Chandragupta Maurya

Template:Infobox royalty Template:Maurya Chandragupta MauryaTemplate:Efn (350-295 BCE) was the first emperor of the Mauryan Empire in Ancient India. He extensively expanded the Kingdom of Magadha and founded the Maurya dynasty. He reigned from 320 BCE to 298 BCE. The Magadhan kingdom under the Mauryas expanded to become an empire that reached its peak under the reign of his grandson, Asoka, from 268 BCE to 231 BCE. The nature of the political formation that existed in Chandragupta's time is not certain. Chandragupta Maurya was an important figure in the history of India, who laid the foundations of the first state that united most of India. Chandragupta, under the tutelage of Chanakya, created a new empire based on the principles of statecraft, built a large army, and continued expanding the boundaries of his empire until ultimately renouncing it for an ascetic life in his final years.

Chandragupta Maurya stamp issued by Indian Government in 2001

Prior to his consolidation of power, Alexander the Great had invaded the North-West Indian subcontinent before abandoning his campaign in 324 BCE due to a mutiny caused by the prospect of facing another large empire, presumably the Nanda Empire. Chandragupta defeated and conquered both the Nanda Empire and the Greek satraps that were appointed or formed from Alexander's Empire in South Asia. He set out to conquer the Nanda Empire centered in Pataliputra, Magadha. Afterwards, Chandragupta expanded and secured his western border, where he was confronted by Seleucus I Nicator in the Seleucid–Mauryan war. After two years of war, Chandragupta was considered to have gained the upper hand in the conflict and annexed satrapies up to the Hindu Kush. Instead of prolonging the war, both parties settled on a marriage treaty between Chandragupta and Seleucus I Nicator's daughter Helena.

The wedding Maṇḍapa depicting the marriage of Chandragupta and Helena.The Maṇḍapa painted in the Laxminarayan Temple, New Delhi.

Chandragupta's empire extended throughout most of the Indian subcontinent, spanning from modern day Bengal to Afghanistan across North India as well as making inroads into Central and South India. Contemporary Greek evidence states that Chandragupta did not give up performing the rites of sacrificing animals associated with Vedic Brahminism, an ancient form of Hinduism; he delighted in hunting and otherwise leading a life remote from the Jain practice of Ahimsa or nonviolence towards living beings. Chandragupta's reign, and the Maurya Empire, set an era of economic prosperity, reforms, infrastructure expansions, and tolerance. Many religions thrived within his realms and his descendants' empire. Buddhism, Jainism and Ājīvika gained prominence alongside Vedic and Brahmanistic traditions, and minority religions such as Zoroastrianism and the Greek pantheon were respected. A memorial for Chandragupta Maurya exists on the Chandragiri hill along with a seventh-century hagiographic inscription.

Historical sources

Chandragupta's life and accomplishments are described in ancient and historical Greek, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts, but they significantly vary in detail.Template:Sfn Chandragupta was born about 340 BC and died at about 295 BC. His main biographical sources in chronological order are:Template:Sfn

• Greek and Roman sources, which are the oldest surviving records that mention Chandragupta or circumstances related to him; these include works written by Nearchus, Onesicritus, Aristobulus of Cassandreia, Strabo, Megasthenes, Diodorus, Arrian, Pliny the Elder, Plutarch and Justin.
• Hindu texts such as the Puranas and Arthashastra; later composed Hindu sources include legends in Vishakhadatta's Mudrarakshasa, Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara and Kshemendra's Brihatkathamanjari.
• Buddhist sources are those dated in fourth-century or after, including the Sri Lankan Pali texts Dipavamsa (Rajavamsa section), Mahavamsa, Mahavamsa tika and Mahabodhivamsa.
• 7th to 10th century Jain inscriptions at Shravanabelgola; these are disputed by scholars as well as the Svetambara Jain tradition.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The second Digambara text interpreted to be mentioning the Maurya emperor is dated to about the 10th-century such as in the Brhatkathakosa of Harisena (Jain monk), while the complete Jain legend about Chandragupta is found in the 12th-century Parisishtaparvan by Hemachandra.

The Greek and Roman texts do not mention Chandragupta directly, except for a second-century text written by the Roman historian Justin. They predominantly mention the last Nanda emperor, who usurped the throne of the king before him. Justin states that Chandragupta was of humble origin, and includes stories of miraculous legends associated with him, such as a wild elephant appearing and submitting itself to him as a ride to him before a battle. Justin's text notes that Chandragupta and Chanakya defeated and removed Nanda from his throne. Template:Sfn Megasthenes' account, as it has survived in Greek texts that quote him, states that Alexander the Great and Chandragupta met, which, if true, would mean his rule started before 321 BCE. He is described as a great king, but not as great in power and influence as Porus in northwestern India or Agrammes (Dhana Nanda) in eastern India. As Alexander did not cross the Beas river, Chandragupta's territory probably included the Punjab region.Template:Sfn

The pre-4th century Hindu Puranic texts mostly mirror the Greek sources. These texts do not discuss the details of Chandragupta's ancestry, but rather cover the ancestry of the last Nanda king. The Nanda king is described to be cruel, against dharma and shastras, and born out of an illicit relationship followed by a coup.Template:Sfn The Chanakya's Arthasastra refers to the Nanda rule as against the spiritual, cultural, and military interests of the country, a period where intrigue and vice multiplied.Template:Sfn Chanakya states that Chandragupta returned dharma, nurtured diversity of views, and ruled virtuously that kindled love among the subjects for his rule. Template:Sfn

Buddhist texts such as Mahavamsa describe Chandragupta to be of Kshatriya origin.Template:Sfn These sources, written about seven centuries after his dynasty ended, state that both Chandragupta and his grandson Ashoka – a patron of Buddhism Template:En dash were from a branch of the Shakya noble family, from which Gautama Buddha descended.Template:Sfn These Buddhist sources attempt to link the dynasty of their patron Ashoka directly to the Buddha.Template:Sfn The sources claim that the family branched off to escape persecution from a king of the Kosala Kingdom and Chandragupta's ancestors moved into a secluded Himalayan kingdom known for its peacocks. The Buddhist sources explain the epithet maurya comes from these peacocks, or Mora in Pali (Sanskrit: Mayura). Template:Sfn The Buddhist texts are inconsistent; some offer other legends to explain his epithet. For example, they mention a city named "Moriya-nagara" where all buildings were made of bricks colored like the peacock's neck.Template:Sfn The Maha-bodhi-vasa states he hailed from Moriya-nagara, while the Digha-Nikaya states he came from the maurya clan of Pipphalivana.Template:Sfn

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The Buddhist sources also mention that "Brahmin Chanakya" was his counselor and with whose support Chandragupta became the king at Patliputra. .Template:Sfn He has also been variously identified with Shashigupta (which has same etymology as of Chandragupta) of Paropamisadae on the account of same life events.

