COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

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Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). More than 36.1 million confirmed cases have been reported since January 2020, resulting in more than 618,000 deaths, the most of any country, and the twenty-third-highest per capita worldwide.[1][2] As many infections have gone undetected, the Centers for Disease Control estimated that, as of May 2021, there are a total 120.2 million infections in the United States, or more than a third of the total population.[3][4] The U.S. has about one-fifth of the world's confirmed cases and deaths. COVID-19 became the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.[5] U.S. life expectancy dropped 3 years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9 years for African Americans, and 1.2 years for white Americans from 2019 to 2020.[6]

On December 31, 2019, China announced the discovery of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan. The first American case was reported on January 20, and President Donald Trump declared the U.S. outbreak a public health emergency on January 31. Restrictions were placed on flights arriving from China,[7][8] but the initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, and testing.[9][10][11]Template:Efn Meanwhile, Trump remained optimistic and was accused by his critics of underestimating the severity of the virus.

The first known American deaths occurred in February.[12]Template:Efn On March 6, 2020, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3Template:Nbsbillion in emergency funding for federal agencies to respond to the outbreak.[13] On March 13, President Trump declared a national emergency.[14] In mid-March, the Trump administration started to purchase large quantities of medical equipment,[15] and in late March, it invoked the Defense Production Act of 1950 to direct industries to produce medical equipment.[16] By April 17, the federal government approved disaster declarations for all states and territories. By mid-April, cases had been confirmed in all fifty U.S. states, and by November in all inhabited U.S. territories.

A second rise in infections began in June 2020, following relaxed restrictions in several states, leading to daily cases surpassing 60,000.[17] A third rise in infections began around mid-October, leading to daily cases reaching over 100,000 by the end of the month.[18][19] A fourth rise in infections began around late March 2021 amidst the rise of the Alpha variant, a more easily transmissible variant of SARS-CoV-2 from the United Kingdom, just as COVID-19 vaccines began to be administered in the country, but it stagnated before another major spike.[20][21] High levels of vaccine hesitancy in parts of the country have hampered vaccination efforts amidst the rise of the Delta variant,[22] this led to a fifth rise in infections, with the vast majority of new cases being among unvaccinated people.[23]

State and local responses to the outbreak have included mask mandates, prohibition and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including festivals and sporting events), stay-at-home orders, and school closures.[24] Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among Black and Latino populations,[25][26][27] as well as elevated levels of vaccine hesitancy,[28][29] and there were reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans.[30] Clusters of infections and deaths have occurred in many areas.Template:Efn

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Timeline

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December 2019 to April 2020

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In late November 2019, coronavirus infections had first broken out in Wuhan, China.[31][32] China publicly reported the cluster on December 31, 2019.[33] After China confirmed that the cluster of infections was caused by a novel infectious coronavirus[33] on January 7, 2020, the CDC issued an official health advisory the following day.[34] On January 20, the World Health Organization (WHO) and China both confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.[35] The CDC immediately activated its Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to respond to the outbreak in China.[36] Also, the first report of a COVID-19 case in the U.S. was publicly reported,[33] though the All of Us study (released in 2021) showed five states already had cases weeks earlier.[37] After other cases were reported, on January 30, the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)Template:Sndits highest level of alarm[38]Template:Sndwarning that "all countries should be prepared for containment."[39][40]Template:Efn The same day, the CDC confirmed the first person-to-person case in the U.S.[41] The next day, the country declared a public health emergency.[42] Although by that date there were only seven known cases in the U.S., the HHS and CDC reported that there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country.[42]

The Trump administration evacuated American nationals from Wuhan in late January.[43] On February 2, the U.S. enacted travel restrictions to and from China.[8] On February 6, the earliest confirmed American death with COVID-19 (that of a 57-year-old woman) occurred in Santa Clara County, California. The CDC did not report its confirmation until April 21,[12] by which point nine other COVID-19 deaths had occurred in Santa Clara County.[44] The virus had been circulating undetected at least since early January and possibly as early as November.[45] On February 25, the CDC warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak.[46][47] The next day, New York City saw the sickening of its "patient zero", Manhattan attorney Lawrence Garbuz, then thought to be the first community-acquired case.[48][49][50] In February, Vice President Mike Pence took over for Secretary Alex Azar as chair of the White House Coronavirus Task Force.[51]

March 6: President Trump and Alex Azar at the signing of Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 into law

By March 11, the virus had spread to 110 countries, and the WHO officially declared a pandemic.[24] The CDC had already warned that large numbers of people needing hospital care could overload the healthcare system, which would lead to otherwise preventable deaths.[52][53] Dr. Anthony Fauci said the mortality from the coronavirus was ten times higher than the common flu.[54] By March 12, diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. exceeded a thousand.[55] On March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people.[56] Three days later, the United States Department of State advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.[57]

By the middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs. However, the number of available test kits remained limited, which meant the true number of people infected had to be estimated.[58] As cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed.[59]

Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed "stay at home" quarantines on their populations to stem the spread of the virus.[60] By March 27, the country had reported over 100,000 cases.[61] On April 2, at President Trump's direction, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and CDC ordered additional preventive guidelines to the long-term care facility industry.[62] On April 11, the U.S. death toll became the highest in the world when the number of deaths reached 20,000, surpassing that of Italy.[63] On April 19, the CMS added new regulations requiring nursing homes to inform residents, their families and representatives, of COVID-19 cases in their facilities.[64] On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed one million.[65]

May to August 2020

By May 27, less than four months after the pandemic reached the U.S., 100,000 Americans had died with COVID-19.[66] State economic reopenings and lack of widespread mask orders resulted in a sharp rise in cases across most of the continental U.S. outside of the Northeast.[67] A study conducted in May 2020 indicated that the true number of COVID-19 cases in the United States was much higher than the number of confirmed cases with some locations having 6–24 times higher infections, which was further confirmed by a later population-wide serosurvey.[68][69][70]

