Bulleh Shah

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Template:Infobox religious biography Template:Sufism Template:Punjabis Sayyid Abdullāh Shāh QādrīTemplate:Efn (Template:Circa – 1757), popularly known as Baba Bulleh ShahTemplate:Efn and vocatively as Bulleya,Template:Efn was a Punjabi revolutionary philosopher, reformer and poet, regarded as one of the greatest poets of the Punjabi language and revered as the 'Father of Punjabi Enlightenment'. His literary oeuvre, comprising ~150 kafi and 94 other poetic compositions, reflect themes of Sufi and humanist philosophy — for which he is regarded as 'Poet of the People' among Punjabis.Template:Efn

Born in Uch, Subah of Multan, Bulleh Shah belonged to a family of religious scholars. In his juvenile years, his family moved to Malakwal, and later Pandoke, in the Subah of Lahore; where he got his early education from his father, while working as a herder, in the village. He received his higher religious education at Kasur from Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza; and later studied in Lahore under Shah Inayat Qadiri.

Bulleh Shah's poetry resonated with a wide audience due to the use of colloquial language; employing metaphors and imagery to convey complex spiritual ideas to those outside formal religious circles.[1] He became known for his mystic poetry, which blended his philosophy of oneness of god, divine love, social equality; and critiqued social norms and institutions for exploiting the ordinary people. Bulleh Shah's works also left an impact on the Punjabi language, marking a new era of Punjabi literature which helped propagate a literary variety of Punjabi, based on colloquial speech, employing nuances from various local forms of the language.[2][3]

He spent most of his life in Kasur, where he died at the age of 77.[4] His poetry has been ingrained in Punjabi proverbs, qisse, and folk traditions; and has been recited at many cultural events, particularly his kafis, including one organized by UNESCO.[5] The songs based on his lyrics have been sung on important occasions, including one at White House.[6] It has also brought forth many modern renditions, particularly in the form of qawwali.[5]

Biography

Early life and education

There is no consensus on Bulleh Shah's real name. While mainstream historians assert it was 'Abdullah,' some scholars argue that it was 'Bu Ali.'[7]

Bulleh Shah was born around 1680 in Uch, Subah of Multan, in Mughal Punjab into a Sayyid family.

Bulleh Shah's father, Shah Muhammad Darwaish, was well-versed in Arabic, Persian, and the Quran.[8] For unknown reasons, in his early life, his family moved to Malakwal, a village near Sahiwal. Bulleh Shah had at least one sister who was also Sufi.[8][9] Both siblings never married.[9] According to another account, he had two sisters and none of them ever married.[10]

Later, when Bulleh Shah was six years old, his family moved to Pandoke, which is 50 miles southeast of Kasur. Bulleh Shah was schooled by his father along with the other children of the village. Most sources confirm that Bulleh Shah had to work, as a child and adolescent, as a herder in the village. It is confirmed that he received his higher education in Kasur. Some historians claim that Bulleh Shah received his education at a highly reputed madrassa run by Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza, where he taught for some time after his graduation. After his early education, he went to Lahore where he studied with Shah Inayat Qadiri, a Sufi murshid of Lahore.[11][12] Bulleh Shah later became an eminent scholar of Arabic and Persian.[8]

By social stratum, Bulleh Shah was a peasant.[9] He had at least one unmarried sister.[13] Among his friends included Darshi Nath, a Hindu fakir.[13][14]

One of the oldest texts to mention him is Gazetteer of the Multan District (1901–02) prepared and published by Edward Douglas MacLagan in 1902.[15] The text identified Shah as the "best known, and it is said the first, writer of kafis."[15] However, his kafis were published for the first time as "Qanun-i-Ishq", in 1889, by Anwar Ali in Lahore.[16]

Persecution

There is a fort-like Gurdwara in Daftuh that was built in the 18th century by the Sikh Chieftainess Bibi Isher Kaur, who donated 80 squares of land for its construction.[17][18] Bulleh Shah took refuge in this Gurdwara after a group of Islamic fundamentalists started threatening his life.[19][18]

In his bad times, when even his family looked down upon him (for accepting a lower-caste Shah Inayat Qadiri as a teacher), his sister loved him and stood with him.[9][8]

During his lifetime, he was outcast as kafir (non-believer) by some Muslim clerics.[20][21]