File:7th-century Bhadrabahu Sanskrit inscription, Purvahale Kannada script, Shravanabelgola Karnataka.jpg

7th-century Bhadrabahu inscription at Shravanabelagola (Sanskrit, Purvahale Kannada script). This is the oldest inscription at the site, and it mentions Bhadrabahu and Prabhacandra. Lewis Rice and Digambara Jains interpret Prabhacandra to be Chandragupta Maurya, while others such as J F Fleet, V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, and Svetambara Jains state this interpretation is wrong. Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The 12th-century Digambara text Parishishtaparvan by Hemachandra is the main and earliest Jain source of the complete legend of Chandragupta. It was written nearly 1,400 years after Chandragupta's death. Canto 8, verses 170 to 469, describes the legend of Chandragupta and Chanakya's influence on him. Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Other Digambara Jain sources state he moved to Karnataka after renouncing his kingdom and performed Sallekhana – the Jain religious ritual of peacefully welcoming death by fasting.Template:Sfn The earliest mention of Chandragupta's ritual death is found in Harisena's Brhatkathakosa, a Sanskrit text of stories about Digambara Jains. The Brhatkathakosa describes the legend of Bhadrabahu and mentions Chandragupta in its 131st story.Template:Sfn However, the story makes no mention of the Maurya empire, and mentions that his disciple Chandragupta lived in and migrated from Ujjain – a kingdom (northwest Madhya Pradesh) about a thousand kilometers west of the Magadha and Patliputra (central Bihar). This has led to the proposal that Harisena's Chandragupta may be a later era, different person.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Date

None of the ancient texts mention when Chandragupta was born. Plutarch claims that he was a young man when he met Alexander during the latter's invasion of India (Template:Circa-325 BCE). Assuming the Plutarch account is true, Raychaudhuri proposed in 1923 that Chandragupta may have been born after 350 BCE.Template:Sfn According to other Greco-Roman texts, Chandragupta attacked the Greek-Indian governors after Alexander's death (Template:Circa) with Seleucus I Nicator entering into a treaty with Chandragupta years later.Template:Sfn Seleucus Nicator, under this treaty, gave up Arachosia (Kandahar), Gedrosia (Makran), and Paropanisadai (Paropamisadae, Kabul) to Chandragupta, in exchange for 500 war elephants. Template:Sfn

The texts do not include the start or end year of Chandragupta's reign.Template:Sfn According to some Hindu and Buddhist texts, Chandragupta ruled for 24 years.Template:Sfn The Buddhist sources state Chandragupta Maurya ruled 162 years after the death of the Buddha.Template:Sfn However, the Buddha's birth and death vary by source and all these lead to a chronology that is significantly different from the Greek-Roman records. Similarly, Jain sources composed give different gaps between Mahavira's death and his accession.Template:Sfn As with the Buddha's death, the date of Mahavira's death itself is also a matter of debate, and the inconsistencies and lack of unanimity among the Jain authors cast doubt on Jain sources. This Digambara Jain chronology, also, is not reconcilable with the chronology implied in other Indian and non-Indian sources.Template:Sfn

Historians such as Irfan Habib and Vivekanand Jha assign Chandragupta's reign to c. 322-298 BCE.Template:Sfn Upinder Singh dates his rule from 324 or 321 BCE to 297 BCE.Template:Sfn Kristi Wiley states he reigned between 320 and 293 BCE.Template:Sfn

Early life

The Buddhist sources, written centuries later, claim that both Chandragupta and his grandson, the great patron of Buddhism called Ashoka, were of noble lineage. Some texts link him to the same family of Sakyas from which the Buddha came, adding that his epithet Moriya (Sanskrit: Maurya, Mayura) comes from Mora, which in Pali means peacock. Most Buddhist texts state that Chandragupta was a Kshatriya, the Hindu warrior class in Magadha and a student of Chanakya.Template:Sfn The Buddhist texts are inconsistent, with some including legends about a city named "Moriya-nagara" where all buildings were made of bricks colored like the peacock's resplendent neck.Template:Sfn The Jain sources, also written centuries later, claim Chandragupta to be the son of a village chief, a village known for raising peacocks.Template:Sfn

One medieval commentator states Chandragupta to be the son of one of the Nanda's wives with the name Mura.Template:Sfn Other sources describe Mura as a concubine of the king. Another Sanskrit dramatic text Mudrarakshasa uses the terms Vrishala and Kula-Hina (meaning - "not descending from a recognized clan or family.") to describe Chandragupta.Template:Sfn The word Vrishala has two meanings: one is the son of a Shudra; the other means the best of kings. A later commentator used the former interpretation to posit that Chandragupta had a Shudra background. However, historian Radha Kumud Mukherjee opposed this theory, and stated that the word should be interpreted as "the best of kings".Template:Sfn The same drama also refers to Chandragupta as someone of humble origin, like Justin.Template:Sfn According to the 11th-century texts of the Kashmiri Hindu tradition – Kathasaritsagara and Brihat-Katha-Manjari – the Nanda lineage was very short. Chandragupta was a son of Purva-Nanda, the older Nanda based in Ayodhya. Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Refn The common theme in the Hindu sources is that Chandragupta came from a humble background and with Chanakya, he emerged as a dharmic king loved by his subjects.Template:Sfn