On July 6, the United States Department of State announced the country's withdrawal from WHO effective July 6, 2021.[71] On July 10, the CDC adopted the Infection Fatality Ratio (IFR), "the number of individuals who die of the disease among all infected individuals (symptomatic and asymptomatic)", as a new metric for disease severity.[72] In July, U.S. PIRG and 150 health professionals sent a letter asking the federal government to "shut it down now, and start over".[73] In July and early August, requests multiplied, with a number of experts asking for lockdowns of "six to eight weeks"[74] that they believed would restore the country by October 1, in time to reopen schools and have an in-person election.[75]

In August, over 400,000 people attended the 80th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in Sturgis, South Dakota, and from there, at least 300 people in more than 20 states were infected.[76] The CDC followed up with a report on the associated 51 confirmed primary event-associated cases, 21 secondary cases, and five tertiary cases in the neighboring state of Minnesota, where one attendee died of COVID-19.[77] The U.S. passed five million COVID-19 cases by August 8.[78]

September to December 2020

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On September 22, the U.S. passed 200,000 deaths, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.[79] In early October, an unprecedented series of high-profile U.S. political figures and staffers announced they had tested positive for COVID-19.[80][81] On October 2, Trump announced on Twitter that both he and the First Lady had tested positive for the coronavirus and would immediately quarantine.[81][82] Trump was given an experimental Regeneron product with two monoclonal antibodies[83]Template:Efn and taken to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center,[84] where he was given remdesivir and dexamethasone.[85]

USA Today studied the aftermath of presidential election campaigning, recognizing that causation was impossible to determine. Among their findings, cases increased 35 percent compared to 14 percent for the state after a Trump rally in Beltrami County, Minnesota. One case was traced to a Joe Biden rally in Duluth.[86]

On November 9, President-elect Biden's transition team announced his COVID-19 Advisory Board.[87] On the same day, the total number of cases had surpassed ten million[88] while the total had risen by over a million in the ten days prior, averaging 102,300 new cases per day.[89] Pfizer also announced that its COVID-19 vaccine may be up to ninety percent effective.[90][91] In November, the Trump administration reached an agreement with a number of retail outlets, including pharmacies and supermarkets, to make the COVID-19 vaccine free once available.[92]

In spite of recommendations by the government not to travel, more than two million people flew on airlines during the Thanksgiving period.[93] On December 8, the U.S. passed fifteen million cases, with about one out of every 22 Americans having tested positive since the pandemic began.[94] On December 14, the U.S. passed 300,000 deaths, representing an average of more than 961 deaths per day since the first known death on February 6. More than 50,000 deaths were reported in the past month, with an average of 2,403 daily deaths occurring in the past week.[95]

On December 24, following concerns over a probably more easily transmissible new SARS-CoV-2 variant from the United Kingdom, later called Alpha, the CDC announced testing requirements for American passengers traveling from the UK, to be administered within 72 hours, starting on December 28.[96][97] On December 29, the U.S. reported the first case of this variant in Colorado. The patient had no travel history, leading the CDC to state, "Given the small fraction of US infections that have been sequenced, the variant could already be in the United States without having been detected."[98]

January to April 2021

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President Joe Biden visits a COVID-19 vaccination site at Walter Reed Medical Center.

On January 1, 2021, the U.S. passed twenty million cases, representing an increase of more than a million over the past week and ten million in less than two months.[99][100] On January 6, the CDC announced that it had found at least 52 confirmed cases of the Alpha variant, and it also stressed that there could already be more cases in the country.[101] In the following days, more cases of the variant were reported in other states, leading former CDC director Tom Frieden to express his concerns that the U.S. will soon face "close to a worst-case scenario".[102] It was believed the variant had been present in the U.S. since October.[103]

On January 19, the U.S. passed 400,000 deaths, just five weeks after the country passed 300,000 deaths.[104] On January 22, the U.S. passed 25 million cases, with one of every 13 Americans testing positive for COVID-19.[105] By March 5, more than 2,750 cases of COVID-19 variants were detected in 47 states; Washington, D.C.; and Puerto Rico.[106] In the first prime time address of his presidency on March 11, Biden announced his plan to push states to make vaccines available to all adults by May 1, with the aim of making small gatherings possible by July 4.[107] On March 24, the U.S. passed thirty million cases, just as a number of states began to expand the eligibility age for COVID-19 vaccines.[108] Experts began warning against public relaxation of COVID-19 mitigation measures as vaccines continue to be administered, with one, CDC director Rochelle Walensky, warning of a new rise in cases.[109]

By April 7, the Alpha variant had become the dominant COVID-19 strain in the U.S.[21] On April 12, the U.S. reported its first cases of a new "double mutant" SARS-CoV-2 variant from India, later called Delta, in California.[110] By April 25, the country's seven-day average of new infections was reported to be decreasing, but concerns were raised about drops in vaccine demand in certain parts of the U.S., which were attributed to vaccine hesitancy.[111][112][113] On April 29, the CDC estimated that roughly 35% of the U.S. population had been infected with the virus as of March 2021, about four times higher than the official reported numbers.[4]

May to July 2021

On May 4, Biden announced a new goal of having 70 percent of all adults in the U.S. receive at least one COVID-19 vaccine shot by July 4, along with steps to vaccinate teenagers and more inaccessible populations.[114] The country ultimately did not reach that goal, with only 67 percent of the overall adult population having done so by July 4.[115] On May 6, a study by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimated that the true COVID-19 death toll in the U.S. was more than 900,000 people.[116] On May 9, Dr. Fauci confirmed that the U.S. death toll was likely undercounted.[117]