Death

He died in 1757, at the age of 77.[22] He was buried in Kasur, where he had spent most of his life. As he was declared a kafir (a non-believer), religious fundamentalists of Kasur claimed it was prohibited to offer the prayer at his funeral. He was then buried on the outskirts of Kasur and his funeral prayer was led by Syed Zahid Hamdani, a renowned religious personality of Kasur.[23]

Tomb

A dargah was built over his tomb in the following decades. It is now, officially, a protected monument under regulation of the Punjab government. The tomb's premises are too small to accommodate the large number of visitors it receives each year. In 2024, due to overcrowding, the local government canceled several events and had to restrict entry to manage the overwhelming influx of people.[24]

Poetry

Bulleh Shah lived after the Punjabi Sufi poet and saint Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179–1266), and lived in the same period as other Punjabi Sufi poet Sultan Bahu (1629–1691). His lifespan also overlapped with the Punjabi poet Waris Shah (1722–1799), who is famous for Heer Ranjha, the Sindhi Sufi poet Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829), and the Pashto poet Khushal Khattak (1613–1689). Amongst Urdu poets, Bulleh Shah lived 400 miles away from Mir Taqi Mir (1723–1810) of Delhi.[23]

Bulleh Shah practised the Sufi tradition of Punjabi poetry established by poets like Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1629–1691), and Shah Sharaf (1640–1724).[23]

The verse form Bulleh Shah primarily employed is the Kafi, popular in Punjabi and Sindhi poetry.[11] His poetry is a mixture of traditional mystic thought and intellectualism.[25]

Many people have put his Kafis to music, from humble street-singers to renowned Sufi singers like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Fareed Ayaz, Pathanay Khan, Abida Parveen, the Waddali Brothers, Iqbal Bahu and Sain Zahoor, from the synthesised techno qawwali remixes of UK-based Asian artists to the Pakistani rock band Junoon.[22]

Among the most distinguished persons to be influenced by Bulleh Shah's poetry had been Muhammad Iqbal.[26] It is maintained that Iqbal took his last breath while listening to his kafi.[27][28]

He is the "most famous and celebrated" Punjabi poet[2] and is widely recognized as "poet par excellence".[3] A sample of his poetic work is presented below:

Verse 1:

"The mullah and the torch-bearer

Hail from the same stock;

They give light to others,

And themselves are in the dark."[29]

Verse 2:

"Let anyone who calls me Sayyid be punished

with the tortures of hell;

And let him revel in the pleasures of heaven,

who labels me an Arain."[30]

Verse 3:

“Not a believer in the mosque am I,

Nor a disbeliever with his rites am I.

I am not the pure amongst the impure,

I am neither Moses nor Pharaoh.”

Philosophy and views

Bulleh Shah's non-orthodox views and simple language played important role in popularization of his poetry. It has been noted in literature that "one reason for his all-time popularity is his relatively modern vocabulary."[31] Among the core tenets of his philosophy includes humanism, equality, tolerance, rejection of double standards, and defiance to the authority of Ulama and blind faith in their authority. For his criticism of replication of beliefs (blind faith and following), the "Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare" compared Bulleh Shah with Percy Bysshe Shelley.[32] For his "ruthless [analysis of] human society" and an "unending quest" to change it, he is often compared with Karl Marx.[33] Among major taboos in his philosophy was reciting words without comprehending them.[34] He was a reformer with very much conscious of the contemporary religious, political and social situations.[25][35]

In Bulleh Shah's poetry, Sufism can be seen as an indigenous philosophy of political activism and class struggle[36] and resistance to powerful institutions like religion and imperialism.[37] Through his poems he spoke against "religious, political and social patriarchal high handedness" of his time.[38] This side of his poetry is evident from his defying of the imperial ban on dancing and singing,[39] and support for Sikhs, in general, and Guru Tegh Bahadur[40] and Guru Gobind Singh,[41] in particular, in their struggle against the imperialist Mughal Empire. Thus, his version of Sufism is usually considered opposite to that of Ali Hajweri and other 'more spiritual' Sufis who were confined to their libraries and schools and rarely participated in public discourse.[20]

Bulleh Shah was a "revolutionary" and "rebel" poet who spoke against powerful religious, political and social institutions of his time[37][4][38] and, thus, his influence can be seen on many noted socialists, progressives and workers and women rights activists like Jam Saqi,[36] Taimur Rahman,[42] Bhagat Singh,[38] Faiz Ahmad Faiz,[43][44] Madeeha Gauhar,[45] and Major Ishaque Muhammad.[46]

