LVM3

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Template:Infobox rocket

The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 or LVM3[1][2][3] (previously referred as the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III or GSLV Mk III)Template:Efn is a three-stage[1] medium-lift launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Primarily designed to launch communication satellites into geostationary orbit,[4] it is also due to launch crewed missions under the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme.[5] LVM3 has a higher payload capacity than its predecessor, GSLV.[6][7][8][9]

After several delays and a sub-orbital test flight on 18 December 2014, ISRO successfully conducted the first orbital test launch of LVM3 on 5 June 2017 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.[10]

Total development cost of project was Template:INRConvert.[11] In June 2018, the Union Cabinet approved Template:INRConvert to build 10 LVM3 rockets over a five-year period.[12]

The LVM3 has launched CARE, India's space capsule recovery experiment module, Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 , India's second and third lunar missions, and will be used to carry Gaganyaan, the first crewed mission under Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. In March 2022, UK-based global communication satellite provider OneWeb entered into an agreement with ISRO to launch OneWeb satellites aboard the LVM3 along with the PSLV, due to the launch services from Roscosmos being cut off, caused by the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.[13][14][15] The first launch took place on 22 October 2022, injecting 36 satellites for Low Earth Orbit.

History

First orbital flight of LVM3
First operational flight of LVM3, carrying Chandrayaan-2

Development

ISRO initially planned two launcher families, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle for low Earth orbit and polar launches and the larger Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle for payloads to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The vehicle was reconceptualized as a more powerful launcher as the ISRO mandate changed. This increase in size allowed the launch of heavier communication and multipurpose satellites, human-rating to launch crewed missions, and future interplanetary exploration.[16] Development of the LVM3 began in the early 2000s, with the first launch planned for 2009–2010.[17] The unsuccessful launch of GSLV D3, due to a failure in the cryogenic upper stage,[17] delayed the LVM3 development program.[18][19] The LVM3, while sharing a name with the GSLV, features different systems and components.

S200 static fire tests

The first static fire test of the S200 solid rocket booster, ST-01, was conducted on 24 January 2010.[20] The booster fired for 130 seconds and had nominal performance throughout the burn. It generated a peak thrust of about Template:Cvt.[21][22] A second static fire test, ST-02, was conducted on 4 September 2011. The booster fired for 140 seconds and again had nominal performance through the test.[23] A third test, ST-03, was conducted on 14 June 2015 to validate the changes from the sub-orbital test flight data.[24][25]

Human rated variant of S200 or HS200 was developed for the Gaganyaan programme. The first static fire test of HS200 was conducted on 13 May 2022 at Satish Dhawan Space Centre for a duration of 135 seconds with no issues.[26]

L110 static fire tests

ISRO conducted the first static test of the L110 core stage at its Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) test facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu on 5 March 2010. The test was planned to last 200 seconds, but was terminated at 150 seconds after a leakage in a control system was detected.[27] A second static fire test for the full duration was conducted on 8 September 2010.[28]

C25 stage tests

C25 D Stage on test stand

The first static fire test of the C25 cryogenic stage was conducted on 25 January 2017 at the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. The stage fired for a duration of 50 seconds and performed nominally.[29]

A second static fire test for the full in-flight duration of 640 seconds was completed on 17 February 2017.[30] This test demonstrated consistency in engine performance along with its sub-systems, including the thrust chamber, gas generator, turbopumps and control components for the full duration.[30]

Modifications after LVM3-X

LVM3 in Flight X configuration

After the suborbital test flight of LVM3, certain modifications were made to the vehicle to improve its performance. The propellant grain geometry of the head end segments were changed from a 10-lobed slotted configuration to a 13-lobed star configuration and propellant load was reduced to Template:Convert to improve performance during transonic phase of flight.[31] The payload fairing was modified to an ogive shape, and the S200 booster nose cones and inter-tank structure were redesigned to have better aerodynamic performance.[31]

