Chandrayaan-3

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Template:Infobox spaceflight

Chandrayaan-3 (Template:IPAc-en) is the third mission in the Chandrayaan programme, a series of lunar-exploration missions developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[1] Launched on 14 July 2023, the mission consists of a lunar lander named Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan, similar to those launched aboard Chandrayaan-2 in 2019.

Chandrayaan-3 was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and the lander touched down in the lunar south polar region[2] on 23 August at 12:33 UTC, making India the fourth country to successfully land on the Moon, and the first to do so near the lunar south pole.[3][4][5]Template:Efn

Background

Template:FurtherTemplate:See alsoOn 22 July 2019, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.[6] The lander was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface on 6 September 2019 to deploy the Pragyan rover. The lander lost contact with mission control, deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land near the lunar south pole, and crashed.[7][8]

The lunar south pole region holds particular interest for scientific exploration. Studies show large amounts of ice there. Mountainous terrain and unpredictable lighting protect the ice from melting, but they also make landing scientific probes there a challenging undertaking. The ice could contain solid-state compounds that would normally melt under warmer conditions elsewhere on the Moon—compounds which could provide insight into lunar, Earth, and Solar System history. For future crewed missions and outposts, ice could also be a source of drinking water and of hydrogen for fuel and oxygen.[9][10]

The European Space Tracking network (ESTRACK), operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), and Deep Space Network operated by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of NASA are supporting the mission.[11] Under a new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India's first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan, and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO's own tracking stations.[12]

Objectives

ISRO's mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission are:

  1. Engineering and implementing a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
  2. Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon.
  3. Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand the composition of the Moon.[13]

Spacecraft

Design

Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components: a propulsion module, lander, and rover.

Propulsion module

The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration to a Template:Convert lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with a large solar panel mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.[14][15]

Lander

The Vikram lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carries the rover and various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.[16][17] The lander has four variable-thrust engines with slew rate changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2's landing failure was attitude increase during the camera coasting phase. This was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate is increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander is equipped with a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in three directions.[18][19] The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been improved. It will target a more precise Template:Cvt landing region based on images previously provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failure during descent and landing.[20][19]

Rover

The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of Template:Convert. It is Template:Convert x Template:Convert x Template:Convert in size.[21] The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.[22][2]

Payloads

On lander

  • Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
  • Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing site.
  • Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface plasma density over time.[23]

On rover

On the propulsion module

Mission profile

Template:Multiple image

Launch

File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp
LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota

Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an LVM3-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India, entering an Earth parking orbit with a perigee of Template:Convert and an apogee of Template:Convert.

Orbit

After a series of earth bound manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a trans-lunar injection orbit,[24][25][26] ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru.[27][28]

On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin the last phase of the mission.[29]

Landing

File:Image of Chandrayaan-3 Lander captured by OHRC camera aboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter.webp
Image of Chandrayaan-3 Lander as captured by OHRC camera aboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter
File:Chandrayaan-3 – Image of Vikram lander on lunar surface taken by Pragyan rover navcam at 1104 IST, 30 August 2023 from 15 meters away (without text).webp
Chandrayaan-3 Lander on the Moon
File:Pragyan rover deployed on the moon.webp
Pragyan roll out

On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at Template:Convert above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent.

It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly Template:Convert; it hovered there for about 30 seconds and located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and touching down at 12:33 UTC.[16][30]

