Template:Infobox religious biography Template:Chinese
Faxian (337 CE – c. 422 CE) was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator who traveled by foot from China to India, visiting sacred Buddhist sites in Central, South and Southeast Asia between 399 and 412 to acquire Buddhist texts. He described his journey in his travelogue, A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms (Foguo Ji 佛國記).
Other transliterations of his name include Fa-Hien and Fa-hsien.
Biography
In 399 CE, Faxian set out with nine others to locate sacred Buddhist texts.[1] He visited India in the early fifth century. He is said to have walked all the way from China across the icy desert and rugged mountain passes. He entered India from the northwest and reached Pataliputra. He took back with him Buddhist texts and images sacred to Buddhism. He saw the ruins of the city when he reached Pataliputra.
Faxian's visit to India occurred during the reign of Chandragupta II. He is also renowned for his pilgrimage to Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha (modern Nepal). However, he mentioned nothing about Guptas. Faxian claimed that demons and dragons were the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka.[2]
In particular, the ability to obtain copies of books on Theravada Buddhism from Sri Lanka, as well as the knowledge gained from discussions with eminent scholars maha thera on Sri Saddharma, is the most significant source of knowledge gained during the visit.
On Faxian's way back to China, after a two-year stay in Ceylon, a violent storm drove his ship onto an island, probably Java.[3] After five months there, Faxian took another ship for southern China; but, again, it was blown off course and he ended up landing at Mount Lao in what is now Shandong in northern China, Template:Convert east of the city of Qingdao. He spent the rest of his life translating and editing the scriptures he had collected.
Faxian wrote a book on his travels, filled with accounts of early Buddhism, and the geography and history of numerous countries along the Silk Road as they were, at the turn of the 5th century CE. He wrote about cities like Taxila, Pataliputra, Mathura, and Kannauj in Middle India.[4] He also wrote that inhabitants of Middle India also eat and dress like Chinese people. He declared Patliputra as a very prosperous city.
He returned in 412 and settled in what is now Nanjing. In 414 he wrote (or dictated) Foguoji (A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms; also known as Faxian's Account). He spent the next decade, until his death, translating the Buddhist sutras he had brought with him from India.[5]
Translation of Faxian's work
The following is the introduction to a translation of Faxian's work by James Legge:
Works
- A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms; being an account by the Chinese monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon, A.D. 399-414, in search of the Buddhist books of discipline{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. The Clarendon Press, Oxford(1886)
- Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Trubner & Co., London(1877)
References and further reading
See also
- Chinese Buddhism
- Fa Hien Cave
- List of explorers
- Hyecho
- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
- Song Yun
- Xuanzang
- Yijing
- Zhang Qian
- Zheng He
References
- ↑ Jaroslav Průšek and Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 35.
- ↑ The Medical times and gazette, Volume 1{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. John Churchill(1867)(Original from the University of Michigan)
- ↑ Buswell, Robert E., Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2014). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 297
- ↑ A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, by Fa-Hsien. www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
- ↑ Jaroslav Průšek and Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 35.
Bibliography
- Beal, Samuel. 1884. Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. (Also contains a translation of Faxian's book on pp. xxiii-lxxxiii). Volume 1 ; Volume 2.
- Hodge, Stephen (2009 & 2012), "The Textual Transmission of the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana-sutra", lecture at the University of Hamburg
- Legge, James 1886. A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965. Template:ISBN
- Rongxi, Li; Dalia, Albert A. (2002). The Lives of Great Monks and Nuns, Berkeley CA: Numata Center for Translation and Research
- Sen, T. (2006). The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing, Education About Asia 11 (3), 24-33
- Weerawardane, Prasani (2009). Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas and Transcendence, biblioasia 5 (2), 14-18
- Jain, Sandhya, & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.
External links
- Template:Gutenberg author
- Template:Internet Archive author
- Extracts from James Legge's translation
- Original Chinese text, Taisho 2085
- Legge's translation with original Chinese text, T 2085
- Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, University of Adelaide
- Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (Complete HTML at web.archive.org), University of Adelaide
- Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms 佛國記{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. NTI Buddhist Text Reader Chinese-English bilingual version