Vehicle design

S200 strap-ons

The first stage consists of two S200 solid motors, also known as Large Solid Boosters (LSB) attached to the core stage. Each booster is Template:Convert wide, Template:Convert long, and carries Template:Convert of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based propellant in three segments with casings made out of M250 maraging steel. It is the largest solid-fuel booster after the SLS SRBs, the Space Shuttle SRBs and the Ariane 5 SRBs. The flex nozzles can be vectored up to ±8° using electro-hydraulic actuators operating in blow-down mode and are used for vehicle control during the initial ascent phase.[32][33][34] Hydraulic fluid for operating these actuators is stored in an externally mounted cylindrical tank at the base of each booster.[35] These boosters burn for 130 seconds and produce an average thrust of Template:Convert and a peak thrust of Template:Convert each.[33][20]

L110 Liquid Stage at the Stage Preparation Facility

The second stage, designated L110, is a liquid-fueled stage that is Template:Convert tall and Template:Convert wide, and contains Template:Convert of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (Template:Chem2). It is powered by two Vikas 2 engines, each generating Template:Convert thrust, giving a total thrust of Template:Convert.[36][37] The L110 is the first clustered liquid-fueled engine designed in India. The Vikas engines uses regenerative cooling, providing improved weight and specific impulse compared to earlier Indian rockets.[33][38] Each Vikas engine can be individually gimbaled to control vehicle pitch, yaw and roll control. The L110 core stage ignites 114 seconds after liftoff and burns for 203 seconds.[33][37] Since the L110 stage is air-lit, its engines need shielding during flight from the exhaust of the operating S200 boosters and reverse flow of gases by a 'nozzle closure system' which gets jettisoned prior to L110 ignition.[39]

C25 cryogenic stage

The cryogenic upper stage, designated C25, is Template:Convert in diameter and Template:Convert long, and contains Template:Convert of propellant LOX and LH2, pressurized by helium stored in submerged bottles.[38][40] It is powered by a single CE-20 engine, producing Template:Convert of thrust. CE-20 is the first cryogenic engine developed by India which uses a gas generator, as compared to the staged combustion engines used in GSLV.[41]In LVM3-M3 mission, a new white coloured C25 stage was introduced which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials.[42]The CFRP composite payload fairing has a diameter of Template:Convert and a payload volume of Template:Convert.[43]

Variants and upgrades

Mating with semi-cryogenic stage

Template:Main The L110 core stage in the LVM3 is planned to be replaced by the SC120, a kerolox stage powered by the SCE-200 engine[44] to increase its payload capacity to Template:Convert to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).[45] The SCE-200 uses kerosene instead of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and has a thrust of around 200 tonnes. Four such engines can be clustered in a rocket without strap on boosters to deliver up to Template:Convert to GTO.[46] The first propellant tank for the SC120 was delivered in October 2021 by HAL.[47]

The SC120-powered version of GSLV will not be used for the crewed mission of the Gaganyaan spacecraft.[48][49]

In September 2019, in an interview by AstrotalkUK, S. Somanath, director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre claimed that the SCE-200 engine was ready to begin testing. As per an agreement between India and Ukraine signed in 2005, Ukraine was expected to test components of the SCE-200 engine, so an upgraded version of the LVM3 was not expected before 2022.[50]

The SCE-200 engine is reported to be based on the Ukrainian RD-810, which itself is proposed for use on the Mayak family of launch vehicles.[51]

Induction of C32 stage

The C25 stage with nearly Template:Cvt propellant load will be replaced by the C32, with a higher propellant load of Template:Cvt. The C32 stage will be re-startable and with uprated CE-20 engine.[52] Total mass of avionics will be brought down by using miniaturised components.[53] On 30 November 2020, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited delivered an aluminium alloy based cryogenic tank to ISRO. The tank has a capacity of Template:Cvt of fuel, and a volume of Template:Cvt.[54][55]

  • On 9 November 2022, CE-20 cryogenic engine of upper stage was tested with an uprated thrust regime of 21.8 tonnes in November 2022. Along a suitable stage with additional propellant loading this could increase payload capacity of LVM3 to GTO by up to Template:Cvt .[56]
  • On 23 December 2022, CE-20 engine E9 was hot tested for 650 second duration. For the first 40 seconds of test, the engine was operated at 20.2 tonne thrust level, after this engine was operated at 20 tonne off-nominal zones and then for 435 seconds it was operated at 22.2 tonne thrust level. With this test, the 'E9' engine has been qualified for induction in flight.[57]

