Template:Italic title Template:Infobox Upanishad Template:Saivism The Atharvashiras Upanishad (Template:Lang-sa) is a Sanskrit text that is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism. It is among the 31 Upanishads associated with the Atharvaveda.Template:Sfn It is classified as a Shaiva Upanishad focussed on god Rudra.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The Upanishad is notable for asserting that all gods are Rudra, everyone and everything is Rudra, and Rudra is the principle found in all things, their highest goal, the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible.Template:Sfn Rudra is Atman and Brahman, and in the heart.Template:Sfn[1] Rudra's symbol is Om, states the text, he can be realized by abandoning anger and lust, and through silence alone.Template:Sfn The text is known for its monism (Advaita), and was quoted extensively by the German philosopher Hegel.[2][3]
It is also known as Atharvasirasopanishad, Atharvashira, Atharvasira in some texts referencing it, and as Śira Upanishad in Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads.Template:Sfn
Chronology
The Atharvasiras Upanishad is an ancient text likely written in BCE, but its exact dating is uncertain. It is mentioned in Gautama Dharmasutras verse 19.12,[4] Baudhayana Dharmasutra verse 3.10.10,[5] Vasistha Dharmasutras verse 22.9 and elsewhere.[6]
The Upanishad, states Parmeshwaranand, belongs to the category of "later Upanishads", and he dates it to approximately 5th century BCE.Template:Sfn Deussen remarks that it is from the group of five Upanishads which assert god Shiva as a symbolism for Atman in Hinduism.Template:Sfn These five Upanishads – Atharvashiras, Atharvashikha, Nilarudra, Kalagnirudra and Kaivalya – are ancient, with Nilarudra likely the oldest and Kaivalya the relatively later era Upanishad (still BCE) composed closer to the time of Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Mundaka Upanishad, and Mahanarayana Upanishad.Template:Sfn
Structure
The text consists of 7 chapters, mostly prose with some verses.Template:Sfn Several versions of the text are known, and the surviving manuscripts show evidence of being corrupted.Template:Sfn
Contents
Who is Rudra?
The Chapter 1 of the text begins with the answer to the question, "Who is Rudra?"Template:Sfn He is introduced as that one "which existed at first, exists now and shall exist in future", the eternal and the non-eternal, the visible and the invisible, the Brahman and the non-Brahman, the east and west and north and south and above and below, the masculine and feminine and neuter, the Savitri and Gayatri, the appearance and the reality, the water and the fire, the cow and the buffalo, the lotus flower and the soma filter, the within and the without, the inner essence of everything.Template:Sfn
This chapter references and includes fragments of hymns from Atharvaveda sections 4.1 and 10.8, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad section 6.1 and Chandogya Upanishad section 7.25, however it expresses those ideas through Rudra.Template:Sfn
Rudra is the exalted one, is all gods, is universe
Chapter 2 is set in repeating verse style, of the form:Template:Sfn Template:Quote
The same verse is repeated with Brahma replaced with the names of numerous gods (Vishnu, Skanda, Indra, Agni, Vayu, Surya and others), thereafter replaced by objects of nature, substances, direction, colors, mantras, concepts (Truth), with the last verse stating "Rudra is the exalted one, he is the Universe, to him salutation, the salutation".Template:Sfn[1]
Chapter 3 is set in prose, and continues to assert the oneness of everything and everyone as Rudra. He is asserted as growth, as prosperity, as peace, as all, as non-all, as whole, as non-whole, as done, as non-done, the principle behind everything and the highest goal of every living form and everything that changes.Template:Sfn
The Upanishad then references and includes a fragment of hymn 8.48.3 of the Rigveda, stating that the one who has seen this light can have no fear of anyone's hostility or malice:[7]
The soul, asserts the text, existed before the Soma and Surya.Template:Sfn The whole world is Om symbol, and all deities, all vital breaths and He (Rudra) too is in the heart of each living being.Template:Sfn Om is the holy call, Om is Rudra, he is infinite, he is protecting, he is the pure, he is the subtle, he is the lightning like, he is the highest Brahman, he is the One, he is the Rudra, he is the exalted Maheshvara, adds the text.Template:Sfn
Rudra is Om, both symbolism for Atman, Brahman and the world
The Upanishad states that Rudra is resident in the soul in the heart. In chapter 4, the text offers mystical explanations to why Rudra is described the way he is.Template:Sfn He is called Om, states the text, because when uttered he makes Prana go upwards.Template:Sfn He is called the holy call because he is the essence of all the Vedas.Template:Sfn He is called all prevading because he permeates the silence of the universe.Template:Sfn He is called infinite because when uttered there is no end of it in any dimension, states the text.Template:Sfn