Humanism is the key attribute of the life and works of Bulleh Shah.[47]

Modern renderings

Bands and albums

In the 1990s, Junoon, a rock band from Pakistan, rendered his poems "Bullah Ki Jaana" and "Aleph" ("Ilmon Bas Kareen O Yaar"). In 2004, Indian musician Rabbi Shergill turned the classical poem "Bullah Ki Jaana" into a rock/fusion song in his debut album Rabbi; the song was a chart-topper in 2005, helping the album to eventually sell over 10,000 copies and became immensely popular in India and Pakistan.[48][49]

The Wadali Bandhu, a Punjabi Sufi group from India, have also released a version of "Bullah Ki Jaana" in their album Aa Mil Yaar... Call of the Beloved. They also worked with British-Punjabi music composer, Mukhtar Sahota, to create their own rendition of a famous Punjabi folk song, "Charkha" which was released in May 2007.[50] Another version was performed by Lakhwinder Wadali and entitled "Bullah".Template:Citation needed Dama Dam Mast Qalandar, a qawwali composed in honour of Shahbaz Qalandar, has been one of Bulleh Shah's most popular poems and has been frequently rendered by many Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi singers including Noor Jehan, Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen, Sabri Brothers, Wadali brothers, Reshman and Runa Laila. Other qawwali songs by Bulleh Shah, include "Sade Vehre Aya Kar" and "Mera Piya Ghar Aaya".[22] In 2008, a version of Bulleh Shah's famous verse, Aao Saiyo Ral Deyo Ni Wadhai, was sung by Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan, for his debut solo album, Tabeer. Ali named the song "Bulleh Shah" in honor of the poet.

In 2016, a collaboration between two EDM artists (Headhunterz and Skytech) named "Kundalini" used words created by Bulleh Shah, as well as having the words Bulleh Shah in the lyrics.[51] Bulleh Shah's verses have been an inspiration to painters as well, as in the two series of paintings (Jogia Dhoop and Shah Shabad) by an Indian painter Geeta Vadhera inspired by the poetry of Bulleh Shah and other Sufi poets and saints. In 2017, British-Pakistani singer Yasir Akhtar used Bulleh Shah's poetry in his song "Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy".[52][53] In 2019, Sona Mohapatra used a verse of Bulleh Shah in her song "R.A.T. Mashup".Template:Citation needed

Films

The 1973 movie Bobby song by Narendra Chanchal starts with the verse Beshaq mandir masjid todo, Bulleh Shah ye kahta. Some of Bulleh Shah's verses, including "Tere Ishq Nachaya", have been adapted and used in Bollywood film songs including "Chaiyya Chaiyya", which featured Shah Rukh Khan, and "Thayya Thayya" in the 1998 film Dil Se.., "Tere Ishq Nachaya" in the 2002 film Shaheed-E-Azam and "Ranjha Ranjha" in the 2010 film Raavan.[22] In a 2002 BBC poll, people from 155 countries voted "Chaiyya Chaiyya" as one of the best songs of all time, as it ranked 9th out of over 7,000 songs.[54] The song inspired the soundtrack of the Hollywood movie Inside Man.[55]

The 2007 Pakistani movie Khuda Kay Liye includes Bulleh Shah's poetry in the song "Bandeya Ho". The 2008 Bollywood film, A Wednesday, included a song titled "Bulle Shah, O Yaar Mere". In 2014, Ali Zafar sung some of his verses as "Chal Buleya" for Bollywood soundtrack album Total Siyapaa, and the song was reprised by Zafar same year in Pakistan Idol.[56] The 2016 Bollywood films Sultan and Ae Dil Hai Mushkil feature the song "Bulleya", sung by Papon and Amit Mishra respectively, which is short for Bulleh Shah.Template:Citation needed Poetry of Bulleh Shah was also used in 2015 film Wedding Pullav composed by Salim–Sulaiman.[22] A song "Hun Kis Theen" based on his poetry was also featured in Punjabi animated film Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur.[57]

Coke Studio (Pakistan)