Human-rating

While the LVM3 is being human rated for Gaganyaan project, the rocket was always designed with potential human spaceflight applications in consideration. The maximum acceleration during ascent phase of flight was limited to 4 Gs for crew comfort and a Template:Convertdiameter payload fairing was used to be able to accommodate large modules like space station segments.[58]

Furthermore, a number of changes to make safety-critical subsystems reliable are planned for lower operating margins, redundancy, stringent qualification requirements, revaluation, and strengthening of components.[59]

Avionics:

Launch Vehicle:

  • High Thrust Vikas engines (HTVE) of L110 core stage will operate at a chamber pressure of 58.5 bar instead of 62 bar.
  • Human rated S200 (HS200) boosters will operate at chamber pressure of 55.5 bar instead of 58.8 bar. Segment joints will have three O-rings each.
  • Electro mechanical actuators and digital stage controllers will be employed in HS200, L110 and C25 stages.[60][61]

Testing and qualification

  • On 16 December 2021, CE20 (E9 engine) was tested to demonstrate the redundancy of engine ignition capability as part of human rating LVM3. Two ignition trial tests of 3.2 seconds duration were conducted nominally followed by a nominal hot test of 50 seconds duration.[62]
  • On 12 January 2022, CE-20 engine E9 completed 720 second long qualification test for Gaganyaan programme.[63]
  • On 9 November 2022, CE-20 engine E9 was hot tested for 70 seconds. During this test the engine operated at thrust level of approximately 20 tonnes for the first 40 seconds and then switched to an uprated thrust regime of 21.8 tonnes lasting ~30 seconds.[56]
  • The S200 strap-ons flown on LVM3-M3/OneWeb India-2 mission had enhanced margins and other human-rating relating features like three O-rings in sealing joint instead of just two, 1.5 times thicker insulation than usual etc.[64][65] Human rated HS200 motor was static tested earlier on 13 May 2022.[26]
  • The S200 strap-ons flown on LVM3-M4/Chandrayaan-3 again had few features relevant to human-rating. Human-rated Vikas engines of L110 were flight tested as well.[66]

Notable missions

X (Suborbital flight test)

The maiden flight of the LVM3 lifted off from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Center on 18 December 2014 at 04:00 UTC.[67] The test had functional boosters, a core stage but carried dummy upper stage. It also carried the Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) that was tested on re-entry.[68]

Just over five minutes into the flight, the rocket ejected CARE at an altitude of Template:Convert, which then descended, controlled by its onboard reaction control system. During the test, CARE's heat shield experienced a peak temperature of around Template:Cvt. ISRO downlinked launch telemetry during the ballistic coasting phase until the radio black-out to avoid data loss in the event of a failure. At an altitude of around Template:Convert, the module's apex cover separated and the parachutes were deployed. CARE splashed down in the Bay of Bengal near the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and was recovered successfully.[69][70][71][72]

D1 (GSAT-19)

The first orbital flight of the LVM3 occurred on 5 June 2017,[73] lifting off from the Second Launch Pad at 11:58 UTC. The vehicle carried the GSAT-19 communication satellite, making it the heaviest Indian rocket and payload ever launched. The satellite was successfully placed into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) at Template:Convert. The flight also tested upgrades to the design from data acquired during the suborbital test flight.[74]

M1 (Chandrayaan-2)

The first operational flight occurred on 22 July 2019,[75][76] lifting off from the Second Launch pad at 9:13 UTC. The rocket carried Chandrayaan-2, India's second mission to the Moon, consisting of an orbiter, lander and a rover.[77] The Chandrayaan-2 stack is the heaviest spacecraft launched by ISRO.[78]

M2 (36 OneWeb satellites)

This was the first commercial launch of LVM3 that occurred on 22 October 2022, which helped India to enter the global market for heavier payloads. This was also the first launch to a polar low earth orbit and the first multi-satellite mission of LVM3, launched by ISRO, carrying a payload of about 6 tons.[79]

M4 (Chandrayaan-3)

ISRO successfully launched its fourth LVM3 mission carrying Chandrayaan-3, which lifted off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on the coastal island of Sriharikota on 14 July 2023 at 14:35:17 IST (09:05:17 UTC).

