Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior.[1] The Encyclopaedia Britannica describes it as a form of excessive and unreasonable patriotism and nationalism, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.[2]
In English, the word has also come to be used in some quartersTemplate:Since when as shorthand for male chauvinism, a trend reflected in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, which, as of 2018, began its first example of use of the term chauvinism with "an attitude of superiority toward members of the opposite sex".[3][4][5]
As nationalism
According to legend, French soldier Nicolas Chauvin was badly wounded in the Napoleonic Wars and received a meager pension for his injuries. After Napoleon abdicated, Chauvin maintained his fanatical Bonapartist belief in the messianic mission of Imperial France, despite the unpopularity of this view under the Bourbon Restoration. His single-minded devotion to his cause, despite neglect by his faction and harassment by its enemies, started the use of the term.[2]
Chauvinism has extended from its original use to include fanatical devotion and undue partiality to any group or cause to which one belongs, especially when such partisanship includes prejudice against or hostility toward outsiders or rival groups and persists even in the face of overwhelming opposition.[2][3][6] This French quality finds its parallel in the English-language term jingoism, which has retained the meaning of chauvinism strictly in its original sense; that is, an attitude of belligerent nationalism.[6][7][8]
In 1945, political theorist Hannah Arendt described the concept thus: Template:Blockquote
In this sense, chauvinism is irrational, in that no one can claim their nation or ethnic group to be inherently superior to another.[1] An example of a modern-day English nationalist extreme enough to be considered a chauvinist is Nigel Farage.[9][10][11]
Male chauvinism
Template:See also Male chauvinism is the belief that men are superior to women. The first documented use of the phrase "male chauvinism" is in the 1935 Clifford Odets play Till the Day I Die.[12]
In the workplace
The balance of the workforce changed during World War II. As men entered or were conscripted into the military to fight in the war, women started replacing them. After the war ended, men returned home to find jobs in the workplace now occupied by women, which "threatened the self-esteem many men derive from their dominance over women in the family, the economy, and society at large."[13] Consequently, male chauvinism was on the rise, according to Cynthia B. Lloyd.[14]
Lloyd and Michael Korda have argued that as they integrated back into the workforce, men returned to predominate, holding positions of power while women worked as their secretaries, usually typing dictations and answering telephone calls. This division of labor was understood and expected, and women typically felt unable to challenge their position or male superiors, argue Korda and Lloyd.[14][15]
Causes
Chauvinist assumptions are seen by some as a bias in the TAT psychological personality test. Through cross-examinations, the TAT exhibits a tendency toward chauvinistic stimuli for its questions and has the "potential for unfavorable clinical evaluation" for women.[16]
An often cited study done in 1976 by Sherwyn Woods, "Some Dynamics of Male Chauvinism", attempts to find the underlying causes of male chauvinism.
Template:BlockquoteAdam Jukes argues that a reason for male chauvinism is masculinity itself:
For the vast majority of people all over the world, the mother is a primary carer...There's an asymmetry in the development of boys and girls. Infant boys have to learn how to be masculine. Girls don't. Masculinity is not in a state of crisis. Masculinity is a crisis. I don't believe misogyny is innate, but I believe it's inescapable because of the development of masculinity.[17]
Female chauvinism
Template:See also Female chauvinism is the belief that women are superior to men.[18] Second-wave feminist Betty Friedan observed that "...the assumption that women have any moral or spiritual superiority as a class is [...] female chauvinism."[19] Ariel Levy used the term in her book Female Chauvinist Pigs, in which she argues that many young women in the United States and beyond are replicating male chauvinism and older misogynist stereotypes.[20]
See also
- American exceptionalism
- Blind nationalism
- Carbon chauvinism
- Great Russian chauvinism
- Han chauvinism
- Planetary chauvinism
- Sexism
- Social chauvinism
- Welfare chauvinism
- Zionism
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Global politics{{#if:Heywood|, Heywood}. Palgrave Macmillan(2014). ISBN 978-1-137-34926-2
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Chauvinism. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 15 Words You Didn't Realize Were Named After People. Grammar Girl.
- ↑ Template:Cite Merriam-Webster
- ↑ The Columbia Guide to Standard American English{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chauvinism. The Oxford English Dictionary.
- ↑ Jingoism. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ↑ Jingoism & Chauvinism. Word Histories. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ↑ Taking back control of the welfare state: Brexit, rational-imaginaries and welfare chauvinism. West European Politics({Template:Date).
- ↑ Nigel Farage gin sparks Cornish controversy. the Guardian(2022-09-05). Retrieved 2022-09-06.
- ↑ NATIONALIST DISCOURSE AT THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT. THE CASE OF MARINE LE PEN AND NIGEL FARAGE. Redefining Community in Intercultural Context({Template:Date).
- ↑ Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harassment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation. American Speech({Template:Year).
- ↑ Why Trump's male chauvinism appeals to some voters more than others, Cooke, Lynn Prince. The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lloyd, Cynthia B., ed. Sex, Discrimination, and the Division of Labor. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. Print.
- ↑ Michael Korda, Male Chauvinism! How It Works. New York: Random House, 1973. Print.
- ↑ Potkay, Charles R., Matthew R. Merrens. Sources of Male Chauvinism in the TAT. Journal of Personality Assessment, 39.5 (1975): 471-479. Web. 31 January 2012.
- ↑ Men hating women: A look into the psychology of misogyny. British GQ(7 November 2018). Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ↑ On gender chauvinism.
- ↑ Friedan, Betty. 1998. It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women's Movement. Harvard University Press
- ↑ Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture, Ariel Levy, 2006, Template:ISBN
Further reading
- Huddy, Leonie; Del Ponte, Alessandro. (2019). National Identity, Pride, and Chauvinism—their Origins and Consequences for Globalization Attitudes. In Liberal Nationalism and Its Critics: Normative and Empirical Questions (eds) Gina Gustavsson, David Miller. Oxford: Oxford Academic, pp. 38–56. Template:Doi
- Tuchowski, Andrzej. (2017). Nationalism, Chauvinism and Racism as Reflected in European Musical Thought and in Compositions from the Interwar Period. Bern: Peter Lang. Template:ISBN.