In 2009, the season 2 of Coke Studio featured "Aik Alif" performed by Sain Zahoor and Noori. Ali Zafar also used some of Bulleh Shah and Shah Hussain's verses in his "Dastan-e-Ishq".[58] In 2010, the season 3 featured "Na Raindee Hai" and "Makke Gayaan Gal Mukdi Nahi" performed by Arieb Azhar. In 2012, Shah's poetry was featured with Hadiqa Kiani performing "Kamlee".[59] In 2016, Ahmed Jahanzeb and Umair Jaswal performed "Khaki Banda"; In third episode of season 11 Fareed Ayaz, Abu Muhammad Qawal & Brothers performed a Qawwali based on Kalam by Bulleh Shah.[60] In season 12 Hadiqa Kiani used verses of Bulleh Shah in the song "Daachi Waaleya".[61]

Legacy

Academic and literary circles

The journalist Najam Sethi attempted to translate the verses of Bulleh Shah into English.[62] However, his friend Taufiq Rafat published the finest translation of Bulleh Shah's selected poems.[62]

The work of Bulleh Shah influenced and inspired many other poets and artists, such as Muhammad Iqbal, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ali Arshad Mir, and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh.[63]

For over three decades, the Bulleh Shah Conference has been held at the saint's tomb. During the event, scholars have presented research papers on Bulleh Shah's poetry and life, while prominent politicians—such as Qamar Zaman Kaira and Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed—have delivered speeches.[24]

Socio-economics

In 2012, the government of Punjab, most populous province of Pakistan, renamed an important road in the provincial capital Lahore to "Bulleh Shah Road".[64] In 2021, the government of Pakistan also approved his name for a road in the country.[65] Pakistan's "largest renewable packaging facility" is also named after him.[66] There is a housing community in Kasur called "Bulleh Shah Colony." Also, a road in Kasur is called "Baba Bulleh Shah Road." A roadway junction on Lahore Ring Road is called "Bulleh Shah Interchange." In 2023, a public hospital in Kasur was renamed to "Baba Bulleh Shah Hospital."[67][68]

An educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Institute" is operating in Badhni Kalan, India, since 2003. Another educational institute called "Bulleh Shah Law College" (affiliated with University of the Punjab) operates in Kasur.[69] In 2007, Pakistani senator Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed raised the proposal for establishment of Bulleh Shah University in Kasur.[70][71] In 2023, the National Assembly of Pakistan passed a bill, proposed by Asiya Azeem, for the establishment of "Bulleh Shah International University" in Kasur.[72] In 2024, Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari reiterated the establishment of Bulleh Shah International University in Kasur.[73]

The renowned Pakistani businessman Syed Babar Ali mentioned Bulleh Shah in his autobiography, and the role played by his team in publishing his works.[74]

Politics

In the 1960s and 1970s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto exploited the rising popularity of the ideas of Bulleh Shah, and the slogan of "Roti Kapra aur Makan" (that inspired the film Roti Kapda Aur Makaan) among the common masses and emerged as a populist leader who eventually became the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan.[75] Bhutto used the term “Dama Dam Mast Qalandar” (a song adapted by Bulleh Shah) in 1973 to predict the political turmoil ahead.[76]

In February 2006 then Chief Minister of Punjab Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi addressed a conference at the University of the Punjab, in which he said, Bulleh Shah and other Sufi's "were not only preachers, but also historians of social history."[77]

In March 2013, Hamza Shahbaz (on the behalf of Punjab's chief minister Shehbaz Sharif) inaugurated "Yadgar-e-Baba Bulleh Shah" (a memorial to Bulleh Shah) in Kasur.[78] In 2015, in his address the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif recited a verse of Bulleh Shah.[79][80]

In 2015, the cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan (former Prime Minister) called Bulleh Shah "the great Sufi inspirational heritage of our region."[81]

In August 2023, the caretaker chief minister of Punjab Mohsin Raza Naqvi laid the foundation stone of the extension project of the dargah of Bulleh Shah. He said, the teachings of Bulleh Shah are "an enlightening as well as an illuminating chapter for us."[82] Among the attendees were Nayyar Ali Dada.

Aseff Ahmad Daula, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, was an admirer of Bulleh Shah. In one of his essays, he equated "Punjabi" with the language of Bulleh Shah.[83] Another Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri praised Bulleh Shah for "always projecting truth in his verses."[84]

In January 2026, a shrine dedicated to Bulleh Shah in Uttarakhand was vandalised by an estimated group of 25 to 30 people.[85][86] The group Hindu Raksha Dal has claimed responsibility.[87]

Works

Bulleh Shah never published his works. However, a significant part of his work has been preserved and published formally in India, Pakistan and abroad. The following is a list of books and book chapters containing his poetic works (or its translation).