Launch Statistics

LVM3 currently have accumulated a total of 7 launches Template:As of. Of these, all 7 were successful. The cumulative success rate is Template:Percent.

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Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches
Decade Successful Partial success Failure Total
2010s 4 0 0 4[80]
2020s 3 0 0 3[81]
Total 7 0 0 7

Launch history

Flight No. Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
configuration 		Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit User Launch
outcome
X 18 December 2014
04:00[82] 		LVM3 Second Template:Flagicon Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) Template:Cvt[83] Sub-orbital ISRO Template:Success
Sub-orbital development test flight with a non-functional cryogenic stage[84]
D1 5 June 2017
11:58[85][86][87] 		LVM3 Second Template:Flagicon GSAT-19 Template:Cvt GTO INSAT Template:Success
First orbital test launch with a functional cryogenic stage[88]
D2 14 November 2018
11:38 		LVM3 Second Template:Flagicon GSAT-29 Template:Cvt GTO INSAT Template:Success
Second orbital test flight. L110 core used upgraded High Thrust Vikas Engines (HTVE).[89][90][91]
M1 22 July 2019
09:13:12 		LVM-3 Second Template:Flagicon Chandrayaan-2 Template:Cvt EPO ISRO Template:Success
First operational flight of LVM3.[92]
M2 22 October 2022
18:37:40[93][94][95] 		LVM3[96] Second Template:Flagicon OneWeb × 36 Template:Cvt LEO OneWeb Template:Success
First commercial launch of LVM3 for OneWeb.[97][98] Launch of 36 OneWeb satellites to Template:Cvt circular polar orbit.
M3 26 March 2023
03:30:20[99][65] 		LVM3 Second Template:Flagicon OneWeb × 36 Template:Cvt LEO OneWeb Template:Success
Second commercial launch of LVM3 for OneWeb. It is the heaviest payload that is launched by a LVM3 and ISRO to date.
M4 14 July 2023
09:05:17[100][101] 		LVM3 Second Template:Flagicon Chandrayaan-3 Template:Cvt EPO ISRO Template:Success
Mission repeat of Chandrayaan-2 with a lunar lander and rover, to Elliptic Parking orbit (EPO) of size ~170 x 36500 km.[102]

Planned launches

NOTE: The dates mentioned below are subject to future change.

Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration 		Launch site Payload Orbit User
Mid 2024[103][104] HLVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon Gaganyaan-1[105] LEO
First uncrewed orbital demonstration flight of India's crew module.
NET 2024[103][106] HLVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon G2[105] LEO
Second uncrewed orbital demonstration flight of crew module.
December 2024[107] LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon Shukrayaan TBD
Launch mass is Template:Cvt; Venus orbiter and atmospheric balloon.
NET 2024[108] LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon Mars Orbiter Mission 2[109] TBD
India's second orbiter mission to Mars.[110][50]
2025[111] HLVM3 Second Launch Pad[112][113] Template:Flagicon H1[105] LEO
India's first crewed mission. Launch mass is Template:Cvt with service module,[114] capsule's mass is Template:Cvt.[114][50]
rowspan=2 Template:TBA[115][116] LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon GSAT-20 (CMS-03) GTO
[117][118]
rowspan=2 Template:TBA LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon GSAT-22 GTO
[60]
rowspan=2 Template:TBA LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon GSAT-7B GTO
[119]
rowspan=2 Template:TBA LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon GSAT-7C GTO
Indian Air Force satellite[120][121][119]
rowspan=2 Template:TBA LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon GSAT-7R GTO
Replacement satellite for Indian Navy's GSAT-7.[122][119]
rowspan=2 Template:TBA LVM3 Second Launch Pad Template:Flagicon GSAT-32 GTO
Planned replacement for GSAT-6A.[123][124][125][119]
  • D1 on its Mobile Launch Pedestal on its way to the launchpad
    D1 on its Mobile Launch Pedestal on its way to the launchpad
  • LVM3 D1 lifting off
    LVM3 D1 lifting off
  • LVM3 D2 lifting off
    LVM3 D2 lifting off
  • LVM3 M1 at the Vehicle Assembly Building
    LVM3 M1 at the Vehicle Assembly Building
  • LVM3 M1 lifting off
    LVM3 M1 lifting off
  • M2 launch for OneWeb, first commercial launch of LVM3
    M2 launch for OneWeb, first commercial launch of LVM3
  • LVM3 M3 lifting off
    LVM3 M3 lifting off
  • LVM3 M4 lifting off
    LVM3 M4 lifting off