According to the Digambara legend by Hemachandra, Chanakya was a Jain layperson and a Brahmin. When Chanakya was born, Jain monks prophesied that Chanakya will one day grow up to help make someone an emperor and will be the power behind the throne.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Chanakya believed in the prophecy and fulfilled it by agreeing to help the daughter of a peacock-breeding community chief deliver a baby boy. In exchange, he asked the mother to give up the boy and let him adopt him at a later date.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Jain Brahmin then went about making money through magic, and returned later to claim young Chandragupta,Template:Sfn whom he taught and trained. Together, they recruited soldiers and attacked the Nanda kingdom. Eventually, they won and proclaimed Patliputra as their capital.Template:Sfn

Education

Chandragupta Maurya's influential prime minister Chanakya is said to have taught at Taxila. The Buddhist text Mahavamsa-tika states that Chanakya took Chandragupta to the Taxila University for training and education, where he was educated in "all the sciences and arts" of the time, including military science. He studied there for eight years.Template:Sfn This account aligns with Plutarch's claim that Alexander met a young Chandragupta during his military campaign in Punjab:

Influence of Chanakya

Chanakya

Chandragupta's guru was Chanakya, with whom he studied as a child and with whose counsel he built the Empire. This image is a 1915 attempt at depicting Chanakya.

The Buddhist and Hindu sources present different versions of how Chandragupta met Chanakya. Broadly, they mention young Chandragupta creating a mock game of a royal court that he and his shepherd friends played near Vinjha forest. Chanakya saw him give orders to the others, bought him from the hunter, and adopted Chandragupta.Template:Sfn Chanakya taught and admitted him in Taxila to study the Vedas, military arts, law, and other sastras.Template:Sfn

After Taxila, Chandragupta and Chanakya moved to Pataliputra, the capital and a historic learning center in the eastern Magadha kingdom of India. They met Nanda there according to Hindu sources, and Dhana Nanda according to Pali-language Buddhist sources.Template:Sfn Chandragupta became a commander of the Nanda army, but according to Justin, Chandragupta offended the Nanda king ("Nandrum" or "Nandrus") who ordered his execution.Template:Sfn An alternative version states that it was the Nanda king who was publicly insulted by Chanakya.Template:Sfn Chandragupta and Chanakya escaped and became rebels who planned to remove the Nanda king from power.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn The Mudrarakshasa also states that Chanakya swore to destroy the Nanda dynasty after he felt insulted by the king.Template:Sfn

The Roman text by Justin mentions a couple of miraculous incidents that involved Sandracottus (Chandragupta) and presents these legends as omens and portents of his fate. In the first incident, when Chandragupta was asleep after having escaped from Nandrum, a big lion came up to him, licked him, and then left. In the second incident, when Chandragupta was readying for war with Alexander's generals, a huge wild elephant approached him and offered itself to be his steed.Template:Sfn

Names and titles

File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31) (cropped).JPG

A modern statue depicting Chandragupta Maurya, Laxminarayan Temple, Delhi

Greek writer Phylarchus (c. third century BCE), who is quoted by Athenaeus, calls Chandragupta "Sandrokoptos". The later Greco-Roman writers Strabo, Arrian, and Justin (c. second century) call him "Sandrocottus".Template:Sfn In Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandrakottos (Template:Lang-el) and Androcottus (Template:Lang-el).Template:Sfn

The king's epithets mentioned in the Sanskrit play Mudrarakshasa include "Chanda-siri" (Chandra-shri), "Piadamsana" (Priya-darshana), and Vrishala.Template:Sfn Piadamsana is similar to Piyadasi, an epithet of his grandson Ashoka.Template:Sfn The word "Vrishala" is used in Indian epics and law books to refer to non-orthodox people. According to one theory, it may be derived from the Greek royal title Basileus, but there is no concrete evidence of this: the Indian sources apply it to several non-royals, especially wandering teachers and ascetics.Template:Sfn

Military strength

During the Maurya Empire, India had become considerably strong from the perspective of social, economic, and political prosperity.

File:035 The War over the Buddha's Relics (33813012975).jpg

The Mauryan army of Magadha, including infantry, elephant corps, archers, cavalry, chariots, and Emperor Ashoka on a chariot on the right. An artwork engraved at the Sanchi Stupa built by Ashoka, corroborating the accounts of Greek historians.

According to Vishakhadatta and Buddhist literature, Chandragupta's army, in addition to the warriors of the republics, included a large number of Shakas, Yavanas (Greeks), Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas, and Bahlikas.Template:Sfn Information from Kautilya's Arthashastra indicates that a military contingent named "Shudrakarshaka" was also included. Although Kautilya sanctioned the inclusion of Shudras in the army, he was opposed to them becoming kings.Template:Sfn

File:Hellenistic World 300 BCE Standard map.jpg

The Western world after the Seleucid–Mauryan war

The Greek historian Pliny states:

According to Plutarch, after his victorious war against Seleucus, Chandragupta Maurya proceeded towards southern India with a vast army to further expand his empire: Template:Quote

The Greek historian Arrian notes:

In Chandragupta's army, each of the 9,000 elephants carried four soldiers, totalling 36,000 men, and each of the 8,000 chariots carried three soldiers, totalling 24,000 men.

Based on the writings of the Greek historians Pliny, Arrian, and Plutarch, historians Vincent Smith, Radha Kumud Mookerji, Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava and Indologists such as Gyanchandra Mahajan concluded that Chandragupta's army consisted of a total of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 36,000 men with 9,000 elephants, and 24,000 men with 8,000 chariots. Excluding allied troops and attendants, the total fighting force was 690,000, approximately 700,000 men.

Empire

During Chandragupta Maurya’s reign, forests were considered state property. A special department managed them under a revenue officer known as the samāharta. A forest officer supervised activities such as collecting forest resources, setting prices, and selling forest products. Water supply and rules governing forest use were also regulated. An official called the Akshatapala was responsible for auditing accounts. This administrative system helped maintain effective control over forest resources. Historian Ram Sharan Sharma noted that Chandragupta’s empire maintained a large army and a strong judicial system, particularly to maintain order in tribal regions prone to unrest. Archaeologist Dilip Chakrabarti argued that the foundations of a centralized administrative system including control over large forested regions of central India were laid by Chandragupta, as later evidenced by the distribution of Ashoka’s edicts. The strategic locations along the Kaimur hills and routes through Sasaram, Ahraura, Rupnath, and Panguraria suggest these areas were already under Mauryan authority. D. R. Bhandarkar stated that the empire was well-administered from the start, with viceroys governing different regions to ensure tight control a system Chandragupta established.