On May 13, the CDC changed its guidance and said that fully vaccinated individuals do not need to wear masks in most situations.[118] Some states ended their mask mandates shortly after, while others maintained the mandate. The CDC was criticized for the confusion resulting from the announcement, as it did not remove existing state and local mandates. The guidance also did not remove the federal mask mandate on public transportation.[119] On June 15, the U.S. passed 600,000 deaths, though the number of daily deaths had decreased due to vaccination efforts.[120]

By late June, COVID-19 cases rose again, especially in Arkansas, Nevada, Missouri, and Wyoming. The rising numbers were believed to be attributable to the Delta variant.[121] By July 7, the Delta variant had surpassed the Alpha variant to become the dominant COVID-19 strain in the U.S., according to CDC data.[122] By July 20, the Delta variant accounted for 83 percent of all sequenced cases, according to the CDC.[123] On August 1, the U.S. passed 35 million cases.[124]

Responses

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On January 28, the CDC updated its China travel recommendations to levelTemplate:Nbs3, its highest alert.[125] On February 8, the WHO's director-general announced that a team of international experts had been assembled to travel to China and he hoped officials from the CDC would also be part of that mission.[126][127] In late January, Boeing announced a donation of 250,000 medical masks to help address China's supply shortages.[128] On February 7, the State Department said it had facilitated the transportation of nearly eighteen tons of medical supplies to China, including masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials.[129] On the same day, U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo announced a $100Template:Nbsmillion pledge to China and other countries to assist with their fights against the virus.[130]

Contact tracing is a tool to control transmission rates during the reopening process. Some states like Texas and Arizona opted to proceed with reopening without adequate contact tracing programs in place. Health experts have expressed concerns about training and hiring enough personnel to reduce transmission. Privacy concerns have prevented measures such as those imposed in South Korea where authorities used cellphone tracking and credit card details to locate and test thousands of nightclub patrons when new cases began emerging.[131] Funding for contact tracing is thought to be insufficient, and even better-funded states have faced challenges getting in touch with contacts. Congress has allocated $631Template:Nbsmillion for state and local health surveillance programs, but the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security estimates that $3.6Template:Nbsbillion will be needed. The cost rises with the number of infections, and contact tracing is easier to implement when the infection count is lower. Health officials are also worried that low-income communities will fall further behind in contact tracing efforts which "may also be hobbled by long-standing distrust among minorities of public health officials".[132] As of July 1, only four states are using contact tracing apps as part of their state-level strategies to control transmission. The apps document digital encounters between smartphones, so the users will automatically be notified if someone they had contact with has tested positive. Public health officials in California claim that most of the functionality could be duplicated by using text, chat, email, and phone communications.[133]

In the United States, remdesivir is indicated for use in adults and adolescents (aged twelve years and older with body weight at least Template:Convert) for the treatment of COVID‑19 requiring hospitalization.[134] The FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the combination of baricitinib with remdesivir, for the treatment of suspected or laboratory confirmed COVID-19 in hospitalized people two years of age or older requiring supplemental oxygen, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).[135] In early March, President Trump directed the FDA to test certain medications to discover if they had the potential to treat COVID-19 patients.[136] Among those were chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which have been successfully used to treat malaria for over fifty years. A small test in France by researcher Didier Raoult had given positive results, although the study was criticized for design flaws, small sample size, and the fact that it was published before peer review.[137] On March 28, the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) which allowed certain hospitalized COVID-19 patients to be treated with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine.[136][138][139][140] On June 15, the FDA revoked the EUA for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine as potential treatments for COVID-19, saying the available evidence showed "no benefit for decreasing the likelihood of death or speeding recovery".[141] However, Trump continued to promote the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 by late July.[142]

From early 2020, more than 70 companies worldwide (with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.) began vaccine research.[143][144] In preparation for large-scale production, Congress set aside more than $3.5Template:Nbsbillion for this purpose as part of the CARES Act.[144][145] On November 20, 2020, the Pfizer–BioNTech partnership submitted a request for emergency use authorization for its vaccine to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA),[146][147] which was granted on December 11.[148][149] On December 18, 2020, the FDA granted the Moderna vaccine emergency use authorization,[150][151] which Moderna had requested on November 30, 2020.[152][153] Starting on December 14, 2020, the first doses of COVID-19 vaccine were administered.[154]

Polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.[155] In February, similar numbers of Democrats and Republicans believed COVID-19 was "a real threat": 70% and 72%, respectively. By mid-March, 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as "a real threat", while only 40% of Republicans agreed.[156] In mid-March, various polls found Democrats were more likely than Republicans to believe "the worst was yet to come" (79–40%), to believe their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak (56–26%),[157] and to take certain precautions against the virus (83–53%).[158] The CDC was the most trusted source of information about the outbreak (85%), followed by the WHO (77%), state and local government officials (70–71%), the news media (47%), and Trump (46%).[158] A May 2020 poll concluded that 54% of people in the U.S. felt the federal government was doing a poor job in stopping the spread of COVID-19 in the country. 57% felt the federal government was not doing enough to address the limited availability of COVID-19 testing. 58% felt the federal government was not doing enough to prevent a second wave of COVID-19 cases later in 2020.[159] In September 2020, Pew Research Center found that the global image of the United States had suffered in many foreign nations. In some nations, the United States' favorability rating had reached a record low since Pew began collecting this data nearly twenty years ago. Across thirteen different nations, a median of fifteen percent of respondents rated the U.S. response to the pandemic positively.[160]

Impacts

Economic

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Sign reading "we'll get thru this"
Marquee at a closed music venue in Washington, D.C.