Works in English:

Works in Gurmukhi (Punjabi):

  • Bulleh Shah Jeevan Te Rachna [The Life and Career of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Punjabi University, Patiala, India), 2010. Editor: Jeet Singh Sital.[92]
  • Kalam Bulle Shah [The Verses of Bulleh Shah], 2009. Editor: Gurdev Singh.[93]
  • Bulleh Shah: A Sufi Poet [Collection of Verses], Oxford University Press, 2010. Edited by Shabnam Virmani.[94]

Works in Shahmukhi (Punjabi):

  • Kalam Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah [The Verses of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Karmanwala Book Shop), 2009. Editor: Sami Ullah Barkat.[95]
  • Bulleh Shah Kehende Nain [Bulleh Shah says], 1987. Editor: Maqbool Anwar Dawoodi.[96]

Works in Urdu:

  • Sayin Bulleh Shah [Master Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Radha Soami Satsang Beas), 2000. Authors: T. R. Shangari and J.R. Puri.[97]
  • Bulleh Shah (Publisher: Sahitya Akademi), 1992. Author: Surinder Singh Kolhi. Translator: Kamil Qureshi.[98]
  • Tazkara [Discussion], 1984. Author: Mian Akhlaq Ahmad.[99]
  • Kulliyat Bulleh Shah (Publisher: Zahid Basheer Printers, Lahore). Editor: Faqir Muhammad Faqir.[100]
  • Ramooz e Irfan: Kafyan Hazrat Bulleh Shah [Secrets of Sainthood: The Kafis of Saint Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Kashmir Research Institute, Srinagar). Translator: Fiza Jokalwai.[101]

Work in Sindhi:

  • Bulleh Shah Joon Kafiyoon [The Kafis of Bulleh Shah], 1983. Editor: Noor Haider.[102]

Works in Hindi:

  • Sai Bulle Shah Radha Swami Satsang Vyas (Publisher: Radha Soami Satsang Beas), 1995.[103]
  • Kafian Baba Bulleh Shah [The Kafis of Bulleh Shah] (Publisher: Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary/ Namdhari eLibrary).[104]

Other works:

"Dama Dam Mast Qalandar" is one of the most famous Sufi songs in India and Pakistan. It was originally written by Amir Khusrau, and was modified by Bulleh Shah. The version composed by Bulleh Shah was sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen, Laal (band) and numerous other singers from India and Pakistan.

"Tere ishq Nachaya," a popular poem by Bulleh Shah, has been sung numerous times both in public and film industry, e.g., the popular song Chaiyya Chaiyya is derived from its lyrics.

"Bullah Ki Jaana," one of the most popular poems by Bulleh Shah, has been sung by numerous singers in India and Pakistan.