File:Seleucid Mauryan War.jpg

Seleucid Mauryan War c.305 to 303 BC

Empire expansion is based on inferences from Greek and Roman historians and the religious Indian texts written centuries after his death. Based on these, the North-West reach of his empire included parts of present-day Afghanistan that Seleucus I Nicator ceded to him including Kabul, Kandahar, Taxila and Gandhara.Template:Sfn These are the areas where his grandson Ashoka left the major Kandahar rock edict and other edicts in the Greek and Aramaic languages.Template:Sfn

Building the empire

Template:Main According to the Buddhist text Mahavamsa Tika, Chandragupta and Chanakya raised an army by recruiting soldiers from many places after the former completed his education at Taxila. Chanakya made Chandragupta the leader of the army.Template:Sfn The Digambara Jain text Parishishtaparvan states that this army was raised by Chanakya with coins he minted and an alliance formed with Parvataka.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to Justin, Chandragupta organized an army. Early translators interpreted Justin's original expression as "body of robbers", but states Raychaudhuri, the original expression used by Justin may mean mercenary soldier, hunter, or robber.Template:Sfn

The Buddhist Mahavamsa Tika and Jain Parishishtaparvan records Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully attacking the Nanda capital. Template:Sfn Chandragupta and Chanakya then began a campaign at the frontier of the Nanda empire, gradually conquering various territories on their way to the Nanda capital.Template:Sfn He then refined his strategy by establishing garrisons in the conquered territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. There Dhana Nanda accepted defeat, and was killed by Buddhist accounts,Template:Sfn or deposed and exiled by Hindu accounts.Template:Sfn

Conquest of the Nanda empire

Greco-Roman writer Plutarch stated, in his Life of Alexander, that the Nanda king was so unpopular that had Alexander tried, he could have easily conquered India.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After Alexander ended his campaign and left, Chandragupta's army conquered the Nanda capital Pataliputra around 322 BCE with Chanakya's counsel.Template:Sfn

Buddhist texts such as Milindapanha claim Magadha was ruled by the Nanda dynasty, which, with Chanakya's counsel, Chandragupta conquered to restore dhamma.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The army of Chandragupta and Chanakya first conquered the Nanda outer territories before invading Pataliputra. In contrast to the easy victory of Buddhist sources, the Hindu and Jain texts state that the campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty had a powerful and well-trained army.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The conquest was fictionalised in Mudrarakshasa, in which Chandragupta is said to have first acquired Punjab and allied with a local king named Parvatka under the Chanakya's advice before advancing on the Nanda Empire.Template:Sfn Chandragupta laid siege to Kusumapura (now Patna), the capital of Magadha, by deploying guerrilla warfare methods with the help of mercenaries from conquered areas.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Historian P. K. Bhattacharyya states that the empire was built by a gradual conquest of provinces after the initial consolidation of Magadha.Template:Sfn

According to the Digambara Jain version by Hemachandra, the success of Chandragupta and his strategist Chanakya was stopped by a Nanda town that refused to surrender.Template:Sfn Chanakya disguised himself as a mendicant and found seven mother goddesses (saptamatrika) inside. He concluded these goddesses were protecting the town people.Template:Sfn The townspeople sought the disguised mendicant's advice on how to end the blockade of the army surrounding their town. Hemacandra wrote Chanakya swindled them into removing the mother goddesses. The townspeople removed the protective goddesses and an easy victory over the town followed. Thereafter, the alliance of Chandragupta and Parvataka overran the Nanda kingdom and attacked Patliputra with an "immeasurable army".Template:Sfn With a depleted treasury, exhausted merit, and insufficient intelligence, the Nanda king lost.Template:Sfn

These legends state that the Nanda king was defeated, but allowed to leave Pataliputra alive with a chariot full of items his family needed.Template:Sfn The Jain sources attest that his daughter fell in love at first sight with Chandragupta and married him.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn With the defeat of Nanda, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire in ancient India.Template:Sfn

Conquest of the Eastern Seleucid Empire

File:Seleucid-Empire 200bc.jpg

Seleucid Empire 281 BCE

File:Chandragupta Maurya Empire c.290 BCE.png

Chandragupta Maurya Empire c.290 BCE

Greek historians mentioned the result of Seleucid–Mauryan war where Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies( Gedrosia,Arachosia, Aria, and Paropamisadae) ceded to Mauryan Empire : Template:Quote Template:Quote Greecian historian Pliny also quoted a passage from Megasthanes work about Chandragupta Empire boundaries:

Most geographers, in fact, do not look upon India as bounded by the river Indus, but add to it the four satrapies of the Gedrose, the Arachotë, the Aria, and the Paropamisadë, the River Cophes thus forming the extreme boundary of India. According to other writers, however, all these territories, are reckoned as belonging to the country of the Aria.
— Pliny, Natural History VI, 23

The conquest of the south by Chandragupta Maurya may also perhaps be inferred from the following statement of Plutarch. "The throne" in the context is the Magadhan throne, the occupation of which by Chandragupta is thus followed by two other events, viz., the defeat of Selucus, and the conquest of the remaining part of India not included in the Magadhan empire of the Nandas:

"Not long afterwards Androkottos, who had by that time mounted the throne, presented Selukos with 500 elephants, and overran and subdued the whole of India with an army of 600,000."

— Chapter LXII ,Life of Alexander, Plutarch

Megasthenes defined the region that Chandragupta won from Seleucus as likely western side Gedrosia which shares boundaries with the Euphrates River, and eastern side Arachosia shares boundaries with the Indus. The northern frontier boundary formed by Hindukush mountain range:

File:SakastanMap.jpg

Satrapian provinces in northwestern India which ceaded to Chandragupta by Selucus due to Treaty of Indus.