The pandemic, along with the resultant stock market crash and other impacts, led a recession in the United States following the economic cycle peak in February 2020.[161] The economy contracted 4.8 percent from January through March 2020,[162] and the unemployment rate rose to 14.7 percent in April.[163] The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34Template:Nbsbillion to $251Template:Nbsbillion according to analysis presented by The New York Times.[164] A study by economists Austan Goolsbee and Chad Syverson indicated that most economic impact due to consumer behavior changes was prior to mandated lockdowns.[165] During the second quarter of 2020, the U.S. economy suffered its largest drop on record, with GDP falling at an annualized rate of 32.9 percent. As of June 2020, the U.S. economy was over ten percent smaller than it was in December 2019.[166]

President Trump and Airline CEOs discuss COVID-19's impact on the travel industry on March 4, 2020.

In September, Bain & Company reported on the tumultuous changes in consumer behavior before and during the pandemic. Potentially permanently, they found acceleration towards e-commerce, online primary healthcare, livestreamed gym workouts, and moviegoing via subscription television. Concurrent searches for both low-cost and premium products, and a shift to safety over sustainability, occurred alongside rescinded bans and taxes on single-use plastics, and losses of three to seven years of gains in out-of-home foodservice.[167] OpenTable estimated in May that 25 percent of American restaurants would close their doors permanently.[168]

The economic impact and mass unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has raised fears of a mass eviction crisis,[169][170][171][172] with an analysis by the Aspen Institute indicating 30–40 million are at risk for eviction by the end of 2020.[173][174] According to a report by Yelp, about sixty percent of U.S. businesses that have closed since the start of the pandemic will stay shut permanently.[175]

Impact of the pandemic on various economic variables
Variable Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov
Jobs, level (000s)[176] 152,463 151,090 130,303 133,002 137,802 139,582 140,914 141,720 142,373 142,629
Jobs, monthly change (000s)[176] 251 −1,373 −20,787 2,699 4,800 1,780 1,371 661 653 256
Unemployment rate %[177] 3.5% 4.4% 14.7% 13.3% 11.1% 10.2% 8.4% 7.9% 6.9% 6.7%
Number unemployed (millions)[178] 5.8 7.1 23.1 21.0 17.8 16.3 13.6 12.6 11.1 10.7
Employment to population ratio %, age 25–54[179] 80.5% 79.6% 69.7% 71.4% 73.5% 73.8% 75.3% 75.0% 76.0% 76.0%
Inflation rate % (CPI-All)[180] 2.3% 1.5% 0.4% 0.2% 0.7% 1.0% TBD TBD TBD TBD
Stock market S&P 500 (avg. level)[181] 3,277 2,652 2,762 2,920 3,105 3,230 3,392 3,380 3,270 3,694
Debt held by public ($ trillion)[182] 17.4 17.7 19.1 19.9 20.5 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3

Social

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The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences beyond the disease itself and efforts to contain it, including political, cultural, and social implications.

From the earliest days of the pandemic, there were reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans.[30] During the first year, an ad-hoc organization called Stop AAPI Hate received 3,795 reports of racism against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.[183]

Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among Black and Latino populations.[25][26][27] Of four studies published in September 2020, three found clear disparities due to race and the fourth found slightly better survival rates for Hispanics and Blacks.[184] As of September 15, 2020, Blacks had COVID-19 mortality rates more than twice as high as the rate for Whites and Asians, who have the lowest rates.[185] CNN reported in May 2020 that the Navajo Nation had the highest rate of infection in the United States.[186] In June 2021, the CDC confirmed these numbers, reporting that American Indian or Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic persons had the highest rates of both hospitalizations and deaths, while Hispanic and Latino persons suffered the highest rates of COVID compared to White persons. However the CDC noted that only 61% of case reports included race and ethnicity data, which could result in inaccurate estimates of the relative risk among groups.[187] Additionally, a study published by the New England Journal of Medicine in July 2020 revealed that the effect of stress and weathering on minority groups decreases their stamina against COVID.[188]

From 2019 to 2020 in the United States, the life expectancy of a Hispanic American decreased 3 years, for an African American 2.9 years, and for a White American 1.2 years.[6] The COVID Tracking Project[189] published data revealing that people of color were contracting and dying from COVID-19 at higher rates than Whites. An NPR analysis of April–September 2020 data from the COVID Tracking Project found that Black people's share of COVID-19 deaths across the United States was 1.5 times greater (in some states 2.5 times greater) than their share of the U.S. population. Similarly, Hispanics and Latinos were disproportionately infected in 45 states and had a disproportionate share of the deaths in 19 states. Native American and Alaskan Native cases and deaths were disproportionally high in at least 21 states and, in some, as much as five times more than average. White non-Hispanics died at a lower rate than their share of the population in 36 states and D.C.[190]

By April 2020, closed schools affected more than 55 million students.[191]

Elections

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The pandemic prompted calls from voting rights groups and some Democratic Party leaders to expand mail-in voting, while Republican leaders generally opposed the change. Some states were unable to agree on changes, resulting in lawsuits. Responding to Democratic proposals for nationwide mail-in voting as part of a coronavirus relief law, President Trump said "you'd never have a Republican elected in this country again" despite evidence the change would not favor any particular group.[192] Trump called mail-in voting "corrupt" and said voters should be required to show up in person, even though, as reporters pointed out, he had himself voted by mail in the last Florida primary.[193] Though mail-in vote fraud is slightly higher than in-person voter fraud, both instances are rare, and mail-in voting can be made more secure by disallowing third parties to collect ballots and providing free drop-off locations or prepaid postage.[194]

High COVID-19 fatalities at the state and county level correlated with a drop in expressed support for the election of Republicans, including the reelection of Trump, according to a study published in Science Advances that compared opinions in January–February 2020 with opinions in June 2020.[195]