A brief biographical sketches of him are found in "Encyclopaedia of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval and Modern" (2008)[105] and "Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature" (1987).[25]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Poet Of The People: The Time And Kalam Of Bulleh Shah. The Friday Times(2022-04-08). Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Spatializing popular Sufi shrines in Punjab : dreams, memories, territoriality{{#if:Snehi|, Snehi}. Routledge(2019). ISBN 978-0-429-51220-9
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Travels of Bollywood Cinema: From Bombay to LA{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(2012-02-01). ISBN 978-0-19-807598-1
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 At Freedom's Limit : Islam and the Postcolonial Predicament{{#if:Abbas|, Abbas}. Fordham University Press(2014). ISBN 978-0-8232-5786-7
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Oral and intangible heritage of South Asia: Performances by 40 dancers and musicians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  6. ↑ A cappella group Penn Masala perform Bollywood songs at White House before PM Modi's arrival. The Indian Express(2023-06-22). Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  7. ↑ Punjab Notes: Fazal Farid Laleka: Bullah's name and Khawaja Farid's Masnavi, Soofi, Mushtaq. DAWN.COM(2021-07-19). Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Encyclopaedia of Untouchables, Ancient, Medieval and Modern{{#if:Kumar|, Kumar}. Kalpaz Publications(2008). ISBN 978-81-7835-664-8
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 The Mystic Muse{{#if:Shāh|, Shāh}. Abhinav Publications(1996). ISBN 978-81-7017-341-0
  10. ↑ International Journal of Punjab Studies (Vol. 3) (1996). www.google.com. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named APNA
  12. ↑ Bulleh Shah. Sufi Poetry(2009-11-25). Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 The Imaginatively Constituted I-Center and Fana (Annulment of Egoic-I) for a Sustainable Future in the Islamic Philosophy of Bulleh Shah. Springer Nature Switzerland(2024).
  14. ↑ Lineamenti Di Antropologia Filosofica - Ales Bello Angela Mobeen S.: 9788872330913 - AbeBooks. www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gazetteer Of The Multan District (1901-02){{#if:Maclagan|, Maclagan}(1902)
  16. ↑ The Pride of the East: Profile of Two Hundred Eminent Personalities of East{{#if:Janoo|, Janoo}. Owais Enterprise(1996)
  17. ↑ Pakistan 'neglects' Gurdwara dedicated to Baba Bulleh Shah | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management. Indiablooms.com. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 پاكستان وچ سكھاں دياں تواريخى پوتر تھاواں{{#if:Qaiṣar|, Qaiṣar}. Punjabi History Board(1998)
  19. ↑ An ode to Baba Bulleh Shah, historic gurdwara in Pakistan falls to nature's vagaries, govt's apathy. The Indian Express(2023-07-25). Retrieved 2024-04-28.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Hidden histories of Pakistan : censorship, literature, and secular nationalism in late colonial India{{#if:Waheed|, Waheed}. Cambridge University Press(2022). ISBN 978-1-108-99351-7
  21. ↑ Faith, Not Religions : a Collection Of Essays.{{#if:Ghulam|, Ghulam}. iUniverse.Com(2012). ISBN 978-1-4759-6461-5
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Bulleh Shah's poetry in present day. Times Of India(13 June 2012). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 My visit to Bulleh Shah's tomb made me feel an otherworldly sense of peace, Zia, Sidra. Dawn(17 June 2019). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Bulleh Shah Urs: Kasur officials struggle to deal with devotees' influx, Ansari, Afzal. DAWN.COM(2024-09-02). Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature{{#if:Datta|, Datta}. Sahitya Akademi(1987). ISBN 9788126018031
  26. ↑ Iqbal and His Poems - A Reappraisal{{#if:Sud|, Sud}. Sterling Publishers(1969)
  27. ↑ Indian Horizons; Volumes 26-27{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Indian Council for Cultural Relations(1977)
  28. ↑ Literary Encounters; Volume 1{{#if:Duggal|, Duggal}. Marwah Publications(1980)
  29. ↑ Bulleh Shah : the love-intoxicated iconoclast{{#if:Bullhe|, Bullhe}. Radha Soami Satsang Beas(1986)
  30. ↑ Bulleh Shah: The Love-intoxicated Iconoclast{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Radha Soami Satsang Beas(1986)
  31. ↑ Crossing boundaries{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Orient Longman(1997). ISBN 81-250-1341-5
  32. ↑ Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare.{{#if:Cobb|, Cobb}. OUP Oxford(2012). ISBN 978-0-19-150218-7