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named isro-gslv-mk3
  2. ↑ ISRO GSLV Mark-III renamed as LVM-3. HT Tech(2022-10-24). Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named name change
  4. ↑ 'India masters rocket science': Here's why the new ISRO launch is special.
  5. ↑ Two international astronauts survive space scare. How well is India prepared?.
  6. ↑ Indian Space Research Organisation preparing for three more PSLV launches. The Hindu(29 April 2011). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  7. ↑ GSLV MkIII, the next milestone. Frontline(22 January 2014). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  8. ↑ Cryogenic rocket engine has been developed from scratch: Isro chief. LiveMint(5 June 2017). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  9. ↑ India launches 'monster' rocket. BBC News(5 June 2017). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  10. ↑ India's 'Bahubali' GSLV Mk III lifts less luggage than lighter rockets(16 June 2017).
  11. ↑ Government of India, Department of Space; Lok Sabha Unstarred Question no.3713; GSLV MK-III(12 August 2015).
  12. ↑ Government approves Rs 10,000-crore continuation programmes for PSLV, GSLV. The Economic Times(7 June 2018). Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  13. ↑ OneWeb Suspends Launches from Baikonur as Repercussions from Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine Grow. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  14. ↑ OneWeb partners with Isro to launch satellites using GSLV-MKIII, PSLV. The Economic Times. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  15. ↑ NSIL/ISRO and OneWeb to collaborate for taking Digital Connectivity to every Corner of the World. OneWeb. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  16. ↑ ISRO Not To Fly Living Being Before Actual Manned Space Mission: Official. NDTV Indo-Asian News Service. 14 September 2018.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 India's GSLV Mk-3 First Flight Pushed Back to April 2014. Sawfnews(4 April 2013). Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  18. ↑ GSLV Mark III launch: Why ISRO's biggest challenge will be at the end of this month. The Economic Times. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  19. ↑ GSLV Mk-III to put India on top. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 ISRO Press Release: S200 First Static Test (S-200-ST-01). Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  21. ↑ Successful static testing of Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage S200 for GSLV Mk III Launch Vehicle. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  22. ↑ Isro successfully tests world's 3rd largest solid booster. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  23. ↑ Second Static Testing of Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage S200 for GSLV-Mk III Successfully Conducted. VSSC.gov.in. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
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  28. ↑ ISRO Press Release:Successful Static Testing of L 110 Liquid Core Stage of GSLV - Mk III. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  29. ↑ ISRO Successfully Tests C25 Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV MkIII. Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 ISRO Successfully Tests its Cryogenic Stage (C25) for GSLV MkIII for the Flight Duration. Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Outcome Budget 2016-17. isro.gov.in. Department of Space, Government of India. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  32. ↑ S200 solid booster development. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 GSLV Mk. III Launch Vehicle Overview. Spaceflight 101. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  34. ↑ GSLV Mark III faces its first experimental flight.
  35. ↑ LVM3-CARE mission brochure. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SLRG3
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 L110 test to follow S200. IndianSpaceWeb(4 January 2010). Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 LVM3 Template:Webarchive ISRO 23 December 2014
  39. ↑ Nozzle closure system for gsLVM3 launch vehicle. ARMS 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  40. ↑ Cryogenic Gas Bottle Development & Realization - Role of non-destructive evaluation. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  41. ↑ Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal. TheWire. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  42. ↑ ISRO's C25 cryogenic stage now sports white, ditches black; What's the science behind it?. wionews. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  43. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named isrolvm3