Vaccination program

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Preparations made after previous outbreaks

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The United States has experienced pandemics and epidemics throughout its history, including the 1918 Spanish flu, the 1957 Asian flu, and the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemics.[196][197][198] In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the 2009 swine flu pandemic took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 270,000 over the course of approximately a year.[196]

According to the Global Health Security Index, an American-British assessment which ranks the health security capabilities in 195 countries, the U.S. was the "most prepared" nation in 2020.[199][200]

Statistics

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See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JHU
  2. ↑ Mortality Analyses. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  3. ↑ Estimated COVID-19 Burden. Centers for Disease Control(July 27, 2021).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 More than a third of the US has been infected with Covid-19, CDC estimates(April 29, 2021).
  5. ↑ US deaths in 2020 top 3 million, by far most ever counted. Associated Press(December 21, 2020). Retrieved December 22, 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 U.S. Life Expectancy Plunged in 2020, Especially for Black and Hispanic Americans. The New York Times(July 21, 2021). Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  7. ↑ Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China(January 31, 2020). Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Trump's Snowballing China Travel Claim, Robertson, Lori. FactCheck.org(April 15, 2020). Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  9. ↑ Signs missed and steps slowed in Trump's pandemic response. Associated Press(April 12, 2020). Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  10. ↑ The missing six weeks: how Trump failed the biggest test of his life. The Guardian(March 28, 2020). Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  11. ↑ Template:Cite Q
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 A seemingly healthy woman's sudden death is now the first known US coronavirus-related fatality(April 24, 2020). Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  13. ↑ Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak. Business Insider(March 6, 2020).
  14. ↑ Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures(March 13, 2020). Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  15. ↑ US 'wasted' months before preparing for coronavirus pandemic. Associated Press(April 7, 2020). Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  16. ↑ Trump invokes Defense Production Act to require GM to produce ventilators(March 27, 2020). Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  17. ↑ The Health 202: The Trump administration is eyeing a new testing strategy for coronavirus, Anthony Fauci says. The Washington Post.
  18. ↑ COVID-19 Cases Are Skyrocketing, But Deaths Are Flat – So Far. These 5 Charts Explain Why. Time. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  19. ↑ U.S. reports world record of more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases in single day. Reuters(October 31, 2020). Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  20. ↑ COVID-19's fourth wave is hitting the US hard. The Hill(March 30, 2021). Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 UK variant has become most dominant COVID strain in US, CDC says(April 7, 2021). Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  22. ↑ Dr. Fauci: Where to expect new Covid surges in the U.S.—and what it means for mask-wearing, other restrictions(July 6, 2021).
  23. ↑ Covid-19 cases are surging in 45 states. In one hot spot, hospitalized patients are younger than ever, doctor says(July 13, 2021).
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Sports Leagues Bar Fans and Cancel Games Amid Coronavirus Outbreak. The New York Times(March 11, 2020). Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 What Do Coronavirus Racial Disparities Look Like State By State?(May 30, 2020).
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Black Americans and Latinos nearly 3 times as likely to know someone who died of COVID-19: Poll(May 22, 2020).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 States tracking COVID-19 race and ethnicity data. American Medical Association(July 28, 2020). Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  28. ↑ COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Demographic Factors, Geographic Patterns, and Changes Over Time. Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US HHS. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  29. ↑ Template:Cite blog
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety. The New York Times(March 23, 2020). Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  31. ↑ Intelligence report warned of coronavirus crisis as early as November: Sources(April 8, 2020). Retrieved December 6, 2020.
  32. ↑ Coronavirus Was In U.S. Weeks Earlier Than Previously Known, Study Says(December 1, 2020). Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NEJMFirstCase
  34. ↑ Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (PUE) in Wuhan, China. CDC(January 8, 2020).
  35. ↑ China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus. The Guardian(January 21, 2020). Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  36. ↑ CDC Emergency Operations Center Activations. CDC(January 20, 2020).
  37. ↑ Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in All of Us Research Program Participants, January 2-March 18, 2020. Clinical Infectious Diseases({Template:Date).
  38. ↑ Timeline: WHO's COVID-19 response. World Health Organization. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  39. ↑ WHO declares coronavirus a global health emergency. The Guardian(January 30, 2020). Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  40. ↑ WHO Declares Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Health Emergency(January 30, 2020). Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  41. ↑ Trump says coronavirus outbreak is 'all under control' and a 'very small problem' in US(January 30, 2020). Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 US declares public health emergency from coronavirus. The Boston Globe(February 1, 2020).
  43. ↑ U.S. handling of American evacuees from Wuhan increased coronavirus risks, watchdog finds. The Washington Post(January 28, 2021). Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  44. ↑ 29 people had flu-like symptoms when they died in Santa Clara County. Nine tested positive for coronavirus. The Mercury News(April 25, 2020). Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  45. ↑ When Did COVID-19 Arrive and Could We Have Spotted It Earlier?, Melinek, Judy. MedPage Today(May 1, 2020). Retrieved May 7, 2020.
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  47. ↑ Public Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24 – April 21, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report({Template:Date).