Stages of Chandrayaan-3 deployment and flight
Stage and sequence Date/
Time (UTC) 		LAM burn time Orbit Orbital period References
Earth orbit: Launch 14 July 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A
Earth bound maneuvers: 1 15 July 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [31][32]
Earth bound maneuvers: 2 17 July 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [31][33]
Earth bound maneuvers: 3 18 July 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [34]
Earth bound maneuvers: 4 20 July 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [31][35]
Earth bound maneuvers: 5 25 July 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [36]
Trans-lunar injection 31 July 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [37]
Lunar bound maneuvers:1 (Lunar orbit insertion) 5 August 2023 Template:Convert Template:Convert Approx. Template:Convert [38]
Lunar bound maneuvers: 2 6 August 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [39]
Lunar bound maneuvers:3 9 August 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [40]
Lunar bound maneuvers:4 14 August 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [41]
Lunar bound maneuvers:5 16 August 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [42]
Lander deorbit maneuvers: 1 18 August 2023 Template:N/A Template:Convert Template:N/A [43]
Lander deorbit maneuvers: 2 19 August 2023 Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:N/A [44]
Landing 23 August 2023 TBC Template:N/a Template:N/a [45]
Rover deployment 23 August 2023 Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a [45]

Surface operations

After landing on the Moon's south pole region, Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander deployed the Pragyan rover to explore the cratered surface, using integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week stay on the Moon.[46]

File:Chandrayana Pragyan rover print on moon surface.jpg
Illustrative image of Indian emblem and ISRO logo print left by Pragyan rover.

The first video of the rover, posted on 25 August 2023, showed it leaving the Vikram lander on a ramp and driving onto the Moon’s surface. ISRO also shared video footage from the lander as it approached the landing site, kicking up dust as it touched down on the surface. ISRO wrote afterwards that the rover’s two scientific instruments had been turned on and that it had moved eight meters.[47]

File:The lunar crater that the Pragyan rover of Chandrayaan-3 encountered on 27th August 2023, as seen by the Navgation Camera.png
A Template:Convert crater, as photograhed by the Navigation camera onboard the rover.

On 26 August, ISRO posted a new video of the rover driving away, moving almost out of the lander’s sight.[48] On 27 August, ISRO published two pictures taken by the rover Template:Convert from the edge of a large crater.[49]

On 3 September, the rover was put into sleep mode after it had completed all of its assignments. Its batteries were charged and receiver left on, according to ISRO, in preparation for the impending lunar night.[50] "The rover's payloads are turned off and the data it collected has been transmitted to the Earth via the lander", the statement said. Chandrayaan-3's lander and rover were expected to operate only for one lunar daylight period, or 14 Earth days, and the on-board electronics were not designed to withstand the Template:Convert nighttime temperatures on the Moon.[51] If the rover and lander were to survive the lunar night, the mission is planned to be extended for further science operations.

Vikram fired its engines for a brief 'hop' on the lunar surface on 3 September, ascending Template:Cvt off the lunar surface and translating a similar distance laterally across the surface. The test demonstrated capabilities to be used in potential future sample return missions. The instruments and rover deployment ramp were retracted for the hop and redeployed afterwards.[52]

Mission life

  • Propulsion module: Carries lander and rover to Template:Convert orbit, with operation of experimental payload for up to six months.[53]
  • Lander module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days)[53]
  • Rover module: one lunar daylight period (14 Earth days).[53]

Team

Funding

In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to Template:INRConvert, out of which Template:INRConvert would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining Template:INRConvert was sought for operating expenditure.[60] Amit Sharma, CEO of an ISRO vendor, said, "With local sourcing of equipment and design elements, we are able to reduce the price considerably."[61]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around Template:INRConvert.[62][63][64]

Results

The Associated Press, while commenting on the success of the mission, said, "The successful mission showcases India's rising standing as a technology and space powerhouse and dovetails with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's desire to project an image of an ascendant country asserting its place among the global elite."[65]

Temperature variation

ISRO also released data from the observations made by ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment), one of the four instruments present on the lander module. ChaSTE was designed to study the heat conductivity of the Moon’s surface and measure the differences in temperatures at different points on and below the surface, with the overall objective of creating a thermal profile of the Moon.

File:The graph of temperature variation across the lunar topsoil at a point in the solar polar region, as measured by the ChaSTE instrument.png
The graph of temperature variation across the lunar topsoil at a point in the solar polar region, as measured by the ChaSTE instrument.