  44. ↑ Semi-cryogenic Engine: ISRO Charting a Revised Plan, Rajwi, Tiki. New Indian Express(2 March 2015). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  45. ↑ ISRO developing heavy lift launch vehicles. The Hindu(30 May 2015). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  46. ↑ Ukraine to test components of a powerful Indian rocket engine. russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  47. ↑ HAL delivers 'heaviest' Semi-Cryogenic propellant tank to ISRO. The Economic Times(2021-10-07). Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  48. ↑ The ISRO Tender Notice With Fascinating New Details of Gaganyaan. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  49. ↑ GSLV Mk III: Isro eyes kerosene to boost GSLV Mk III's lifting power to 6 trillion, Singh, Surendra. The Times of India(28 January 2019). Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran. AstrotalkUK(October 24, 2019). Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  51. ↑ ISRO moves on, gears up to test semi-cryogenic engine in Ukraine. The Hindu(19 September 2019). Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  52. ↑ Report No. 362, Demands for Grants (2022-2023) of the Department of Space (Demand No. 95). Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  53. ↑ ISRO working on reusable GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. The Hindu(2021-09-17). Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  54. ↑ HAL delivers biggest ever cryogenic propellant tank to ISRO. The Financial Express(2020-11-30). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  55. ↑ HAL Delivers Biggest Ever Cryogenic Propellant Tank to ISRO. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Successful CE20 uprated Engine Hot Test with 21.8 T vacuum thrust(2022-11-09). Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  57. ↑ Successful CE-20 Engine Hot Test with 20t off-nominal & 22.2t vacuum thrust. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  58. ↑ From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(15 December 2015). ISBN 9789351776895
  59. ↑ Template:Cite AV mediaTemplate:Cbignore
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Annual Report 2020-2021(4 March 2021). Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  61. ↑ CSIR NAL Annual Report 2020-21.
  62. ↑ Annual Report of Department of Space 2021-2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  63. ↑ Qualification testing of Cryogenic Engine for Gaganyaan Programme - ISRO. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  64. ↑ ISRO's heaviest rocket LVM3 carrying 36 satellites blasts off from Sriharikota; closer to Gaganyaan. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 LVM3 M3/OneWeb India-2 mission accomplished successfully. www.isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organisation(2023-03-26). Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  66. ↑ LVM-3’s Chandrayaan success is a big boost for Gaganyaan. The Hindu(2023-07-14). Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  67. ↑ India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule. BBC(8 December 2014). Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  68. ↑ ISRO inches closer to manned mission. The Times of India(10 January 2014). Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  69. ↑ ISRO's unmanned crew module reaches Chennai. The Hindu(21 December 2014). Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  70. ↑ As it happened: Isro's launch of India's heaviest rocket Times of India 18 December 2014
  71. ↑ GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight. The Hindu(18 December 2014).
  72. ↑ Isro to test GSLV Mk-III, crew module on December 18. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  73. ↑ GSLV Mk III breaks Isro's jinx of failure in debut rocket launches. The Times of India.
  74. ↑ India's launcher fleet gets an upgrade with successful test flight. Spaceflight Now(5 June 2017). Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  75. ↑ Chandrayaan 2 lifts off successfully. Times of India(22 July 2019). Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  76. ↑ GSLV-Mk III, India's 'Baahubali' rocket for Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan II.
  77. ↑ India Launches Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission. The New York Times(22 July 2019). Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  78. ↑ Chandrayaan-2 most complex mission: ISRO chief Sivan. The Hindu(4 May 2019). Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  79. ↑ Isro launches 36 OneWeb satellites precisely, completes mission of many firsts, Dutt, Anonna. The Indian Express(2022-10-23). Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  80. ↑ GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29. ISRO. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  81. ↑ ISRO launches LVM3-M3 OneWeb India-2 mission with 36 satellites; all you need to know. MINT. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  82. ↑ GSLV Mk-III: ISRO successfully test flies its heaviest rocket(18 December 2014). Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  83. ↑ First Experimental Flight of India's Next Generation Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk-III Successful(18 December 2014). Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  84. ↑ GSLV MkIII to launch Isro's next mission(1 July 2014). Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  85. ↑ India's GSAT-19 Reaches Geostationary Orbit after Off-Target Injection(10 June 2017). Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  86. ↑ GLSV Mark III rocket conducts 'all-up' launch with GSAT-19 satellite. NASA Spaceflight(5 June 2017). Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  87. ↑ Isro successfully launches its monster rocket GSLV Mk III. The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  88. ↑ GSLV Mk III-D1/GSAT-19 Mission - ISRO. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  89. ↑ Successful Qualification of High Thrust Vikas Engine - ISRO. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  90. ↑ GSLV F08-GSAT6A Brochure - ISRO. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  91. ↑ With eye on lunar mission, ISRO to test high-thrust Vikas engine. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  92. ↑ GSLV MKIII. www.vssc.gov.in. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