  48. ↑ Lawrence Garbuz, New York's First Known COVID-19 Case, Reveals What He Learned About Attorney Well-Being From the Virus. New York State Bar Association(August 11, 2020).
  49. ↑ WSJ News Exclusive | Covid-19's 'Patient Zero' in New York: What Life Is Like for the New Rochelle Lawyer. Wall Street Journal(March 6, 2021).
  50. ↑ New York area's 'patient zero' says coronavirus 'wasn't on my mind' when he got sick. NBC News.
  51. ↑ What we know about the White House coronavirus task force now that Mike Pence is in charge. USA Today(February 27, 2020). Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  52. ↑ Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Summary. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(March 7, 2020). Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  53. ↑ Coronavirus Has Become a Pandemic, W.H.O. Says. The New York Times(March 11, 2020).
  54. ↑ Dr. Anthony Fauci addresses COVID-19 mortality rate(March 11, 2020). Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  55. ↑ Live updates: As U.S. coronavirus cases top 1,000, mixed signs of recovery in China, South Korea. The Washington Post(March 11, 2020). Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  56. ↑ White House advises public to avoid groups of more than 10, asks people to stay away from bars and restaurants(March 16, 2020). Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  57. ↑ Global Level 4 Health Advisory – Do Not Travel. travel.state.gov.
  58. ↑ The 4 Key Reasons the U.S. Is So Behind on Coronavirus Testing. The Atlantic(March 15, 2020).
  59. ↑ They were supposed to build stages for Coachella. Now they're building coronavirus triage tents. Los Angeles Times(March 30, 2020).
  60. ↑ Most states have issued stay-at-home orders, but enforcement varies widely(April 3, 2020). Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  61. ↑ Confirmed coronavirus cases in U.S. reach 100,000: Reuters tally. Reuters(March 28, 2020). Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  62. ↑ Trump wants masks on all nursing home workers, temperature checks for all, and separate COVID-19 units. McKnight's Long-term Care News(April 3, 2020).
  63. ↑ U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally. Reuters(April 11, 2020). Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  64. ↑ Trump Administration Announces New Nursing Homes COVID-19 Transparency Effort. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services(April 19, 2020).
  65. ↑ US coronavirus cases surpass 1 million and the death toll is greater than US losses in Vietnam War. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  66. ↑ U.S. coronavirus death toll surpasses 100,000, exposing nation's vulnerabilities. The Washington Post(May 27, 2020). Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  67. ↑ U.S. surpasses 2 million coronavirus cases. The Washington Post(June 11, 2020). Retrieved July 23, 2020.
  68. ↑ Actual Covid-19 case count could be 6 to 24 times higher than official estimates, CDC study shows. statnews. Stat(July 21, 2020). Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  69. ↑ Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 Sites in the United States, March 23-May 12, 2020. JAMA Internal Medicine({Template:Date).
  70. ↑ Almost 17 million U.S. coronavirus cases were not detected during first half of 2020, study led by UMBC graduate finds. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  71. ↑ Briefing on the U.S. Government's Next Steps With Regard to Withdrawal From the World Health Organization(September 2, 2020). Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  72. ↑ COVID-19 Pandemic Planning Scenarios. CDC(July 10, 2020). Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  73. ↑ Medical Experts Tell Government: 'Shut It Down Now, And Start Over'. Forbes Media(July 24, 2020). Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  74. ↑ America Could Control the Pandemic by October. Let's Get to It.. The New York Times(August 8, 2020). Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  75. ↑ Resetting Our Response: Changes Needed in the US Approach to COVID-19. Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. and Back to normal by October? Dr. Hotez sends the White House a national, unified coronavirus plan(July 23, 2020). and Here's How to Crush the Virus Until Vaccines Arrive. The New York Times(August 7, 2020). and Joe Biden is the national reset we need on COVID-19, but he's more than 75,000 lives away. USA Today(August 4, 2020). and Winter is coming: Why America's window of opportunity to beat back Covid-19 is closing(August 10, 2020). Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  76. ↑ A Motorcycle Rally in a Pandemic? 'We Kind of Knew What Was Going to Happen'. The New York Times(November 6, 2020). Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  77. ↑ COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a 10-Day Motorcycle Rally in a Neighboring State – Minnesota, August–September 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep({Template:Date).
  78. ↑ U.S. sets record as coronavirus cases top 5 million. Reuters(August 8, 2020). Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  79. ↑ 'Enormous And Tragic': U.S. Has Lost More Than 200,000 People To COVID-19(September 22, 2020). Retrieved September 22, 2020.
  80. ↑ Trump Says He'll Begin 'Quarantine Process' After Hope Hicks Tests Positive for Coronavirus. The New York Times(October 1, 2020). Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 White House wanted to keep Hope Hicks's positive COVID-19 test private: report. The Hill(October 2, 2020). Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  82. ↑ Trump says he and first lady have tested positive for coronavirus. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  83. ↑ Trump's COVID-19 treatments suggest severe illness, UC Berkeley expert says(October 6, 2020). Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  84. ↑ Trump taken to Walter Reed medical center and will be hospitalized 'for the next few days'(October 3, 2020). Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  85. ↑ Prospect of Trump's early hospital discharge mystifies doctors. The Washington Post(October 5, 2020). Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  86. ↑ Trump's campaign made stops nationwide. Coronavirus cases surged in his wake in at least five places.. USA Today(October 22, 2020). Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  87. ↑ Biden transition team unveils members of Covid-19 task force. Stat(November 9, 2020). Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  88. ↑ U.S. coronavirus cases cross 10 million as outbreaks spike across the nation(November 9, 2020). Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  89. ↑ 10 Million People Have Tested Positive for Coronavirus in the United States. Time. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  90. ↑ Pfizer says COVID-19 vaccine is looking 90% effective. Associated Press(November 9, 2020). Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  91. ↑ Pfizer's Early Data Shows Vaccine Is More Than 90% Effective. The New York Times(November 9, 2020). Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  92. ↑ Feds announce COVID-19 vaccine agreement with drug stores. Associated Press(November 12, 2020). Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  93. ↑ Many Americans flying for Thanksgiving despite CDC pleas. The Republican(November 23, 2020). Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  94. ↑ Coronavirus updates: Joe Biden pledges to deliver 100M doses in 100 days; US reaches 15M infections; Ohio-State Michigan football game off. USA Today(December 8, 2020). Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  95. ↑ Covid-19 now kills more than 1 American every minute. And the rate keeps accelerating as the death toll tops 300,000(December 14, 2020). Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  96. ↑ U.S. to require all air passengers arriving from U.K. to test negative for COVID-19(December 24, 2020). Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  97. ↑ The Mutated Virus Is a Ticking Time Bomb. The Atlantic(December 31, 2020). Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  98. ↑ US reports its first known case of new UK Covid variant. The Guardian(December 29, 2020). Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  99. ↑ U.S. surpasses 20 million cases of coronavirus on first day of 2021(January 1, 2021). Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  100. ↑ U.S. coronavirus cases eclipse 20 million(January 1, 2021). Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  101. ↑ CDC has found more than 50 US cases of coronavirus variant first identified in UK(January 6, 2021). Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  102. ↑ 'Close To A Worst-Case Scenario' – Former CDC Director Issues 'Horrifying' Outlook For New Covid Strain. Forbes(January 8, 2021). Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  103. ↑ New coronavirus variant may have been in US since October. The Guardian(January 1, 2021). Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  104. ↑ As Death Rate Accelerates, U.S. Records 400,000 Lives Lost To The Coronavirus(January 19, 2021). Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  105. ↑ U.S. coronavirus cases top 25 million. The New York Times(January 22, 2021). Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  106. ↑ More than 2,750 cases of coronavirus variants reported in the US. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  107. ↑ Biden directs states to make all adults eligible for vaccine by May 1. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  108. ↑ U.S. COVID-19 cases top 30 million as states race to vaccinate. Reuters(March 24, 2021). Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  109. ↑ Record Covid-19 vaccinations don't mean it's time to relax, officials say. Cnn.com(March 27, 2021). Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  110. ↑ An Indian SARS-CoV-2 Variant Lands In California. More Danger Ahead?. Forbes(12 April 2021). Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  111. ↑ Some parts of the US are more vulnerable to another hit by coronavirus. Here's why(April 25, 2021).
  112. ↑ Covid-19 vaccine demand is slowing in parts of the US. Now an uphill battle starts to get more shots into arms(April 18, 2021).
  113. ↑ Vaccine hesitancy in Hinds County, Mississippi, is a story shared elsewhere(April 23, 2021).
  114. ↑ Biden's new goal: 70% of adults at least partially vaccinated by July 4(May 4, 2021).
  115. ↑ As COVID Vaccinations Slow, Parts Of The U.S. Remain Far Behind 70% Goal. NPR(July 5, 2021). Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  116. ↑ New Study Estimates More Than 900,000 People Have Died Of COVID-19 In U.S.(May 6, 2021).
  117. ↑ Fauci: 'No doubt' US has undercounted COVID-19 deaths. The Hill(May 9, 2021).
  118. ↑ CDC says fully vaccinated people don't need to wear face masks indoors or outdoors in most settings, Lovelace Jr., Berkeley. CNBC(2021-05-13). Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  119. ↑ CDC director defends telling fully vaccinated they can go without masks amid confusion in states, cities, Bursztynsky, Jessica. CNBC(2021-05-16). Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  120. ↑ US COVID-19 deaths hit 600,000, equal to yearly cancer toll(June 15, 2021).
  121. ↑ US COVID-19 cases rise, likely due to Delta variant. CIDRAP(June 29, 2021).
  122. ↑ CDC data shows highly transmissible delta variant is now the dominant Covid strain in the U.S.(July 7, 2021).
  123. ↑ More infectious Delta variant makes up 83% of new US coronavirus cases as vaccine hesitancy persists(July 20, 2021).
  124. ↑ U.S. passes 35 million Covid cases as California tops 4 million(August 1, 2021).
  125. ↑ China spurned CDC offer to send a team to help contain coronavirus: US Health Secretary(January 28, 2020).
  126. ↑ China's Coronavirus Death Toll Surpasses SARS Pandemic(February 8, 2020). Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  127. ↑ C.D.C. and W.H.O. Offers to Help China Have Been Ignored for Weeks. The New York Times(February 7, 2020).
  128. ↑ Boeing donating 250,000 medical masks to battle coronavirus in China(January 29, 2020).
  129. ↑ The United States Announces Assistance To Combat the Novel Coronavirus(February 7, 2020).
  130. ↑ US pledges $100 million to help fight coronavirus in China. The Hill(February 7, 2020). Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  131. ↑ Contact tracing may help avoid another lockdown. Can it work in the U.S.?(May 29, 2020).
  132. ↑ Analysis | The Health 202: U.S. isn't ready for the contact tracing it needs to stem the coronavirus. The Washington Post(June 15, 2020).
  133. ↑ New Contact Tracing Apps Need Access To Users' Private Data To Control Spread Of COVID-19(July 1, 2020). Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  134. ↑ FDA Approves First Treatment for COVID-19, Commissioner, Office of the. Food and Drug Administration(October 22, 2020). Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  135. ↑ Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Drug Combination for Treatment of COVID-19. Food and Drug Administration(November 23, 2020). Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 U.S. Moves to Expand Array of Drug Therapies Deployed Against Coronavirus. The Wall Street Journal(March 19, 2020).
  137. ↑ In France, controversial doctor stirs coronavirus debate. Politico(March 30, 2020). Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  138. ↑ Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: Daily Roundup March 30, 2020. Food and Drug Administration(March 30, 2020). Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  139. ↑ FDA Announces Two Drugs Given 'Compassionate Use' Status in Treating COVID-19. Pharmacy Times(March 13, 2020). Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  140. ↑ FDA issues emergency-use authorization for anti-malaria drugs amid coronavirus outbreak. The Hill(March 30, 2020). Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  141. ↑ FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems. FDA({Template:Date).
  142. ↑ Trump doubles down on defense of hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 despite efficacy concerns(July 28, 2020). Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  143. ↑ COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccine: Get the facts. Mayo Clinic(April 22, 2020).