The first set of data released by ISRO showed a very sharp difference in temperatures just above and below the surface of the Moon. A graphical plot put out by ISRO showed that while temperatures on the surface were over Template:Convert, they dropped to nearly Template:Convert just a few millimetres below the surface. The measurements suggested that the topsoil of the lunar surface did not conduct heat very well, and insulated the sub-surface from heat.

These measurements were consistent with what is known about the thermal profile of the Moon from previous expeditions and experiments. But this was the first direct measurement of temperatures of the topsoil and the subsoil near the south pole.[66]

ISRO scientist BH Darukesha said the high range of Template:Convert temperature near the surface was "not expected".[67]

Detection of sulfur

On 29 August, ISRO reported that the laser-induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) instrument onboard the Pragyan rover has "unambiguously" confirmed the presence of sulfur in the lunar surface near the south pole, through "first-ever in-situ measurements".[68][69] The presence of sulfur on the Moon has been known before;[70] however, it was detected for the first time at the south pole by the rover.[71]

Noah Petro, a project scientist at NASA, while speaking to the BBC, stated that while sulfur has been known to be in the lunar regolith from Apollo program samples, he described PragyanTemplate:'s findings as a "tremendous accomplishment".[72]

Apart from sulfur, the rover also detected other elements including aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O).[73] The agency said the search for hydrogen (H) is also underway.[74]

File:Ch3 1st libs plot 2.png
Pragyan rover detected elements present on the Moon

Plasma measurement

On 31 August, ISRO released plasma density data from the RAMBHA Instrument aboard the Vikram lander. Initial assessments reported relatively low plasma densities above the lunar surface varying from 5 to 30 million electrons per m³. The evaluation pertains to early stages of the lunar day. The probe aims to explore the changes in the near-surface plasma environment throughout the duration of the lunar day.[75]

Seismic measurements

On the same day, ISRO released data from the ILSA payload on the lander, providing vibration measurements of the rover movement on 25 August, and a presumed natural event on 26 August. The cause of the latter event is a subject of investigation.[76]

Lunar water

John Bridges, a professor of planetary science at the University of Leicester, UK,[77] told New Scientist that due to the low pressure on the Moon it would be "unlikely" for Chandrayaan-3 to find liquid water near to the surface – even in areas where the temperature was above freezing point so water would not be trapped in ice – because it would boil away, although at lower depths the pressure could rise enough to allow liquid water. However, he also added that it's "too early" to interpret the readings from Chandrayaan-3. "But it's fantastic they're getting data", Bridges said. "You can't help comparing it to certain other space agencies; engineers are just getting on now and doing it. They're sort of overtaking Russia", he concluded.[78]

'Hop' experiment

File:Pre and Post hop ramp images, as captured by the Lander Imager-1 Camera.png
Pre and Post hop ramp images, as captured by the Lander Imager-1 Camera

After putting the rover on Chandrayaan-3 in sleep mode, ISRO decided to experiment with the Vikram lander, with a 'hop' test for it, i.e. landing it again on the moon, which it successfully passed. On command, the lander fired the engines, elevated itself by about 40 cm as expected and landed safely at a distance of 30–40 cm away. This was seen as the Vikram lander 'exceeding' its mission objectives, with this ‘kick-start’ being a portend of future ability to propel returns as well as missions with humans.[79][80]

This made Vikram the second lander to perform such a hop experiment after NASA's Surveyor 6 in 1967.[81]

Anil Bhardwaj, the director of ISRO's Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, told The Telegraph that there was an opportunity for ISRO to do something 'extra'. "When all scientific instruments on the lander and rover performed very well, an opportunity emerged to test the lander’s engines again." he added.[82] Girish Linganna, a space and aerospace expert, said that the hop experiment by the Vikram lander not only demonstrates the spacecraft's technical capabilities and reliability, but also provides inspiration and enthusiasm for future lunar exploration missions.[83] Additionally, the experiment could potentially attract international investments into the country.[84]