  93. ↑ LVM3 - M2/OneWeb India-1 Mission: Launch scheduled at 0007 hrs. IST on October 23, 2022. Cryo stage, equipment bay (EB) assembly completed. Satellites are encapsulated and assembled in the vehicle. Final vehicle checks are in progress.. Twitter. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  94. ↑ 23న జీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ ప్రయోగం. EENADU. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  95. ↑ OneWeb celebrates successful launch on Indian rocket – Spaceflight Now, Clark, Stephen. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  96. ↑ LVM3 M2 / OneWeb India-1 Mission. www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  97. ↑ OneWeb Satellites arriving in india. OneWeb. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  98. ↑ Isro launches 36 OneWeb satellites in 1st commercial launch for LVM-3. INDIA TODAY. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  99. ↑ OneWeb completes initial constellation with launch from India, Davenport, Justin(26 March 2023). Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  100. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 lunar landing mission launches from India, Davenport, Justin(14 July 2023). Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  101. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 | A flight to the moon. The Hindu(2023-07-15). Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  102. ↑ LVM3 M4 vehicle successfully launched Chandrayaan-3 into orbit. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)(14 July 2023). Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 India's first human spaceflight Gaganyan in limbo, astronauts partially trained, ISRO silent, Ramesh, Sandhya(4 December 2022). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  104. ↑ ‘J&K to be paradise of peace & prosperity soon’: Dr Jitendra Singh. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 Space Assigned Numbers Authority (SANA). sanaregistry.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  106. ↑ EXCLUSIVE: No Gaganyaan unmanned flight this year. The Week. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  107. ↑ India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024, Mehta, Jatan(19 November 2020). Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  108. ↑ ISRO's big space plans: Take a look at the missions the space agency has lined up in the coming years(September 8, 2019). Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  109. ↑ India plans second Mars mission in 2018. News18(29 October 2014). Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  110. ↑ ISRO sets the ball rolling for Mars Mission-2. The Hindu(10 August 2016). Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  111. ↑ Gaganyaan: From astronauts' training to tech upgrade, ISRO making leaps to meet 2025 target for manned mission, Dutt, Anonna(9 April 2023). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  112. ↑ India's human space programme gets a fillip. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  113. ↑ Inside India's 2022 Space Mission: NDTV Special.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Indian Manned Spacecraft. Astronautix. 2014.
  115. ↑ Isro aims for 7 more launches from India in 2021, Kumar, Chethan(12 March 2021). Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  116. ↑ డిసెంబర్‌ లోపు పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ సీ49 ప్రయోగం. Sakshi(2020-09-09). Retrieved 2020-09-09.
  117. ↑ Annual Report 2018. ISRO. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  118. ↑ GSAT-20 planned for mid-2020: Isro's K Sivan - ET Telecom, www.ETTelecom.com. ETTelecom.com. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 Template:Cite tweet
  120. ↑ After PSLV-C43 success, Isro centres set for GSLV-MK II launch on December 19. The Times of India(13 December 2018).
  121. ↑ Satellite control set to give drones more sting. The Times of India(22 September 2018). Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  122. ↑ Navy to buy Rs 1589 crore satellite from ISRO(2019-07-18). Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  123. ↑ India to launch GSAT-32 in October next year to replace GSAT-6A(12 August 2018). Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  124. ↑ Starting May, ISRO to launch a string of "defence" satellites, D.S., Madhumathi(2 April 2019). Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  125. ↑ Cabinet approves Rs 3,000 crore GSLV phase-4 programme for 5 launches(April 15, 2019). Retrieved December 29, 2022.

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