Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as Asian pigeonwings,[1] bluebellvine, blue pea, butterfly pea, cordofan pea and Darwin pea,[2] is a plant species belonging to the family Fabaceae.
In India, it is revered as a holy flower, used in daily puja rituals. The flowers of this vine were imagined to have the shape of human female genitals, hence the Latin name of the genus "Clitoria", from "clitoris". The species name is thought to derive from the city of Ternate in the Indonesian archipelago, from where Linnaeus's specimens originated.[3]
Distribution
This plant is native to equatorial Asia, including locations in South Asia and Southeast Asia but has also been introduced to Africa, Australia and the Americas.
Description
It is a perennial herbaceous plant, with elliptic, obtuse leaves. It grows as a vine or creeper, doing well in moist, neutral soil. The most striking feature about this plant is the color of its flowers, a vivid deep blue; solitary, with light yellow markings. They are about Template:Convert long by Template:Convert wide. Some varieties yield white flowers.
The fruits are Template:Convert long, flat pods with six to ten seeds in each pod. They are edible when tender.
It is grown as an ornamental plant and as a revegetation species (e.g., in coal mines in Australia), requiring little care when cultivated. As a legume, its roots form a symbiotic association with soil bacteria known as rhizobia, which transform atmospheric N2 into a plant-usable form (a process called nitrogen fixing), therefore, this plant is also used to improve soil quality through the decomposition of nitrogen rich plant material.
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Uses
Culinary use
In Southeast Asia, the flower is used as a natural food colouring to colour glutinous rice and desserts like the Eurasian putugal. In Kelantan, in the north-east of peninsular Malaysia, it is an important ingredient in nasi kerabu, giving it its characteristic bluish colour. In Burmese and Thai cuisines, the flowers are also dipped in batter and fried.
Butterfly pea flower tea is made from the ternatea flowers and dried lemongrass and changes color depending on what is added to the liquid, with lemon juice turning it purple.[4] In Thailand and Vietnam, this butterfly blue pea flower tea is commonly mixed with honey and lemon to increase acidity and turn the beverage a pink-purple color, to produce for a drink usually served after dinner, or as a refreshment at hotels and spas.[5] The drink is a typical local drink like chamomile tea is in other parts of the world.[5] The tea is found in both hot and cold varieties[6]
The flowers have more recently been used in a color-changing gin. Blue in the bottle, it turns pink when mixed with a carbonated mixer such as tonic water due to the change in pH.[7] As organic colours are not permanent, this type of gin is recommended to be stored in a dark place to maintain the effect.[8]
Traditional medicine
In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, it is ascribed various qualities including memory enhancing, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing, and sedative properties.[9] In traditional Chinese medicine, the plant has been ascribed properties affecting female libido due to its similar appearance to the female reproductive organ.[10] Using its extract have also shown its ability to reduce intensity of behavior caused by serotonin and acetylcholine.[11]
Textile use
The flower can be used to dye natural fibers and is used by traditional societies in Asia to do so.
Chemical constituents
Chemical compounds isolated from C. ternatea include various triterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and steroids.[9] Cyclic peptides known as cliotides have been isolated from the heat-stable fraction of C. ternatea extract.[12] The blue colour of C. ternatea is a result of various anthocyanins, most importantly ternatins - polyacylated derivatives of delphinidin 3,3', 5'-triglucoside (Da-T).[13][14][15]
Gallery
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Clitoria ternatea , Burdwan, West Bengal
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Aparajita flower in a Garden from Khandaghosh - west Bengal India
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Clitoria ternatea in a Garden from Maracay - Venezuela
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C. ternatea, Isla Margarita, Venezuela
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Seeds of Clitoria ternatea
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Clitoria tea in a pot
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Thai khao tom sweet colored blue with C. ternatea flowers
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A less common "double-flowered" C. ternatea
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References
- ↑ Template:PLANTS
- ↑ Template:GRIN
- ↑ Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea), a Cyclotide-Bearing Plant with Applications in Agriculture and Medicine. Frontiers in Plant Science({Template:Date).
- ↑ Watch this tea dramatically change from deep blue to vibrant red with a squeeze of lemon, Pantazi, Chloe(February 26, 2016).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite magazine
- ↑ Be good to yourself in Chiang Mai, Reid, Marian. the British Broadcasting Corporation(October 16, 2012).
- ↑ Template:Cite magazine
- ↑ Road test: Ink gin changes colour when mixed with tonic. The Australian. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea-From traditional use to scientific assessment. J Ethnopharmacol({Template:Date).
- ↑ Ethnobotany of Clitoria (Leguminosae). Economic Botany({Template:Year).
- ↑ Clitoria ternatea and the CNS. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior({Template:Date).
- ↑ Discovery and characterization of novel cyclotides originated from chimeric precursors consisting of albumin-1 chain a and cyclotide domains in the Fabaceae family. J Biol Chem({Template:Date).
- ↑ Acylated anthocyanins of Clitoria ternatea flowers and their acyl moieties. Phytochemistry({Template:Date).
- ↑ Five New Anthocyanins, Ternatins A3, B4, B3, B2, and D2, from Clitoria ternatea Flowers. Journal of Natural Products({Template:Date).
- ↑ Structure of ternatin A1, the largest ternatin in the major blue anthocyanins from clitoria ternatea flowers. Tetrahedron Letters({Template:Date).
External links
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- Plant of the Week—Clitoria ternatea.
- Clitoria ternatea. Tropical Forages.
- A strain of Clitoria ternatea from the Philippines from the Int'l Soc. for Taxonomic Explorations by Isidro A. T. Savillo.