SBC and could be launched in a year later.[65]
  • 13 December 2014: Arihant was entered sea for the first time[66] after being flagged off for extensive sea trials following harbour trials.[67] The sea acceptance trials for the submarine was initially slated for February 2012.[22]
  • 25 November 2015: A dummy or unarmed B-05 Sagarika missile was successfully test fired from INS Arihant from a depth of 20 metres.[55][68]
  • 31 March 2016: The K-4 missile was successfully tested from INS Arihant, 45 nautical miles away from the Vishakhapatnam coast. The missile with a dummy payload was launched from the submarine in full operational configuration. The trial was carried out with the support of the personnel of Strategic Forces Command (SFC) while the DRDO provided all the logistics.[69][70][71]
  • August 2016: The first boat of the class, INS Arihant, was commissioned.[5][72]
  • 19 November 2017: The second submarine, christened Template:INS, was launched by the then defence minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, with a low-profile, traditional ceremony. The vessel was floated out after flooding the drydock. Reportedly, commissioning of the vessel would take three years. It has an indigenous content of 60%. The third (S4) and fourth (S4*) submarine, with eight launcher units, was expected to be launched in 2020 and 2022, respectively.[1]
  • July 2018: The submarine was reportedly ready to be fully operationalised with several weapons firing trials and deep diving trials off the coast of Visakhapatnam having been completed since five months earlier. The submarine was being accompanied by RFS Epron, a Russian-origin Prut-class submarine rescue ship which arrived in India on 1 October 2017.[73]
  • 11–12 August 2018: The B-05 missile system was fired twice on 11th and once on 12th of August from INS Arihant and was operationalised two decades since the missile systems development commenced. All the missiles followed the designated trajectories and were fired 10 km away from Visakhapatnam from a depth of 20 m.[74]
  • 4 November 2018: Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol for 20 days.[3][75][4]
  • 29 August 2024: Arighaat commissioned.[76]
  • 16 October 2024: The fourth and final submarine of the class, with an indigenous content of 75% and equipped with K4 missiles, was launched.[77]
  • 2 December 2025: Aridhaman had entered the final stages of trials and was expected to be commissioned soon.[78]
  • 30 December 2025: The fourth submarine, S4*, had reportedly departed the harbour for sea trials a week earlier and is expected to be commissioned in early 2027. Meanwhile, Aridhaman, the third unit had completed its sea trials a few weeks ago and is now to be commissioned in early 2026 after being delivered.[79][80]
  • 5 January 2026: A report suggested that the final submarine, so far referred to as S4*, will be named INS Arisudan. The name has been proposed by the ship-naming committee of the Indian Navy. The name is yet to be receive clearance by the defence ministry and eventually, the President of India, who is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.[81]

Ships in class

Name Pennant Subclass Displacement (surfaced) Laid down Launch Sea trials begin Sea trials completed Commissioned Status
Template:INS (S2)[1][82] SSBN 80[83] Arihant subclass 6,000 tonnes 2004[84] 26 July 2009[61] 13 December 2014[85] 23 February 2016[86] August 2016 Active
Template:INS (S3)[87] SSBN 81 2009[84] 19 November 2017[88][89] 8 January 2018[90] March 2021[91] 29 August 2024[50][76]
Template:INS (S4)[92] SSBN 82 Aridhaman subclass 7,000 tonnes 2018[93] 23 November 2021[94] December 2025[79][80] April–May 2026 (expected)[95][96] Sea trials completed
Arisudan

(S4*)[81]

SSBN 83 2020 16 October 2024[97] December 2025[79][80] 2027

(expected)[95]

Sea trials[95]