Sandrokottos the king of the Indians, India forms the largest of the four parts into which Southern Asia is divided, while the smallest part is that region which is included between the Euphrates and our own sea. The two remaining parts, which are separated from the others by the Euphrates and the Indus, and lie between these rivers. [...] India is bounded on its eastern side, right onwards to the south, by the great ocean; that its northern frontier is formed by the Kaukasos range(Hindukush Range) as far as the junction of that range with Tauros; and that the boundary.
— Book I Fragment II , Indica, Megasthanes

Treaty of the Indus

The ancient historians Justin, Appian, and Strabo preserve the three main terms of the Treaty of the Indus:

1. Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat.
2. Chandragupta gave Seleucus 500 Indian war elephants.
3. The two kings were joined by some kind of marriage alliance (ἐπιγαμία οι κῆδος); most likely Chandragupta wed a female relative of Seleucus.

War and marriage alliance with Seleucus

According to Appian, Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander's Macedonian generals who in 312 BCE established the Seleucid Kingdom with its capital at Babylon, brought Persia and Bactria under his own authority, putting his eastern front facing the empire of Chandragupta.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Seleucus and Chandragupta waged war until they came to an understanding with each other. Seleucus married off his daughter, Berenice, to Chandragupta to forge an alliance.Template:Sfn

According to Strabo, Chandragupta engaged in a marital alliance with Seleucus to formalise the peace treaty:Template:Sfn

Marriage

"Chandra Gupta Maurya entertains his bride from Babylon": a conjectural interpretation of the "marriage agreement" between the Seleucids and Chandragupta Maurya, related by Appian

R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi note that Seleucus appeared to have fared poorly after ceding large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. The Maurya Empire added Arachosia (Kandahar), Gedrosia (Balochistan), and Paropamisadae (Gandhara).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn According to Strabo, Seleucus Nicator gave these regions to Chandragupta along with a marriage treaty, and in return received five hundred elephants. The details of the engagement treaty are not known.Template:Sfn However, since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian Puranic source, the Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("Yavana") princess, daughter of Seleucus. The Mahavamsa also states that, seven months after the war ended, Seleucus gave one of his daughters, Berenice (known in Pali as Suvarnnaksi) in marriage to Chandragupta.

Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants to Seleucus, which played a key role in Seleucus' victory at the Battle of Ipsus.Template:Sfn In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched Megasthenes as an ambassador to Chandragupta's court, and later Antiochos sent Deimakos to his son Bindusara at the Maurya court at Patna.Template:Sfn

An Indian Puranic source, the Pratisarga Parva of the Bhavishya Purana, described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek ("Yavana") princess, daughter of Seleucus, before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy:

Southern conquest

After annexing Seleucus' provinces west of the Indus river, Chandragupta had a vast empire extending across the northern Indian sub-continent from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. Chandragupta began expanding his empire southwards beyond the Vindhya Range and into the Deccan Plateau.Template:Sfn By the time his conquests were complete, Chandragupta's empire extended over most of the subcontinent.Template:Sfn

Two poetic anthologies from the Tamil Sangam literature corpus – Akananuru and Purananuru – allude to the Nanda rule and Maurya empire. For example, poems 69, 281 and 375 mention the army and chariots of the Mauryas, while poems 251 and 265 may be alluding to the Nandas.Template:Sfn However, the poems dated between first-century BCE to fifth-century CE do not mention Chandragupta Maurya by name, and some of them could be referring to a different Moriya dynasty in the Deccan region in the fifth century CE.Template:Sfn According to Upinder Singh, these poems may be mentioning Mokur and Koshar kingdoms of Vadugars (northerners) in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, with one interpretation being that the Maurya empire had an alliance with these at some point of time.Template:Sfn

Conquest of the Saurashtra

Chandragupta conquered Southern-Western part of India. Especially his conquest over Saurashtra and Sudarshana lake construction is preseved in later Satrapian king Rudradaman inscription:

(L.8)[] for the sake of ordered to be made by the Vaishya Pushyagupta, the provincial governor of the Maurya king Chandragupta; adorned with conduits for Ashoka the Maurya by the Yavana king Tushaspha while governing; and by the conduit ordered to be made by him, constructed in a manner worthy of a king (and) seen in that breach.

—Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman

In the west, Chandragupta's rule over present-day Gujarat is attested to by Ashoka's inscription in Junagadh. On the same rock, about 400 years later, Rudradaman inscribed a longer text sometime about the mid second–century.Template:Sfn Rudradaman's inscription states that the Sudarshana lake in the area was commissioned during the rule of Chandragupta through his governor Vaishya Pushyagupta and conduits were added during Ashoka's rule through Tushaspha. The Mauryan control of the region is further corroborated by the inscription on the rock, which suggests that Chandragupta controlled the Malwa region in Central India, located between Gujarat and Pataliputra.Template:Sfn

There is uncertainty about the other conquests that Chandragupta may have achieved, especially in the Deccan region of southern India.Template:Sfn At the time of his grandson Ashoka's ascension in c. 268 BCE, the empire extended up to present-day Karnataka in the south, so the southern conquests may be attributed to either Chandragupta or his son Bindusara. If the Jain tradition about Chandragupta ending his life as a renunciate in Karnakata is considered correct, it appears that Chandragupta initiated the southern conquest.Template:Sfn

Conquest of the Kuntala

Shikarpur Taluq, inscription 225 mentioned about Mauryan ruling in the region of Kuntala .Shikarpur Taluq inscription mentioned about Mauryan ruling in the region of Kuntala .The Kuntala country is an ancient Indian political region including the western Deccan and some parts of central,south Karnataka and north Mysore.

File:South India 500 to 200 BCE.jpg

South India , Kuntala present in Western coastal region

Kuntala-kshôpiyam pesarvett â-nava-Nanda-Gupta-kula-Mauryya-kshmâpar aldar llasaj-jasad
— Shikarpur Taluq, inscription 225

Translation : The Kuntala country, which is like curls (kuntaja) to the lady Earth, was-ruled by the renowned nine Nandas, the Gupta and Mauryan kings.