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 America Needs to Win the Coronavirus Vaccine Race. The Wall Street Journal(April 26, 2020).
  145. ↑ Guide to the Cares Act. United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
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  152. ↑ Moderna Applies for Emergency F.D.A. Approval for Its Coronavirus Vaccine. The New York Times(November 30, 2020). Retrieved November 30, 2020.
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  154. ↑ US administers 1st doses of Pfizer coronavirus vaccine(December 14, 2020). Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  155. ↑ A new poll shows a startling partisan divide on the dangers of the coronavirus. Vox(March 15, 2020).
  156. ↑ Poll: As Coronavirus Spreads, Fewer Americans See Pandemic As A Real Threat(March 17, 2020). Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  157. ↑ Sixty percent believe worst is yet to come for the U.S. in coronavirus pandemic; Public attitudes about the coronavirus response are split along partisan lines in a new NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll(March 15, 2020).
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 Democrats Are Being Much, Much More Careful About the Coronavirus Than Republicans. Slate(March 17, 2020).
  159. ↑ CNN Poll: Negative ratings for government handling of coronavirus persist(May 12, 2020). Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  160. ↑ U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly. Pew Research Center(September 15, 2020). Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  161. ↑ Determination of the February 2020 Peak in US Economic Activity(June 8, 2020).
  162. ↑ U.S. economy shrank 4.8 percent in first quarter, the biggest decline since the Great Recession. The Washington Post(April 29, 2020). Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  163. ↑ U.S. unemployment rate soars to 14.7 percent, the worst since the Depression era. The Washington Post(May 8, 2020). Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  164. ↑ Coronavirus May Add Billions to the Nation's Health Care Bill. The New York Times(March 28, 2020). Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  165. ↑ Fear, Lockdown, and Diversion: Comparing Drivers of Pandemic Economic Decline 2020. Journal of Public Economics({Template:Year).
  166. ↑ US economy posts its worst drop on record(July 31, 2020). Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  167. ↑ Shaping the Consumer of the Future. Bain & Company(September 23, 2020). Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  168. ↑ OpenTable forecasts 25% of U.S. restaurants to shutter permanently(May 14, 2020). Retrieved October 4, 2020.
  169. ↑ 43 million Americans at risk of eviction as relief programs and moratorium expire: "It's a nightmare"(July 31, 2020).
  170. ↑ 32% of Americans had outstanding housing payments at the beginning of August(August 6, 2020).
  171. ↑ 'A Homeless Pandemic' Looms As 30 Million Are At Risk Of Eviction(August 10, 2020).
  172. ↑ Nearly 19 million Americans could lose their homes when eviction limits expire Dec. 31(November 27, 2020). Retrieved December 7, 2020.
  173. ↑ As Stimulus Talks Stalemate, New Report Finds 40 Million Americans Could Be At Risk Of Eviction. Forbes(August 7, 2020).
  174. ↑ Millions of Americans at risk of eviction after moratorium expired(August 12, 2020).
  175. ↑ Yelp data shows 60% of business closures due to the coronavirus pandemic are now permanent(September 16, 2020).
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 All Employees: Total Nonfarm Payrolls, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis(January 1, 1939). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  177. ↑ Civilian Unemployment Rate, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis(January 1, 1948). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  178. ↑ Unemployment level, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis(January 1, 1948). Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  179. ↑ Employment-Population Ration 25-54 Yrs., U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis(January 1, 1948). Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  180. ↑ Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis(January 1, 1947). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  181. ↑ S&P 500. fred.stlouisfed.org(June 3, 2019). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  182. ↑ The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It. treasury.gov(June 10, 2021). Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  183. ↑ There Have Been Nearly 4,000 Incidents Of Anti-Asian Racism In The Last Year, Fang, Marina. HuffPost(2021-03-16). Retrieved 2021-03-16.
  184. ↑ Studies spotlight COVID racial health disparities, similarities(September 25, 2020). Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  185. ↑ The color of coronavirus: COVID-19 deaths by race and ethnicity in the U.S.. APM Research Lab: American Public Media. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  186. ↑ Navajo Nation surpasses New York state for the highest Covid-19 infection rate in the US. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  187. ↑ Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(11 February 2020). Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  188. ↑ Racial Health Disparities and Covid-19 – Caution and Context. New England Journal of Medicine({Template:Date).
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  190. ↑ As Pandemic Deaths Add Up, Racial Disparities Persist – And In Some Cases Worsen(September 23, 2020). Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  191. ↑ Map: Coronavirus and School Closures. Education Week. Editorial Projects in Education(March 7, 2020). Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  192. ↑ Trump baselessly claimed that expanding voting access would lead to a Republican never being elected in America again. Business Insider(March 30, 2020).
  193. ↑ Trump defends his mail-in ballot after calling vote-by-mail 'corrupt'. The Hill(April 7, 2020).
  194. ↑ Fact Check: Is Mail Ballot Fraud As Rampant As President Trump Says It Is?(April 7, 2020).
  195. ↑ Fatalities from COVID-19 are reducing Americans' support for Republicans at every level of federal office. Science Advances({Template:Date).
  196. ↑ 196.0 196.1 Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions(February 28, 2020). Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  197. ↑ How the news media played down the pandemics of yore, from Spanish flu to Swine flu. Star Tribune(March 18, 2020). Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  198. ↑ The Coronavirus Is No 1918 Pandemic. The Atlantic(March 3, 2020). Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  199. ↑ These are the countries best prepared for health emergencies. World Economic Forum(February 12, 2020).
  200. ↑ What a Global Health Survey Found Months Before the Coronavirus Pandemic. Council on Foreign Relations(March 24, 2020).

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