Timeline

Date Event
19 May 1998 Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister George Fernandes
11 November 2003 Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical
22 September 2006 Nuclear reactor is declared operational
2007 Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.[1]
26 July 2009 Lead vessel of the class, Template:INS, is formally launched
2012 Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.[1]
10 August 2013 ArihantTemplate:'s on-board nuclear reactor attains criticality
13 December 2014 INS Arihant begins extensive sea & weapons trials
25 November 2015 INS Arihant successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile
31 March 2016 INS Arihant successfully test-fired K4 missile
August 2016 INS Arihant commissioned.[5]
19 November 2017 INS Arighaat launched[1]
8 January 2018 INS Arighaat to begin sea trials[98]
5 November 2018 INS Arihant completed its first deterrence patrol[99]
March 2021 INS Arighaat's sea trials are completed.
November 2021 INS Aridhaman is speculated to be launched.[94]
29 August 2024 INS Arighaat officially commissioned.[50]
16 October 2024 S4* launched[77]
2026 S4 commissioning expected[78]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines. India Today(7 December 2017). Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine. The Times of India(17 July 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Template:Cite press release
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 INS Arihant completes India's nuclear triad, PM Modi felicitates crew. The Economic Times(2018-11-06). Retrieved 2025-12-09.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning. The Times of India. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  6. ↑ What is INS Arihant?. NewsX(17 October 2016). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  7. ↑ India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready or operations, passes deep sea tests. The Economic Times(23 February 2016). Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  8. ↑ Indian-built Arihant nuclear submarine activated. BBC(10 August 2013). Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  9. ↑ India launches its latest nuclear submarine with 75% indigenous tech: Here's what the new S4 means for regional security. The Economic Times(2024-10-24). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  10. ↑ 1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy. Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
  11. ↑ US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception. The Daily Star(2013-12-15). Retrieved 2016-04-29.
  12. ↑ US-Soviet Actions in 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. indrus.in(20 December 2011). Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Arihant: the annihilator. Indian Defence Review(25 October 2010). Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  14. ↑ Project 932. Business Standard(30 July 2009). Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  15. ↑ India's SNS Project Report. Fas.org. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  16. ↑ George defends position on China. Indian Express(19 May 1998). Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  17. ↑ Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV), Pike, John. Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  18. ↑ First indigenous nuclear sub is inducted into the navy. DNA(26 July 2009). Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  19. ↑ India's nuclear sub still a distant dream. Rediff(16 February 2001). Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Nuclear submarine Arihant to be fitted with K-15 ballistic missiles. The Hindu(27 July 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 India nuclear sub project near completion. Reuters(12 February 2009). Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 India to achieve N-arm triad in February. The Times of India(2 January 2012). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  23. ↑ Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday(25 February 2008). Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 India to commission second Arihant-class submarine in 2021, Bedi, Rahul. Janes(2020-12-22). Retrieved 2025-12-23.
  25. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India. naval-technology.com. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 PWR building shows indigenous capability. The Hindu(2 August 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  28. ↑ Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology.
  29. ↑ The secret undersea weapon. India Today(17 January 2008). Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  30. ↑ How Indias pride INS Arihant was built. Business Standard India(12 August 2013).
  31. ↑ The secret 'K' missile family. India Today(20 November 2010). Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Indian Navy Ups the Stakes With Newest Nuclear Submarine INS Aridaman. The Wire(2025-12-03). Retrieved 2026-01-12.
  33. ↑ Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV). Global Security. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  34. ↑ Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end(15 December 2011). Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan. Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative.
  36. ↑ High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long. The Hindu(5 November 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  37. ↑ INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar. The Hindu(16 August 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  38. ↑ Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother. Telegraph India(3 August 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  39. ↑ Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled. Hindustan Times(2 August 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
  40. ↑ Naval Research Board. DRDO. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  41. ↑ Template:Cite press releaseTemplate:Dead link
  42. ↑ We played a vital role in Arihant: L&T. Business Standard(2009-07-27). Retrieved 2026-01-17.
  43. ↑ India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine. Jeywin. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Private sector played a major role in Arihant. DNA(27 April 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  45. ↑ Boosting Indian Navy's Firepower, DRDO Launches Nuclear Submarine With 'Vertical Launch System', Mundhra, Shreya. Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News(2022-01-02). Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  46. ↑ Navy creating a new base for nuke submarines. Daily News & Analysis(12 June 2010). Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  47. ↑ On national security interests, Govt moves Hindustan Shipyard to Defence ministry. The Times of India(24 December 2009). Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  48. ↑ India 'fully ready' to add to fleet 2nd submarine with nuclear-tipped missiles. The Times of India(2024-08-11). Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  49. ↑ India set to commission its second nuclear-missile submarine. The Economic Times(2024-08-11). Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Second Arihant-Class submarine 'INS Arighaat' commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri in Visakhapatnam. Press Information Bureau(2024-08-29). Retrieved 29 August 2024.