Economic condition

During the Mauryan period, the economic situation expanded. From the reign of Chandragupta Maurya to the reign of Ashoka, the economic condition improved significantly. Agriculture was the primary means of livelihood at this time.

File:Mauryan Empire. Circa late 4th-2nd century BC.jpg

Coin from the period of Chandragupta Maurya

File:Gorakhpur, Copper Plate Edict Of Chandragupta (3rd century BCE).jpg

An example of the district administration of Chandragupta Maurya. This copper plate, found from Sohgaura (district Gorakhpur). The text of the plate has been translated as follows. Its mentions the establishment of two grain depots (Kosthagara) to fight against famine. Template:Blockquote

Similar to Sohgaura, an inscription has also been found from Pundravardhana Nagar (Mahasthan) in Bangladesh, providing information about a famine that occurred.

Chanakya, in the fourth section of the Arthashastra under "Upānipāt pratikāra" (measures to protect the populace from calamities), provided the following, which matches the arrangements made by Chandragupta in the Sohgaura and Mahasthan inscriptions:

The famous scholar Megasthenes, who visited the Mauryan court, believed that grain never became expensive in India. The administration had formulated a policy for agricultural progress. Herdsmen were appointed to protect agriculture. For irrigation facilities, Chandragupta Maurya constructed the Sudarshana Lake near Junagadh.

Campaigns and conflicts

Dates	Conflict	Side	Opponent	Result
305–315 BCE	Chandragupta Maurya's Macedonian campaign	Mauryan Empire	Macedonian Empire	Mauryan victoryTemplate:Sfn Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Macedonian satrapies in the Indus Valley and Northwest India. Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Macedonian satrapies in the Punjab region. Among the four satraps of Alexander he fought were Eudemus, ruler of western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE, and Peithon, ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until their departure for Babylon in 316 BCE. Both Peithon and Eudemus were defeated by Chandragupta and surrendered to him.Template:Sfn
315–317 BCE	Campaign against Greek governors Eastern Satraps By 317 BCE, Chandragupta had defeated the remaining Macedonian satraps in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent.	Mauryan Empire	Macedonian Empire	Mauryan victoryTemplate:Sfn Justin relates that after Alexander's death, Chandragupta freed Indian territories from the Greeks and executed some Greek governors. Chandragupta turned his attention to Northwestern India (modern-day Pakistan), where he fought against the four satraps (described as "prefects" in Western sources) left by Alexander and killed two satraps, Nicanor and Philip. The other two, Eudemus and Peithon, had already surrendered and returned to Babylon.
322–320 BCE	Conquest of the Nanda Empire	Chandragupta Maurya	Dhana Nanda of the Nanda Empire	Mauryan victoryTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Chandragupta defeated the Nandas and established the Magadha-based Maurya Empire.Template:Sfn He married the Nanda princess Durdhara.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
305–303 BCE	Seleucid–Mauryan war	Mauryan Empire	Seleucid Empire	Mauryan victory Treaty of the IndusTemplate:Sfn The eastern satrapies of the Seleucid Empire were ceded to the Maurya Empire Seleucus gave his daughter to Chandragupta, initiating a dynastic partnership Chandragupta gave 500 war elephants to Seleucus Establishment of diplomatic relations

Rule

After unifying much of India, Chandragupta and Chanakya passed a series of major economic and political reforms. Chandragupta established a strong central administration from Pataliputra (now Patna).Template:Sfn Chandragupta applied the statecraft and economic policies described in Chanakya's text Arthashastra.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn There are varying accounts in the historic, legendary, and hagiographic literature of various Indian religions about Chandragupta's rule, but Allchin and Erdosy' are suspect; they state, "one cannot but be struck by the many close correspondences between the (Hindu) Arthashastra and the two other major sources the (Buddhist) Asokan inscriptions and (Greek) Megasthenes text".Template:Sfn

The Maurya rule was a structured administration; Chandragupta had a council of ministers (amatya), with Chanakya was his chief minister.Template:Sfn The empire was organised into territories (janapada), centres of regional power were protected with forts (durga), and state operations were funded with treasury (kosa).Template:Sfn Strabo, in his Geographica composed about 300 years after Chandragupta's death, describes aspects of his rule in his chapter XV.46–69. He had councillors for matters of justice and assessors to collect taxes on commercial activity and trade goods. He routinely performed Vedic sacrifices,Template:Sfn Brahmanical rituals,Template:Sfn and hosted major festivals marked by procession of elephants and horses. His officers inspected situations requiring law and order in the cities; the crime rate was low.Template:Sfn

According to Megasthenes, Chandragupta's rule was marked by three parallel administrative structures. One managed the affairs of villages, ensuring irrigation, recording land ownership, monitoring tools supply, enforcing hunting, wood products and forest-related laws, and settling disputes.Template:Sfn Another administrative structure managed city affairs, including all matters related to trade, merchant activity, visit of foreigners, harbors, roads, temples, markets, and industries. They also collected taxes and ensured standardized weights and measures.Template:Sfn The third administrative body overlooked the military, its training, its weapons supply, and the needs of the soldiers.Template:Sfn

Chanakya was concerned about Chandragupta's safety and developed elaborate techniques to prevent assassination attempts. Various sources report Chandragupta frequently changed bedrooms to confuse conspirators. He left his palace only for certain tasks: to go on military expeditions, to visit his court for dispensing justice, to offer sacrifices, for celebrations, and for hunting. During celebrations, he was well-guarded, and on hunts, he was surrounded by female guards who were presumed to be less likely to participate in a coup conspiracy. These strategies may have resulted from the historical context of the Nanda king who had come to power by assassinating the previous king.Template:Sfn

During Chandragupta's reign and that of his dynasty, many religions thrived in India, with Buddhism, Jainism and Ajivika gaining prominence along with other folk traditions.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Infrastructure projects

Coins

Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant (3rd century BCE)