  33. ↑ Punjab Notes: Bulleh Shah: beyond caste and its polluting touch, Soofi, Mushtaq. DAWN.COM(2019-08-26). Retrieved 2023-09-08.
  34. ↑ Journey to the End of Islam.{{#if:Knight|, Knight}. Soft Skull Press(2009). ISBN 978-1-59376-552-1
  35. ↑ First Raj of the Sikhs : the Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur.{{#if:Dhillon|, Dhillon}. Hay House, Inc(2013). ISBN 978-93-81398-39-5
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 IN MEMORIAM: THE SUFI COMMUNIST, Inam, Moniza. DAWN.COM(2018-03-11). Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Martyr as bridegroom : a folk representation of Bhagat Singh{{#if:Gaur|, Gaur}. Anthem Press(2008). ISBN 978-81-905835-0-3
  39. ↑ The mystic muse{{#if:Bullhe Shāh,?-1758?|, Bullhe Shāh,?-1758?}. Abhinav Publications(1996). ISBN 81-7017-341-8
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Sufi lyrics{{#if:Shāh|, Shāh}. Oxford University Press(2015). ISBN 978-0-674-25966-9
  41. ↑ Short sketch of the life and work of Guru Govind Singh, the 10th and last guru of the Sikhs{{#if:Lakshman Singh|, Lakshman Singh}. Asian Educational Services(1995). ISBN 81-206-0576-4
  42. ↑ Loye Loye Bhar Ly Kurye Sung By Taimur Rehman, LAAL Band.(14 August 2018).
  43. ↑ The voice in the drum : music, language, and emotion in Islamicate South Asia{{#if:Wolf|, Wolf}. University of Illinois Press(2014). ISBN 978-0-252-09650-1
  44. ↑ An introduction to the poetry of Faiz Ahmed Faiz{{#if:Husain|, Husain}. Vanguard Books(1989). ISBN 969-402-000-X
  45. ↑ Ajoka holds festival to mark 9/11. DAWN.COM(2013-09-12). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  46. ↑ Of subalterns and Sammi trees: Echoes of Ghadar in the Punjabi literary movement. Socialist Studies({Template:Year).
  47. ↑ Civility, Nonviolent Resistance, and the New Struggle for Social Justice{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Brill(2020). ISBN 978-90-04-41758-8
  48. ↑ Soundscape for the soul. The Telegraph (Kolkata newspaper)(4 June 2005). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  49. ↑ Urban balladeer. The Hindu(11 April 2005). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  50. ↑ Charka - Mukhtar Sahota & Wadali's - Unpredictable(4 May 2007). Retrieved 24 March 2024.Template:Cbignore
  51. ↑ Headhunterz & Skytech – Kundalini (Official Music Video)(10 May 2016). Retrieved 17 January 2020.Template:Cbignore
  52. ↑ Yasir Akhtar | Araam Naal Kar – Take it Easy ft.Martay M'Kenzy (Official Video). Yasir Akhtar(3 February 2017). Retrieved 16 February 2017.Template:Cbignore
  53. ↑ Yasir Akhtar, the singing sensation, is back with 'Aram Nal Kar'. Tanveer Khatana(11 February 2017). Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  54. ↑ SRK's song Chaiyya Chaiyya and its Sufi connection, Mouli, Chandra. The Siasat Daily(2025-03-12). Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  55. ↑ The Official Terence Blanchard Website > Discography > Inside Man (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), Blanchard, Terence. www.terenceblanchard.com. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  56. ↑ Lady Dada's Nightmare – I | Instep(15 June 2014). Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  57. ↑ Sikh history hasn't been documented well and some of the versions available are inaccurate(9 November 2016). Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  58. ↑ Dastaan-e-ishq, Ali Zafar – BTS, Coke Studio Pakistan, Season 2. Rohail Hyatt(23 June 2009).Template:Cbignore
  59. ↑ Hadiqa Kiani Kamlee, Coke Studio Season 5 Episode 1. Pakium.com(12 May 2012). Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  60. ↑ Coke Studio releases third episode of Season 11(25 August 2018). Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  61. ↑ Coke Studio brings love ballads and Sufi poetry from top stars | Pakistani Cinema(25 November 2019). Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 How Bulleh Shah was translated into English, Aslam, Irfan. DAWN.COM(2015-05-15). Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  63. ↑ The Universal Appeal of the Poetry of Bulhe Shah, Desk. Republic Policy(2023-12-01). Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  64. ↑ Roads, intersections' naming: Shahbaz approves CDGL's summary. DAWN.COM(31 January 2013). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  65. ↑ Lahore streets, intersections to be named after famous personalities. DAWN.COM(16 August 2021). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  66. ↑ Home. www.bullehshah.com.pk. Bulleh Shah Packaging (Pvt.) Limited. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  67. ↑ DHQ hospital named after Baba Bulleh Shah. Pakistan Observer(2023-08-07). Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  68. ↑ Kasur DHQ Hospital renamed after Baba Bulleh Shah. Daily Pakistan Global(2023-08-04). Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  69. ↑ University of the Punjab- Affiliated Colleges - Bulleh-Shah-Law-College-Main-Sadar-Diwan-Road-Kasur. pu.edu.pk. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  70. ↑ Demand for Bulleh Shah university. DAWN.COM(27 August 2007). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  71. ↑ UNIVERSITY IN CHUNIAN. DAWN.COM(9 January 2022). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  72. ↑ NA passes 26 bills to set up new universities, institutes amid criticism about quality education. www.thenews.com.pk(28 July 2023). Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  73. ↑ President proposes Bulleh Shah varsity, APP. The Express Tribune(2024-09-01). Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  74. ↑ Learning From Others{{#if:Babar Ali|, Babar Ali}. Topical Printers, Lahore(2017). ISBN 978-969-9251-71-9
  75. ↑ Bhutto's ideology is need of the hour. Daily Times(2020-01-05). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  76. ↑ The myriad interpretations of Sufi anthem 'Mast Qalandar', Sharjeel, Shahzad. Deccan Chronicle(2019-12-06). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  77. ↑ The National Sufi Council: Redefining the Islamic Republic of Pakistan through a discourse on Sufism after 9/11 (PhD thesis){{#if:Drage|, Drage}. University of Western Sydney(2015)
  78. ↑ Facebook. www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  79. ↑ PM Nawaz Recties Bulleh Shah Poetry While Addressing Parsi Community - video Dailymotion. Dailymotion(2015-08-20). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  80. ↑ Nawaz pledges equal status to minorities. The Nation(2013-05-10). Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  81. ↑ Template:Cite twitter
  82. ↑ CARETAKER CM MOHSIN NAQVI VISITS MAZAR OF SUFI SAINT HAZRAT BABA BULLEH SHAH (RA) AND LAYS FOUNDATION STONE OF ITS EXTENSION PROJECT. Directorate General Public Relations, Government of the Punjab.
  83. ↑ A question of identity: The Pakistani Southasian. Himal Southasian(2005-07-18). Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  84. ↑ KASUR: Tribute paid to Bulleh Shah. DAWN.COM(2004-04-19). Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  85. ↑ Sufi Poet Baba Bulleh Shah's Shrine Vandalised in Mussoorie, FIR Filed(27 January 2026). Retrieved 30 January 2026.
  86. ↑ Bulleh Shah's shrine vandalised in Mussoorie: How the Sufi poet blended religious beliefs, challenged orthodoxy, Sharma, Manraj Grewal. The Indian Express(28 January 2026). Retrieved 30 January 2026.
  87. ↑ Hindu Raksha Dal vandalises shrine of Sufi poet Baba Bulleh Shah in Uttarakhand. Maktoob media(26 January 2026). Retrieved 30 January 2026.
  88. ↑ Bulleh Shah : a selection{{#if:Shāh|, Shāh}. Oxford University Press(2015). ISBN 978-0-19-940288-5
  89. ↑ Islamic Mystical Poetry - Sufi Verse from the Early Mystics to Rumi{{#if:Mahmood Jamal|, Mahmood Jamal}. ISBN 9781101488348
  90. ↑ Bulhe Shah{{#if:Kohli|, Kohli}. Sahitya Akademi(1987)
  91. ↑ Bulleh Shah The Love Intoxicated Iconclast{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Radha Soami Satsang Beas
  92. ↑ Bulleh Shah Jeevan{{#if:Jeet Singh Sital|, Jeet Singh Sital}(2010)
  93. ↑ Kalam Bulleh Shah{{#if:www.DiscoverSikhism.com|, www.DiscoverSikhism.com}
  94. ↑ Best 2 Lines Love Shayari in Punjabi - Express Your Emotions, Admin. Shayari2u(2024-10-29). Retrieved 2024-11-03.
  95. ↑ Bulle Shah{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
  96. ↑ Bulleh Shah Kehende Nain{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
  97. ↑ Sain Bulleh Shah{{#if:T.R. Shangari and J.R. Puri|, T.R. Shangari and J.R. Puri}(1987)
  98. ↑ Bulleh Shah{{#if:Surinder Kolhi|, Surinder Kolhi}. Sahitya Akademi(1992)
  99. ↑ Tazkera Hazrat Shah Inayat Qadiri Shattari{{#if:Mian Akhlaq Ahmad|, Mian Akhlaq Ahmad}(1984)
  100. ↑ Kulliyat Bulleh Shah{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
  101. ↑ Rafooz E Irfan Kafyan Urdu Hazrat Bulle Shah{{#if:Hazrat Bulle Shah|, Hazrat Bulle Shah}
  102. ↑ Bulleh Shah Joon Kafiyoon{{#if:Noor Haider|, Noor Haider}(1983)
  103. ↑ Sai Bulle Shah Radha Swami Satsang Vyas{{#if:Radha Swami Satsang Vyas|, Radha Swami Satsang Vyas}
  104. ↑ Kafian Baba Bulleh Shah{{#if:Baba Buley Shah|, Baba Buley Shah}
  105. ↑ Encyclopaedia of untouchables ancient, medieval and modern{{#if:Kumar|, Kumar}. Kalpaz Publications(2008). ISBN 978-81-7835-664-8

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