Barman language

Barman Thar (IPA: /bɔɾmɔn t^haɾ/), where “thar” means language, is a highly endangered language. It is a Tibeto-Burman language that belongs to the Boro–Garo sub-group. The population of the Barman Kachari community is 24,237, according to a 2017 census. However, only a small part of this population speaks the language.

History

Template:Main The Barman Kacharis are an indigenous Assamese community of Northeast India. They are mainly found in the districts of Lower Assam and some parts of Arunachal Pradesh. Barman Kachari is one of the ancient ethnic groups of North-East India. Since the 2002 Amendment act, many Barman Kacharis in Assam are referred to as 'Barman'. They are mainly found in the districts of Udalguri, Baksa, Chirang, Kokrajhar, Darrang, Kamrup, Goalpara, Nagaon, Lakhimpur, Dhemaji

Demographics

The Barman Kacharis number some 24,237 persons, according to a 2017 census. Out of this number, 12,555 are males and 11,503 are females. Their literacy rate is estimated at 4 percent. The level of literacy of males and females is 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively.

Documentation

File:Barman Thar script.jpg

The script of Barman Thar

The language of the Barman Kacharis had never been documented until 2019 when M.A. students in Linguistics and Language Technology (Batch 2018-2020) of Tezpur University carried out field work for the first time on this language.

Phonology

The Barman Thar phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, nine diphthongs, and twenty consonants (including two semivowels).

Consonants

In Barman Thar, there are twenty consonants.

Bilabial

Labio-velar

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Plosive

p

b

t

d

c

k

ɡ

Aspirated plosive

ph

th

kh

Nasal

m

n

ŋ

Flap

ɾ

Fricative

s

z

h

Approximant

w

j

Lateral approximant

l

pʰ and z have idiolectal variations. They are, by some people, sometimes pronounced as ɸ and d͡z respectively. For example, the word pʰa (meaning “father”) is sometimes pronounced as ɸa and nɐmza (meaning “bad”) is sometimes pronounced as nɐmd͡za.Template:Cn

Gemination

Gemination, which is the twinning of two consonants, is also found in the Barman language.

Phonemes	Example (Barman)	English gloss
p+p	tʰɐppɐɾa	“ash”
t+tʰ	mɐttʰai	“big”
d+d	ɡɛddɛl	“new”
c+c	bicci	“egg”
k+k	nukkuruŋ	“eye”
k+kʰ	bɛkkʰuma	“dull”
m+m	dummua	“fever”
n+n	cunna	“cloth”
l+l	mulluk	“earth”

Consonant clusters

In the study of Barman Thar, carried out by the students of Tezpur University, they found only one word, i.e. bɾui, with a consonant cluster. It is a cluster of two consonants, b and ɾ. And they found no final cluster in any word.

Vowels

In Barman Thar, there are eight vowels and nine diphthongs.

Monophthongs

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-open		ɐ
Open	a

Diphthongs

	i	u	a
i			ia
o	oi	ou
ɐ	ɐi
e	ei
u	ui		ua
a	ai	au

Morphology and grammar

Case:

	Case	Marker	Examples
1.	(a) Nominative (b) Ergative	(a) ∅ (b) a
2.	Accusative	kɔ	Template:Interlinear
3.	(a) Instrumental (b) Comitative	ca nɛ nɔɡɛ
	Genitive	nɛ	Template:Interlinear
	Locative	ou	Template:Interlinear
6.	(a) Intentive dative (b) Destinational dative	nɛ nɛɡa ca
7.	Ablative	nɛ tukki	Template:Interlinear

Tense and aspect

Three of the tenses are morphologically marked in Barman Thar.

Present:	Template:Interlinear
Past:	Template:Interlinear
Future:	Template:Interlinear

In Barman Thar, the present tense is marked with the suffix “-a”, the past tense, with “-ja” and the future tense, with “-ɡɐn”. And the following are the four aspects:

Present perfect:	Template:Interlinear
Present continuous:	Template:Interlinear
Past perfect:	Template:Interlinear
Future continuous:	Template:Interlinear

Pronouns

		Singular	Plural
1st		ɐŋa	ciŋa
2nd		nɐŋ	nɐtɐŋ
	Template:Small	nɐtɐŋ	nɐŋɐtɐŋ
3rd		owa	otɐŋ
	Template:Small	otɐŋ

Negation

In Barman Thar, verbs are negated by suffixing “-za” and “-zia” for present and past tense respectively.

For example, the root word for the verb “eat” in Barman Thar is “ca”. The negative form of the word in the present tense is caza (ca+za), meaning “do/does not eat” and that in the past tense is cazia (ca+zia), meaning “did not eat”.

Again, in case of imperative sentences, the suffix -nɔŋ is use.

For example, mei canɔŋ means “Don't eat rice.” [mei means “rice”, and canɔŋ is bi-morphemic, formed by the root word for “eat”, i.e. ca, and the imperative negative marker -nɔŋ.]

Classifiers

In Barman Thar, there is one classifier, i.e. -ja.

Allomorphs

Another feature of this language that needs to be mentioned is the presence of allomorphs.

Allomorphs of the past tense marker:

-ja is the past tense marker. But when this morpheme is suffixed to a verb ending in [m], it becomes -maja. For example, cum + -ja = cummaja. When it is suffixed to a verb ending in [n], it becomes -naja as in dɛn + -ja = dɛnnaja. When it is affixed to a verb ending in [ŋ], it becomes -aja, as in hiŋaja (hiŋ + -ja).

Therefore, it can be said that -maja, -naja and -aja are allomorphs of the morpheme -ja.

Allomorphs of the ergative case marker:

-a is the ergative case marker in Barman Thar. However, when it is affixed to a noun ending in a vowel, it becomes -ja. For example, sita + -ja = sitaja.

So, -ja is an allomorph of the ergative case marker -a.

Bibliography

• On the Origin of Bodo-Garo. Northeast Indian Linguistics({Template:Year).
• Joseph, U. V., and Burling, Robbins. 2006. Comparative phonology of the Boro Garo languages. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages Publication.
• The Sino-Tibetan languages{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2003). ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1
• Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region{{#if:van Driem|, van Driem}. BRILL(2001). ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4
• Template:Cite thesis