Domestic reactions

Congratulating the ISRO team behind the successful Chandrayaan-3 mission at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network in Bengaluru, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the touchdown point of the Vikram lander would henceforth be known as Shiv Shakti point.[85] He further declared 23 August, the day the Vikram lander landed on the Moon, as National Space Day.[86][87]

ISRO chief S Somnath exclaimed "India is on the Moon" after Chandrayaan-3 successfully touched down on the surface of the Moon.[88] “We learnt a lot from our failure and corrected it. It's now 14 days of work and we have to conduct experiments,” he told India Today.[89]

P Veeramuthuvel, the Project Director of the mission said, "It's a great moment of happiness. On behalf of the team it gives me immense satisfaction on achieving this goal as the Project Director of the mission. The entire mission operations right from launch till landing happened flawlessly as per the timeline".[90] S. Mohana Kumar, the Mission Director said that Chandrayaan-3 was a 'team effort', and that the equipment suppliers played a key in achieving the milestone by delivering the mission critical consignments in a timely manner.[91]

Meanwhile, former ISRO chief K Sivan, under whose tenure the Chandrayaan-2 was launched said, "We are really excited to see this grand success. For this, we have been waiting for the last four years. This success is sweet news for us and for the entire nation."[92]

Rahul Gandhi, the leader of the opposition, also celebrated Chandrayaan-3’s success, calling it a result of “tremendous ingenuity and hard work” by the country’s scientific community. “Since 1962, India’s space program has continued to scale new heights and inspire generations of young dreamers,” he posted on X.[93]

Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal too, congratulated the scientists of ISRO on the successful landing and termed it a “historic” moment. “This is historical. It’s a significant achievement for the country. It’s a matter of pride for all of us. The success of Chandrayaan-3 is a result of the hard work of all citizens, ISRO scientists, engineers, and employees. Congratulations to everyone involved. Bharat Mata ki jai.", he posted on X.[94]

DY Chandrachud, the Chief Justice of India hailed the landing as a "historic achievement" and congratulated ISRO on the feat. "It is with immense pride as a citizen of our great nation that I witnessed the remarkable landing of Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon today," he said. "It is all the more significant because India is the only nation to have achieved the lunar landing on the south pole of the Moon. This will help new avenues and scientific research and discovery. Truly, this lunar landing represents a milestone in the onward march of our nation," he added.[95]

