Cedrus deodara, the deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or deodar,[1] is a species of cedar native to the Himalayas.
Description
It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching Template:Convert tall, exceptionally Template:Convert with a trunk up to Template:Convert in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.[2]
The leaves are needle-like, mostly Template:Convert long, occasionally up to Template:Convert long, slender (Template:Convert thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20–30 on short shoots; they vary from bright green to glaucous blue-green in colour. The female cones are barrel-shaped, Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad, and disintegrate when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are Template:Convert long, and shed their pollen in autumn.[2]
Chemistry
The bark of Cedrus deodara contains large amounts of taxifolin.[3] The wood contains cedeodarin, ampelopsin, cedrin, cedrinoside,[4] and deodarin (3′,4′,5,6-tetrahydroxy-8-methyl dihydroflavonol).[5] The main components of the needle essential oil include α-terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%).[6] The deodar cedar also contains lignans[7] and the phenolic sesquiterpene himasecolone, together with isopimaric acid.[8] Other compounds have been identified, including (−)-matairesinol, (−)-nortrachelogenin, and a dibenzylbutyrolactollignan (4,4',9-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-9,9'-epoxylignan).[9]
Etymology
The botanical name, which is also the English common name, is derived from the Sanskrit term devadāru, which means "wood of the gods", a compound of deva "god" and dāru "wood and tree".[10][11]
Distribution and habitat
The species natively occurs in East-Afghanistan, South Western Tibet, Western Nepal, Northern Pakistan, and North-Central India.[12][13]
It grows at elevations of Template:Convert.
Reproduction
"Deodar is a wind-pollinated monoecious species".[14]
Cultivation
It is widely grown as an ornamental tree, often planted in parks and large gardens for its drooping foliage. General cultivation is limited to areas with mild winters, with trees frequently killed by temperatures below about Template:Convert, limiting it to USDA zone 7 and warmer for reliable growth.[15] It can succeed in rather cool-summer climates, as in Ushuaia, Argentina.[16]
The most cold-tolerant trees originate in the northwest of the species' range in Kashmir and Paktia Province, Afghanistan. Selected cultivars from this region are hardy to USDA zone 7 or even zone 6, tolerating temperatures down to about Template:Convert.[15] Named cultivars from this region include 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', 'Kashmir', 'Polar Winter', and 'Shalimar'.[17][18] Of these, 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', and 'Polar Winter' were selected in Germany from seed collected in Paktia; 'Kashmir' was a selection of the nursery trade, whereas 'Shalimar' originated from seeds collected in 1964 from Shalimar Gardens, Kashmir and propagated at the Arnold Arboretum.[17]
C. deodara[19] and the three cultivars 'Feelin' Blue',[20] 'Pendula'[21] and 'Aurea'[22] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2021).[23]
Uses
Construction material
Deodar is in great demand as building material because of its durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of taking a high polish. Its historical use to construct religious temples and in landscaping around temples is well recorded. Its rot-resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well-known houseboats of Srinagar, Kashmir. In Pakistan and India, during the British colonial period, deodar wood was used extensively for construction of barracks, public buildings, bridges, canals and railway cars.[24] Despite its durability, it is not a strong timber, and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required, such as chair-making.Template:Citation needed
Herbal Ayurveda
C. deodara is used in Ayurvedic medicine.[24]
The inner wood is aromatic and used to make incense. Inner wood is distilled into essential oil. As insects avoid this tree, the essential oil is used as insect repellent on the feet of horses, cattle and camels. It also has antifungal properties and has some potential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage.Template:Citation needed The outer bark and stem are astringent.[25]
Because of its antifungal and insect repellent properties, rooms made of deodar cedar wood are used to store meat and food grains like oats and wheat in Shimla, Kullu, and Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh.
Cedar oil is often used for its aromatic properties, especially in aromatherapy. It has a characteristic woody odour which may change somewhat in the course of drying out. The crude oils are often yellowish or darker in colour. Its applications include soap perfumes, household sprays, floor polishes, and insecticides, and is also used in microscope work as a clearing oil.[25]
Incense
The gum of the tree is used to make rope incense in Nepal and Tibet.[26]
Culture
Among Hindus, as the etymology of deodar suggests, it is worshiped as a divine tree. Deva, the first half of the Sanskrit term, means divine, deity, or deus. Dāru, the second part, is cognate with (related to) the words durum, druid, tree, and true.[24]Template:Self-published inline Several Hindu legends refer to this tree. For example, Valmiki Ramayan reads:[27]
The deodar is the national tree of Pakistan,[28] and the state tree of Himachal Pradesh, India.
Under the Deodars was an 1889 short story collection by Rudyard Kipling.[29]
The 1902 musical A Country Girl featured a song called "Under the Deodar."[30]
See also
References
- ↑ Template:GRIN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea{{#if:Aljos|, Aljos}. Koeltz Scientific Books(1990). ISBN 978-3-87429-298-6Template:Page needed
- ↑ Extractives in bark of different conifer species growing in Pakistan. Holzforschung({Template:Year).
- ↑ Dihydroflavonols from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry({Template:Year).
- ↑ Chemical investigation of the stem-bark of Cedrus deodara. Tetrahedron({Template:Year).
- ↑ Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil from Pine Needle (Cedrus deodara). Journal of Food Science({Template:Year).
- ↑ Two lignans from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry({Template:Year).
- ↑ Terpenoids from Cedrus deodara. Phytochemistry({Template:Year).
- ↑ Free radical scavenging active components from Cedrus deodara. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry({Template:Year).
- ↑ Membrane stabilizing activity — a possible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of Cedrus deodara wood oil. Fitoterapia({Template:Date).
- ↑ An insight into traditional system of medicine({Template:Date).
- ↑ Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. in Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology({Template:Date).
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namediucn status 19 November 2021 - ↑ Sharma, C. M., & Khanduri, V. P. (2011). Pollen cone characteristics, pollen yield and pollen-mediated gene flow in Cedrus deodara. Current Science (Bangalore), 102(3), 394–397
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Report on frost damage to trees in Denmark after the severe 1981/82 and 1984/85 winters{{#if:Ødum|, Ødum}. Hørsholm Arboretum(1985)Template:Page needed
- ↑ Trees Near Their Limits.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 The World Checklist of Conifers{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Landsman's Bookshop(1993). ISBN 978-0-900513-09-1
- ↑ Handbuch der Nadelgehölze{{#if:Gerd|, Gerd}. Parey(1983). ISBN 978-3-489-62622-0Template:Page needed
- ↑ RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodar. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ↑ RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Feelin' Blue'. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ↑ RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Pendula'. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ↑ RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Aurea'. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ↑ AGM Plants - Ornamental. Royal Horticultural Society(December 2020). Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 The Deodar Tree: the Himalayan 'Tree of God', McGowan, Chris(March 5, 2008).
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Flavours and fragances of plant origin{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(1995). ISBN 92-5-103648-9
- ↑ An Incense for Every Occasion. The New York Times(2021-09-10). Retrieved 2022-12-14.
- ↑ Valmiki Ramayana - Kishkindha Kanda. www.valmikiramayan.net.
- ↑ Pakistan.Template:Primary source inline
- ↑ Under the Deodars{{#if:Kipling|, Kipling}(September 1, 2001)
- ↑ Shazam. Shazam.