  51. ↑ DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  52. ↑ Third Indian N-powered ballistic missile submarine to be inducted this year. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2025-02-04.
  53. ↑ Amid China standoff, India set to boost naval power with 3rd N-sub in 6 months. The Times of India(2024-08-30). Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  54. ↑ 'More advanced': 10 key points on India's second nuclear sub INS Arighat. Business Standard(30 August 2024). Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 N-capable Arihant submarine successfully test-fires unarmed missile. Business Standard(2015-11-26). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end. MSN(16 July 2009). Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  57. ↑ Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial. The Hindu(19 July 2009). Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  58. ↑ India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean(14 August 2009). Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  59. ↑ Exclusive: PM's wife to launch INS Arihant, India's first nuclear submarine. India Today(2009-07-16). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  60. ↑ Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report. domain-b.com(16 July 2009). Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Arihant central to India's strategic capability: Antony. India Today(2009-07-26). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  62. ↑ Arihant to take long time to become operational: Experts, PTI. India Today(2009-07-26). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  63. ↑ defence.professionals | defpro.com. www.defpro.com(2009-07-28). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  64. ↑ Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years. The Times of India(3 December 2009). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  65. ↑ INS Arihant reactor goes critical, submarine to start sea trials | Watch activation video. India Today(2013-08-10). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  66. ↑ INS Arihant sails out of harbour. The Hindu(13 December 2014). Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  67. ↑ India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials. The Economic Times(13 December 2014). Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  68. ↑ First Ejection Test of Underwater Missile From Arihant Submarine Successful, Rout, Hemant Kumar. The New Indian Express(2015-11-27). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  69. ↑ EXPRESS EXCLUSIVE: Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  70. ↑ India Successfully Tests Intermediate-Range Nuclear-Capable Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile, Panda, Ankit. thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  71. ↑ DRDO's nuclear capable K-4 underwater missile test-fired again, this time from INS Arihant: Report, Bhat, Aditya. www.ibtimes.co.in(2016-04-09). Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  72. ↑ Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief. Tribune India. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  73. ↑ India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests. The Economic Times(2018-07-14). Retrieved 2025-12-09.
  74. ↑ Nuke-capable submarine-launched missile operationalised, India in select triad club, Rout, Hemant Kumar. The New Indian Express(2018-08-19). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  75. ↑ INS Arihant returned yesterday from 20-day deterrent patrol, Unnithan, Sandeep. India Today(2018-11-05). Retrieved 2025-12-09.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 India commissions INS Arighat: Know all about Navy's 2nd nuclear-powered submarine. The Times of India(2024-08-29). Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 India Launches 4th nuclear-missile submarine. Hindustan Times(22 October 2024). Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Navy to get INS Aridhaman, third Indian-made nuclear submarine, Sharma, Shivani. India Today(2025-12-02). Retrieved 2025-12-02.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 CHAKRA EXCLUSIVE: India's fourth SSBN sails out for sea trials. chakranewz(2025-12-29). Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 India is reported to have begun sea trials of the fourth of its new Arihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, Militar, Redaccion Zona. Zona Militar(2025-12-30). Retrieved 2025-12-31.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Arihant class nuclear-powered submarine S4* likely to be named INS Arisudan. Hindustan Times(2026-01-05). Retrieved 2026-01-05.
  82. ↑ INS Arihant may be of limited utility. The Hindu(2014-12-20). Retrieved 2019-06-30.
  83. ↑ 20 years after Pokhran II, India makes giant nuclear leap. Hindustan Times(2018-11-06). Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Jane's Information Group(2016). ISBN 978-0710631855
  85. ↑ INS Arihant sails out of harbor. The Hindu(13 December 2014). Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  86. ↑ India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests. The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  87. ↑ India's Nuclear Triad is now Fully Operational. Vivekananda International Foundation(2018-12-11). Retrieved 2019-07-02.
  88. ↑ A bigger nuclear submarine is coming. The Hindu(2017-10-15). Retrieved 2017-10-15.
  89. ↑ India quietly launches second SSBN, Bedi, Rahul(2017-12-11). Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  90. ↑ INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago. The Hindu(2018-01-08). Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  91. ↑ Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations. India Today. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  92. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  93. ↑ A bigger nuclear submarine is coming. www.thehindu.com(2017). Retrieved 25 June 2025.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 India Quietly Launches 3rd Arihant-class Nuclear-powered Submarine, Can Carry 8 Ballistic Missiles: Report. News18(2021-12-31). Retrieved 2021-12-31.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 CHAKRA EXCLUSIVE: India's fourth SSBN sails out for sea trials. Chakranewz(2025-12-29). Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  96. ↑ Third Indian N-powered ballistic missile submarine to be inducted this year. www.deccanherald.com(2025). Retrieved 25 June 2025.
  97. ↑ India's fourth nuclear submarine launched into water. The Hindu(2024-10-22). Retrieved 2024-11-29.
  98. ↑ Exclusive: 'Aridaman', India's second nuclear-armed submarine, is ready for launch. ThePrint(2017-08-24). Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  99. ↑ India's nuclear triad is complete with INS Arihant ending its first deterrence patrol. The Hindu(2018-11-05). Retrieved 2023-03-14.

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