See also

Template:Clear

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

  1. ↑ India Moon Landing: In Latest Moon Race, India Lands First in Southern Polar Region. The New York Times(2023-08-23). Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 India on the moon! Chandrayaan-3 becomes 1st probe to land near lunar south pole, Sharmila Kuthunur. Space.com(23 August 2023). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  3. ↑ India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole, Kumar, Sanjay. Science.org(23 August 2023). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  4. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August. The Hindu(6 July 2023). Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  5. ↑ India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  6. ↑ Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission. BBC News(2019-07-21). Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  7. ↑ India has found its Vikram lander after it crashed into the moon's surface. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  8. ↑ Did India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander Survive? The Chances Are Slim. The New York Times(2019-09-10). Retrieved 2023-08-25.
  9. ↑ Moon's South Pole is Full of Mystery, Science, Intrigue, Mahoney, Erin. NASA(2022-08-17). Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  10. ↑ Explainer: Why are countries racing to the moon's heavily cratered south pole?. Reuters(2023-08-23). Retrieved 2023-08-24.
  11. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 How NASA, ESA will support ISRO during the Moon landing on August 23. Retrieved 30 August 2023..
  12. ↑ ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation. www.esa.int. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
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  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
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  17. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 in its last leg of journey to moon. India Today. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
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  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED.
  20. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief, Sharma, Shaurya. News18(21 October 2022). Retrieved 22 October 2022.
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  22. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 highlights: Lander Vikram will be 30 km away from Moon today, Livemint. mint(16 August 2023). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
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  27. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit, THE HINDU BUREAU. The Hindu(5 August 2023). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  28. ↑ India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit, Grey, Charles. AIR SPACE News(6 August 2023). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  29. ↑ Chandrayaan-3: Indian lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon. BBC News(17 August 2023). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
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  50. ↑ Mission accomplished, India puts moon rover to 'sleep'. Reuters(2023-09-03). Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  51. ↑ India's moon rover completes its walk, scientists analysing data looking for signs of frozen water. The Economic Times(2023-09-03). Retrieved 2023-09-03.
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  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Chandrayaan-3 Brochure. Indian Space Research Organisation.
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  63. ↑ How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost?. CNBC(15 July 2023). Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  64. ↑ India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video), Mike Wall. Space.com(18 August 2023). Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  65. ↑ India's moon rover completes its walk. Scientists analyzing data looking for signs of frozen water. AP News(2023-09-03). Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  66. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 mission: On Moon, very hot to very cold — separated by just a few mm. The Indian Express(2023-08-29). Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  67. ↑ 70-degree Celsius moon surface temperature was not expected: Scientists. Hindustan Times(2023-08-27). Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  68. ↑ India's moon rover confirms sulfur and detects several other elements near the lunar south pole. AP News(2023-08-29). Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  69. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 rover confirms presence of sulphur in lunar surface, search for Hydrogen underway: ISRO. www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  70. ↑ Uses of lunar sulfur. Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century({Template:Date).
  71. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 rover finds sulphur on moon's south pole – The New Indian Express. www.newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
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  74. ↑ Chandrayaan-3: Pragyaan rover detects presence of sulphur on Moon, search for hydrogen underway. Business Today(2023-08-29). Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  75. ↑ RAMBHA-LP on-board Chandrayaan-3 measures near-surface plasma content. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  76. ↑ ILSA listens to the movements around the landing site. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  77. ↑ Professor John Bridges. le.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  78. ↑ India's Chandrayaan-3 moon rover swerves to avoid crater, Matthew Sparkes. New Scientist. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  79. ↑ ISRO: India's Vikram Lander Successfully Completes a 'Hop Experiment' on the Moon. The Wire. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  80. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 | Vikram hops on the Moon and lands safely. The Hindu(2023-09-04). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  81. ↑ Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander performs a rare 'hop' on the moon — why this matters, Ramesh, Sandhya. ThePrint(2023-09-05). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  82. ↑ Chandrayaan-3: Lander 'exceeds mission objectives' by successfully performing 'hop experiment', says ISRO. www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  83. ↑ Why Vikram lander's lunar hop experiment is a significant achievement – The Week. www.theweek.in. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  84. ↑ Vikram lander's sudden hop on the Moon: Why it's a big deal. India Today. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  85. ↑ Modi in Bengaluru Live Updates: Touchdown point of Vikram lander will be known as "Shivshakti Point", says PM. The Indian Express(2023-08-25). Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  86. ↑ Modi in Bangalore Live: August 23 to be celebrated as National Space Day, announces PM Modi after ISRO Chandrayaan 3 Moon landing success. The Times of India(2023-08-26). Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  87. ↑ PM Modi announces August 23 as 'National Space Day', lauds Isro scientists. Hindustan Times(2023-08-26). Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  88. ↑ 'India First To Reach Moon's South Pole': ISRO Celebrates After Chandrayaan-3 Touchdown, Bureau, ABP News. news.abplive.com(2023-08-23). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  89. ↑ 'Learnt from failure…': Isro chief S Somnath after Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing | Exclusive. India Today. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  90. ↑ Team leaders behind the success of Chandrayaan-3 mission. The Times of India(2023-08-24). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  91. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 was a team effort, says Mission Director S. Mohana Kumar. The Hindu(2023-09-01). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  92. ↑ "Waiting For This For Last 4 Years": Ex ISRO Chief On Chandrayaan-3 Success. NDTV.com. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  93. ↑ RahulGandhiX. X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  94. ↑ Kejriwal. X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  95. ↑ CJI DY Chandrachud hails Chandrayaan-3 landing on Moon's South Pole as historic. Hindustan Times(2023-08-23). Retrieved 2023-09-05.

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