The empire built a strong economy from a solid infrastructure such as irrigation, temples, mines, and roads.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Ancient epigraphical evidence suggests Chandragupta, under counsel from Chanakya, started and completed many irrigation reservoirs and networks across the Indian subcontinent to ensure food supplies for the civilian population and the army, a practice continued by his dynastic successors.Template:Sfn Regional prosperity in agriculture was one of the required duties of his state officials.Template:Sfn Chandragupta's state also started mines, centers to produce goods, and networks for trading these goods. His rule developed land routes for goods transportation within the Indian subcontinent, disfavoring water transport. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts", preferring these over those narrow tracts that allowed only pack animals.Template:Sfn

The strongest evidence of infrastructure development is found in the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman in Gujarat, dated to about 150 CE. It states, among other things, that Rudradaman repaired and enlarged the reservoir and irrigation conduit infrastructure built by Chandragupta and enhanced by Asoka.Template:Sfn Chandragupta's empire also built mines, manufacturing centres, and networks for trading goods. His rule developed land routes to transport goods across the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta expanded "roads suitable for carts" as he preferred those over narrow tracks suitable for only pack animals.Template:Sfn

According to Kaushik Roy, the Maurya dynasty rulers were "great road builders".Template:Sfn The Greek ambassador Megasthenes credited this tradition to Chandragupta after the completion of a thousand-mile-long highway connecting Chandragupta's capital Pataliputra in Bihar to Taxila in the north-west where he studied. The other major strategic road infrastructure credited to this tradition spread from Pataliputra in various directions, connecting it with Nepal, Kapilavastu, Dehradun, Mirzapur, Odisha, Andhra, and Karnataka.Template:Sfn Roy stated this network boosted trade and commerce, and helped move armies rapidly and efficiently.Template:Sfn

Chandragupta and Chanakya seeded weapon manufacturing centres, and kept them as a state monopoly of the state. The state, however, encouraged competing private parties to operate mines and supply these centres.Template:Sfn They considered economic prosperity essential to the pursuit of dharma (virtuous life) and adopted a policy of avoiding war with diplomacy yet continuously preparing the army for war to defend its interests and other ideas in the Arthashastra.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Arts and architecture

Statue

3rd century BCE Didarganj Yakshi, discovered in 1917 buried in the banks of the Ganges.

The evidence of arts and architecture during Chandragupta's time is mostly limited to texts such as those by Megasthenes and Kautilya. The edict inscriptions and carvings on monumental pillars are attributed to his grandson Ashoka. The texts imply the existence of cities, public works, and prosperous architecture but the historicity of these is in question.Template:Sfn

Archeological discoveries in the modern age, such as those Didarganj Yakshi discovered in 1917 buried beneath the banks of the Ganges suggest exceptional artisanal accomplishment.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The site was dated to third century BCE by almost all scholarsTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn but Frederick Asher questioned it.Template:Sfn

Succession and death (Sallekhana)

Inscription

1,300 years Old Shravanabelagola relief shows death of Chandragupta after taking the vow of Sallekhana. Some consider it about the legend of his arrival with Bhadrabahu.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

File:Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu.jpg

A statue depicting Chandragupta Maurya (right) with his spiritual mentor Acharya Bhadrabahu at Shravanabelagola.

The circumstances and year of Chandragupta's death are unclear and disputed.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to Digambara Jain accounts, Bhadrabahu forecast a 12-year famine because of all the killing and violence during the conquests by Chandragupta Maurya. He led a group of Jain monks to south India, where Chandragupta Maurya joined him as a monk after abdicating his kingdom to his son Bindusara. Together, states a Digambara legend, Chandragupta and Bhadrabahu moved to Shravanabelagola, in present-day south Karnataka.Template:Sfn These Jain accounts appeared in texts such as Brihakathā kośa (931 CE) of Harishena, Bhadrabāhu charita (1450 CE) of Ratnanandi, Munivaṃsa bhyudaya (1680 CE) and Rajavali kathe.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Chandragupta lived as an ascetic at Shravanabelagola for several years before fasting to death as per the Jain practice of sallekhana, according to the Digambara legend.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

File:Tijara Jain temple painting 32.jpg

Chandragupta Maurya having 16 auspicious dreams in Jainism

In accordance with the Digambara tradition, the hill on which Chandragupta is stated to have performed asceticism is now known as Chandragiri hill, and Digambaras believe that Chandragupta Maurya erected an ancient temple that now survives as the Chandragupta basadi.Template:Sfn According to Roy, Chandragupta's abdication of throne may be dated to c. 298 BCE, and his death between 297 BCE and 293 BCE.Template:Sfn His grandson was emperor Ashoka who is famed for his historic pillars and his role in helping spread Buddhism outside of ancient India.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Regarding the inscriptions describing the relation of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya, Radha Kumud Mookerji writes,

The oldest inscription of about 600 AD associated "the pair (yugma), Bhadrabahu along with Chandragupta Muni." Two inscriptions of about 900 AD on the Kaveri near Seringapatam describe the summit of a hill called Chandragiri as marked by the footprints of Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta munipati. A Shravanabelagola inscription of 1129 mentions Bhadrabahu "Shrutakevali", and Chandragupta who acquired such merit that he was worshipped by the forest deities. Another inscription of 1163 similarly couples and describes them. A third inscription of the year 1432 speaks of Yatindra Bhadrabahu, and his disciple Chandragupta, the fame of whose penance spread into other words.