He is called protecting, because he removes the fear of rebirth and suffering. He is called subtle, asserts the text, because uttering him makes the limbs tinge.Template:Sfn He is called the highest Brahman because he is the highest of the highest, the highest goal, the strength that strengthens the strong.Template:Sfn He is called the one because everything ends in him and he unites all creatures.Template:Sfn He, asserts the text is called the exalted Maheshwara because from him all the Vedas flow and in him is raised through the perception of the Atman (soul, self) and the mastery of Yoga.Template:Sfn
Rudra is in all men, omnipresent, he was born, and he will be born, he is in all the world spaces, begins chapter 5.Template:Sfn One Rudra there is, states the Upanishad, and he has no second.Template:Sfn He dwells in all living beings, and they return in him when they end.Template:Sfn Through him, the whole universe spreads out.Template:Sfn Whoever knows him, enters peace.Template:Sfn He is unity, he is eternal, he is energy, he is Om, he is silence that follows Om.Template:Sfn
Rudra is one without a second, the Pashupata
Chapter 5 of the text asserts that one should revere Rudra as one, he has no second.Template:Sfn He dwells within, those who abandon anger, greed and worldly desires realize him and attain peace.Template:Sfn Fire, states the text, is ultimately ashes, wind is ashes, water is ashes, earth is ashes, universe is ashes, the body and mind are ashes, and thus the Pashupata covers himself with ashes as a form of prayer.Template:Sfn[8]Template:Sfn
Rudra is omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent.Template:Sfn One who seeks him gets immense bliss.[1] Rudra is everywhere, he is all matter, he is in fire, he is in water, he has become plants and trees, he has become all living beings, states chapter 6 of the Upanishad.Template:Sfn Nothing exists apart from Rudra. He is eternal, from which time is born.Template:Sfn Nothing is earlier, and nothing later, he pervades all the world.Template:Sfn
Reception
The Atharvashiras Upanishad was one of the minor Upanishads that Georg Hegel, the German philosopher of the late Enlightenment, referred to as he presented Brahman in Indian philosophy in his scholarship.[2] He wrote,
The Atharvasiras Upanishad has been an important text in the Pashupata Shaivism tradition and the Nath Yogi movement founded by Gorakhnath.[9] It contains the vow of those who enter monastic life in these traditions.[9]Template:Sfn
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Atharvasiras Upanishad, Ramachander, P. R.. Vedanta Spiritual Library.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedviyagappa25 - ↑ H Glasenapp (1974), Die Philosophie der Inder, Kröner, Template:ISBN, pages 259-260
- ↑ Patrick Olivelle (1999), Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford World Classics, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN, page 112
- ↑ Patrick Olivelle (1999), Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford World Classics, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN, page 226
- ↑ Patrick Olivelle (1999), Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Ancient India, Oxford World Classics, Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN, page 310, 323
- ↑ Compare: See Deussen et al (1997), page 772
Rigveda 8.48.3: अपाम सोमममृता अभूमागन्म ज्योतिरविदाम देवान् । किं नूनमस्मान्कृणवदरातिः किमु धूर्तिरमृत मर्त्यस्य ॥३॥ - ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं ८.४८, Wikisource
Atharvasiras Upanishad ॥ ३॥: अपाम सोमममृता अभूमागन्म ज्योतिरविदाम देवान् । किं नूनमस्मान्कृणवदरातिः किमु धूर्तिरमृतं मार्त्यस्य । ॥ अथर्वशिरोपनिषत् ॥ SanskritDocuments.Org - ↑ Indian History{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Allied Publishers(1988). ISBN 978-81-8424-568-4
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 George Weston Briggs (2009), Gorakhnāth and the Kānphaṭa Yogīs, Motilal Banarsidass, Template:ISBN, pages 218-219
Bibliography
- The Philosophy of the Upanishads{{#if:Deussen|, Deussen}. Cosimo, Inc.(2010). ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6
- Sixty Upanishads of the Veda{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Motilal Banarsidass(1 January 1997). ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7
- An outline of the religious literature of India{{#if:Farquhar|, Farquhar}. H. Milford, Oxford university press(1920). ISBN 81-208-2086-X
- अथर्वशिरोपनिषत् (Atharvashiras Upanishad), Hattangadi, Sunder. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
- Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism{{#if:Parmeshwaranand|, Parmeshwaranand}. Sarup & Sons(2004). ISBN 978-81-7625-427-4
- Indian Scriptures{{#if:Prasoon|, Prasoon}. Pustak Mahal(1 January 2008). ISBN 978-81-223-1007-8
- Upanishads{{#if:Tinoco|, Tinoco}. IBRASA(1997). ISBN 978-85-348-0040-2