Along with texts, several Digambara Jain inscriptions dating from the 7th–15th century refer to Bhadrabahu and a Prabhacandra. Later Digambara tradition identified the Prabhacandra as Chandragupta, and some modern era scholars have accepted this Digambara tradition while others have not, Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Several of the late Digambara inscriptions and texts in Karnataka state the journey started from Ujjain and not Patliputra (as stated in some Digambara texts).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Jeffery D. Long – a scholar of Jain and Hindu studies Template:En dash says in one Digambara version, it was Samprati Chandragupta who renounced, migrated and performed sallekhana in Shravanabelagola. Long states scholars attribute the disintegration of the Maurya empire to the times and actions of Samprati Chandragupta – the grandson of Ashoka and great-great-grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. The two Chandraguptas have been confused to be the same in some Digambara legends.Template:Sfn

Scholar of Jain studies and Sanskrit Paul Dundas says the Svetambara tradition of Jainism disputes the ancient Digambara legends. According to a fifth-century text of the Svetambara Jains, the Digambara sect of Jainism was founded 609 years after Mahavira's death, or in first-century CE.Template:Sfn Digambaras wrote their own versions and legends after the fifth-century, with their first expanded Digambara version of sectarian split within Jainism appearing in the tenth-century.Template:Sfn The Svetambaras texts describe Bhadrabahu was based near Nepalese foothills of the Himalayas in third-century BCE, who neither moved nor travelled with Chandragupta Maurya to the south; rather, he died near Patliputra, according to the Svetambara Jains.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The 12th-century Svetambara Jain legend by Hemachandra presents a different picture. The Hemachandra version includes stories about Jain monks who could become invisible to steal food from royal storage and the Jain Brahmin Chanakya using violence and cunning tactics to expand Chandragupta's kingdom and increase royal revenues.Template:Sfn It states in verses 8.415 to 8.435, that for 15 years as king, Chandragupta was a follower of non-Jain "ascetics with the wrong view of religion" (non-Jain) and "lusted for women". Chanakya, who was a Jain follower, persuaded Chandragupta to convert to Jainism by showing that Jain ascetics avoided women and focused on their religion.Template:Sfn The legend mentions Chanakya aiding the premature birth of Bindusara,Template:Sfn It states in verse 8.444 that "Chandragupta died in meditation (can possibly be sallekhana.) and went to heaven".Template:Sfn According to Hemachandra's legend, Chanakya also performed sallekhana. Template:Sfn

File:Footprint of Chandragupta Maurya.jpg

The Footprints of Chandragupta Maurya on Chandragiri Hill, where Chandragupta (the unifier of India and founder of the Maurya Dynasty) performed Sallekhana.

According to V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar – an Indologist and historian, several of the Digambara legends mention Prabhacandra, who had been misidentified as Chandragupta Maurya particularly after the original publication on Shravanabelagola epigraphy by B. Lewis Rice. The earliest and most important inscriptions mention Prabhacandra, which Rice presumed may have been the "clerical name assumed by Chadragupta Maurya" after he renounced and moved with Bhadrabahu from Patliputra. Dikshitar stated there is no evidence to support this and Prabhacandra was an important Jain monk scholar who migrated centuries after Chandragupta Maurya's death.Template:Sfn Other scholars have taken Rice's deduction of Chandragupta Maurya retiring and dying in Shravanabelagola as the working hypothesis, since no alternative historical information or evidence is available about Chandragupta's final years and death.Template:Sfn

Legacy

File:Grand Trunk Road Route.png

Route of the Grand Trunk Road using Open Street Maps.

• Chandragupta Maurya commissioned the construction of the Sudarshana Lake, an artificial reservoir in present-day Gujarat. According to the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman I (c. 150 CE), the lake was built by his provincial governor Pushyagupta. The lake, a major feat of Mauryan engineering, remained in use for nearly a thousand years, later repaired by Rudradaman and Skandagupta.

File:Lake on Girnar Taleti.jpg

Sudarshana Lake

• Chandragupta Maurya established the original corridor of the Grand Trunk Road, known then as the Uttarapatha. It connected Takshashila in the northwest to Pataliputra and further east to Tamralipta. The road, lined with rest houses and mile markers, facilitated trade, military movement, and administration, and remains one of the oldest continuously used roads in the world.
• A memorial to Chandragupta Maurya exists on Chandragiri hill in Shravanabelagola, Karnataka.Template:Sfn

In popular culture

• Mudrarakshasa is a political drama in Sanskrit by Vishakhadatta composed 600 years after the conquest of Chandragupta – probably between 300 CE and 700 CE.Template:Sfn
• D. L. Roy wrote a Bengali drama named Chandragupta based on the life of Chandragupta. The story of the play is loosely borrowed from the Puranas and the Greek history.Template:Sfn
• Chanakya's role in the formation of the Maurya Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel The Courtesan and the Sadhu by Dr. Mysore N. Prakash.
• Chandragupta is a 1920 Indian silent film about the Mauryan king.
• Chandragupta is a 1934 Indian film directed by Abdur Rashid Kardar.
• Chandraguptha Chanakya is an Indian Tamil-language historical drama film directed by C. K. Sachi, starring Bhavani K. Sambamurthy as Chandragupta.
• Samrat Chandragupta is a 1945 Indian historical film by Jayant Desai.
• Samrat Chandragupt is a 1958 Indian historical fiction film by Babubhai Mistry, a remake of the 1945 film. It stars Bharat Bhushan in the titular role of the emperor.
• The story of Chanakya and Chandragupta was made into a film in Telugu in 1977 titled Chanakya Chandragupta.
• The television series Chanakya is an account of the life and times of Chanakya, based on the play "Mudra Rakshasa" (The Signet Ring of "Rakshasa").
• In 2011, a television series called Chandragupta Maurya was telecast on Imagine TV.
• In 2016, the television series Chandra Nandini was a fictionalized romance saga.
• In 2018, a television series called Chandragupta Maurya portrays the life of Chandragupta Maurya.
• He is a leader of the Indian civilization in the Rise and Fall expansion of the 4X video game Civilization VI.
• Nobunaga the Fool, a Japanese stage play and anime, features a character named Chandragupta based on the emperor.
• In the 2001 film Aśoka, directed by Santosh Sivan, Bollywood producer Umesh Mehra played the role of Chandragupta Maurya.

See also

• List of Indian monarchs
• List of Jain states and dynasties
• Mauryan art
• Shashigupta

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Further reading

• Mauryan India{{#if:Bongard-Levin|, Bongard-Levin}. Sterling Publishers(1985)
• The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire. Harvard University Press.
• Debrahmanising history: dominance and resistance in Indian society. Manohar.
• [{{{url}}} Warfare in Pre-British India–1500BCE to 1740CE]. Routledge.
• Foreign Influence on Ancient India. Northern Book Centre.

External links

• Maurya and Sunga Art, N R Ray